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殊價慾望規範性之探討游偉迪, Yu, Wei-Di Unknown Date (has links)
在探討殊價慾望的規範性意義時,必先瞭解殊價慾望在規範意義上的爭議,而欲瞭解其爭議所在,則首先需從殊價慾望的定義與特性著手。然而困難之處就在於,殊價慾望的定義不僅有失明確,且有因人而異、各陳己見的情況,甚至Musgrave本人亦數度更改對殊價慾望意義的認定。
殊價慾望與殊價財在意義與所具備之特性,眾學者認知上的差異性頗大。主要的差異,一為殊價慾望與殊價財之間觀念的混淆,一為對殊價慾望本身意見之分歧。對於前者,Musgrave在說明殊價慾望與殊價財的意義與特性時,有其清楚的區別。因此,依Musgrave的原意,對殊價慾望的探討才應是較為適切的方向。至於後者,則引發了學者之間對於殊價慾望在傳統規範性公共經濟學中,是否具有規範性意義的爭辯。在消費者主權的光環下,嚴守新古典福利經濟學的學者對其提出嚴厲的批判。
在殊價慾望或殊價財意識型態方面爭論不休之餘,已有多位學者進一步探求殊價財是否亦適用極大化福利之模型分析,並藉由特殊的模型設定推導出殊價財的最適條件,計有一、外部性(效用依存性),二、資訊與學習效果,三、社會的偏好,四、社會計劃者,以及五、福利經濟的事後概念。然而這些學者仍舊以財貨之特殊設定來試圖解釋殊價慾望之規範性的方法,可信度方面不得不有所保留;此外,即使較著重於最適條件的推導,但仍因各位學者對於殊價財特性之認知不一,所特殊設計之模型各異,致使其所得出之殊價財最適條件顯然只能適用其所認知之殊價財,實不足以完整涵蓋殊價慾望的真義。
晚近多有學者以不同角度來解釋殊價慾望。他們已認清除非擺脫新古典個人主義所代表之典範,轉移至另一個典範之內探討,方有釐清殊價慾望的可能。包括從個人偏好的分類出發,提出除了個人的私人偏好外,尚有個人之社會偏好,為一種對於整體經濟社會運行法則的偏好。其次,亦有藉由辯證提供殊價財的制度觀點來證明殊價慾望與殊價財的規範性意義,並且認清了除了消費者主權以外,尚存在如選民主權之其他主權。另外,亦有借重哲學思考,以可能性條件論述殊價慾望的滿足,認為殊價慾望必使得經濟學需納入道德正義的考量,因此必為社會經濟學。並將之應用於歸類並支持政府的一些職責,諸如制度上的設計安排,目的在使得自由市場得以運作,並得以有效率地運作,更可以人性化地運作。然而其中仍有許多不足之處,甚至誤解的情形。
問題的癥結確實在於新古典經濟理論的個人主義並不切合實際。真正的個人主義對於社會人行為的分析,是無法與其身處之社會環境以及複雜的人際關係相分離的。因此為了擺脫不合宜的分析方法,首先必需透過解釋學理論的第一人稱觀點解釋決定的形成與選擇,必基於瞭解個人如何認知。因此第一人稱觀點必成為客觀之主觀論者理論,同時社會科學研究者亦必須投入所欲分析的世界。並在輕「均衡」而重「認知」的理解下,考量第一人稱觀點所重視的動機、利益,與人際關係的交互影響,並捨棄於解釋人類行為並無助益之均衡理論、部分的預測行為,以及細瑣的數學推導。
因此,社會科學係研究「社會問題」,即人與人之間關係的研究,對於同時具備「經濟人」與「社會人」的身份的個人,其私人慾望與社會慾望的分類當依人際關係的有無加以區分。並對個人主觀之偏好輔以「第三者評判」,或某種「公共的正確性準則」。另外亦釐清慾望衡量的原則,以及構成原則與衡量法原則之間的不同之處。最後則詳加分析由消費者主權、私人主權,擴展到個人主權,各個主權原則之間的關係,清楚可知消費者主權實非唯一最重要的主權原則。
如此則殊價慾望之內涵已顯露無疑。其包含了利他的慾望、規範強制的慾望,以及集體狀態的慾望。由是可得本文對於殊價慾望意義之重要結論:係殊價慾望決定了財貨的殊價性,而非財貨提供的特性使其成為殊價財。且殊價慾望必涉及個人的社會慾望,亦絕非外部性所足堪解釋,同時並不因所得分配正義的達成而消滅。對於由政府提供滿足殊價慾望之規範性意義,亦因人際關係愈顯疏離的今日,共同的規範若不經由公權力執行,即合法的強制力,勢必已無法約束利害攸關的人際互動,而得到證實。
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電玩遊戲熱衷者的行動意義──以家用主機遊戲的玩家為研究黃建文, Huang, Chien Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究所針對的並非是家用電玩的內容本身,而針對的是那些家用電玩的熱衷者如何進行打電玩這樣一種行動。因此本研究試圖就打電動此行動本身進行實證性研究。以個人的行動出發,在研究對象上所側重的是那些對電玩投入大量的時間與精力的玩家。對於這些長時間專注於電玩上的人,是否清楚自身行動選擇的意義,在這當中的行動背後的意義為何。 / 但在研究中發現,對於這些遊戲熱衷者而言,當他們投注在當中的時間越來越多時,電玩對他們來說已不再是閒暇時所進行的活動,而是作為他們日常生活中慣習的一部份,成為他們每日的例行事項。另一方面,在這些電玩熱衷者的行動中可以明顯的發現到工具理性式的思維,把電玩當作是可以計算的對象一般不斷的進行計算。可以發現,這樣例行的義務與理性的計算使得這些人在玩電玩時,愈加的脫離了遊戲原本的意義。於是在這種工具理性式的思維背後,所顯現出來的就是在當中的慾望壓抑的過程。而重點在於說,當他們進行遊戲的過程時,這樣的工具理性作為一種手段,就是以慾望壓抑的展現作為他的趨力。
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台灣單身都會女性主體分析---以《慾望城市》女性閱聽人為主余意 Unknown Date (has links)
現今的台灣單身女性主體正面臨一場震盪轉變,將她們問題化與歧視化的論述依然存在,不過隨著她們在人數和消費上展現的驚人實力,另一股為她們平反的嶄新論述儼然已經發酵。《慾望城市》在此時登台顯得格外特別,因為它彰顯的正是某種平反之聲,在台灣女性觀眾群中引發極大迴響。事實上,近來許多電視劇或電影都在呈現類似主題,大眾媒體不斷聲稱再現與代理這群女性的主體和感覺,卻看不到本地女性如何在自我經驗上發出聲音。本研究希望藉由她們對《慾望城市》以及對自我詮釋的相互對應下,描繪出這群獨特女性閱聽人的主體輪廓。 / Nowadays the subjectivity of Taiwanese single woman is in the change. Although the discrimination discourse that constrains woman still exists, a new discourse is developing due to the increasing number of single women and their astonishing consumption ability. The coincidence of Sex and the City being on TV in Taiwan at this time is quite extraordinary because the drama itself reveals the new discourse popular among Taiwanese woman audience. In fact, recently many TV dramas or movies around the world all focus on this subject. Mass media constantly claims that it shows and represents the subjectivity and feeling of this group of women, but the point is what Taiwanese women think based on their own experiences is unknown. Thus, this thesis tries to portray these women’s subjectivity by examining how their interpretation of Sex and the City correlates with the way they view themselves.
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網路口碑資訊從眾對衝動購買之影響 / The Effect of Electronic Word-of-Mouth Informational Conformity on Impulse Purchasing何宜蓁, Ho, Yi Chen Unknown Date (has links)
根據美國National Endowment for Financial Education 2010年的調查,過去一年內80%的受訪者從事過衝動購買,可以認為衝動購買的發生十分普遍。衝動購買行為在過去數年已經受到多方領域的探討與研究,產出了豐富且重要的研究成果;隨著網際網路的出現,許多學者開始注意到網路對於線上或離線衝動購買的影響,但網路口碑對於衝動購買行為的影響尚有許多探討之空間,因此本研究的目的為探討網路口碑的資訊從眾對於消費者衝動購買之影響,以及商品需要和購買制約因素構成的干擾效果。本研究透過網路問卷進行研究資料的蒐集,調查對象為過去半年內曾經閱讀過某一商品網路口碑的網路使用者,共得有效樣本528份。研究結論為:
1. 消費者的網路口碑資訊從眾程度對於其閱讀商品網路口碑之後所產生的商品慾望具有正向影響,當網路口碑資訊從眾程度越高時,消費者閱讀口碑後的商品慾望程度也越高。此外,消費者受口碑影響後所產生的商品需要認知並不會干擾資訊從眾程度對於商品慾望的影響。
2. 消費者對於商品的慾望越高、衝動購買的意圖也越高。衝動購買意圖越高時,消費者衝動購買行為從事衝動購買的可能性也越高,並且只要稍加提高消費者的衝動購買意圖,衝動購買的可能性將大幅上升。
3. 衝動購買制約因素對於消費者的衝動購買意圖發展為衝動購買存在阻止效果,當消費者感受到制約因素時,衝動購買的發生可能性將降低。而主要會阻止消費者衝動購買的因素為「可運用購買預算的限制」。
本研究能提供給學術界與實務界進行衝動購買的研究參考與購物網站經營管理的規劃運用。
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青少年金錢觀:ERG理論之探討 / Money Attitude of Adolescent: Discussing from ERG Theory黃蘭雯, Huang, Lan-Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在瞭解青少年的金錢觀、需求滿足與慾望,並以 Alderfer的ERG理論探討需求滿足及慾望對青少年金錢觀的影響。
研究樣本係依校級抽樣臺灣地區八百七十四位十三至十八歲的青少年。以自編之自陳式慾望、需求滿足和金錢觀問卷為研就工具。所得資料以次數分配、變異數分析、徑路分析等統計方法處理。
研究結果發現,在青少年的金錢觀方面,整體而言,大部分青少年均有正確的金錢觀,特別是對金錢在人際互動中的效用以及金錢的獲取方式有正確的看法。此外,不同的樣本指出,女生、國中生、居住在鄉村者以及有儲蓄習慣者對金錢有較正確的看法,反之,零用錢愈多對金錢的看法也較偏差。
其次,以徑路分析解釋需求滿足度和慾望對金錢觀之影響的研究結果指出,慾望是需求滿足影響金錢觀的中介變項。此外,影響青少年金錢觀的主要因素是關係需求和關係慾望,亦即,能夠與重要他人有良好的互動關係以及想要與重要他人建立良好關係的青少年對金錢的看法也較正向。而這二個變項在國中生和高中生樣本中有些許的差異:就國中生而言,關係需求滿足度對金錢觀的影響較關係慾望來得大,在高中生樣本中則恰好相反。
針對以上結果,提出研究討論及後續研究在方法以及變項上的建議,並對青少年之金錢教育提出鼓勵儲蓄、建立支持系統的建議。
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丹‧布朗小說《達文西密碼》中的權力、抵抗與越界 / Power, Resistance, and Boundary Crossing in Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code黃耀弘, Huang,Yao-Hung Unknown Date (has links)
《達文西密碼》這部作品在成為最暢銷的小說後,吸引了世界上許多各式各樣不同的讀者。然而在暢銷市場之外,這部作品卻被許多評論家認為是一部扭曲史實的作品;幾乎所有的評論家都一致認為這是一部充滿歷史錯誤與邏輯矛盾的創作。不過令人訝異的是,幾乎沒有任何評論家是從文學理論批評的角度來檢視這份虛擬的小說創作。 因此,本文除盡可能檢視過去所有探討及批評《達文西密碼》的文章外,筆者將探討文中引含的兩種能量:權力與抵抗。這兩種力量其實在此書中一直是兩股此起彼落的流動能量,筆者將採取文學理論的角度去探索此書裡的權力與抵抗互動脈絡;而且,在這之後,筆者會試著從理論面向,深入檢視造成《達文西密碼》一書全球風潮之因。
本論文將分作四個章節,在首章中,我會回顧其他批評及評論家對《達文西密碼》一書的見解,第二章則是對應用於此書中的文學理論的鋪陳及探討,第三
章則是則分別討論傅科 (Michael Foucault) 的權力、克里多娃 (Julia Kristeav) 的母性抵抗,以及以瑟 (Wolfgang Iser) 的越界 (Boundary crossing ) 理論,如何運作在《達文西密碼》一書當中。最末章的總結則點出此本小說其實不僅僅
是許多評論家眼中的一本充滿不實與問題的作品;相反的,它不但揭露出權力及抵抗兩種能量的運作和依存關係,而且也解釋了這本書造成閱讀風潮的原因,也就是讀者心中的那份永不滿足的失落。 / Having been one of the most popular recent works of fiction, The Da Vinci Code has attracted readers throughout the world. Yet, many critics have commented that The Da Vinci code is a work full of historical mistakes. Almost no critic analyzes the reason for its success from a theoretical perspective.
The novel enchants readers because it suggests the unexpected ways that the meaning of the sacred feminine has been repressed throughout history. As the reader decodes the clues that are hidden throughout the novel, an undiscovered history is suggested: the myth of the Holy Grail. In The Da Vinci Code, the Holy Grail stands for Mary Magdalene, who carried and conceived Jesus Christ’s child. In the novel Mary carries a significant symbolic meaning because she is portrayed as the wife of Jesus as well as the mother of His daughter. This stunning premise is responsible for making The Da Vinci Code not only popular, but also very controversial. Critics vary in their reaction to the ‘subversive’ ideas in The Da Vinci Code, but there are two predominant kinds of reaction to the novel. The first type reflects the view that The Da Vinci Code is a popular work that encourages feminine, independent thinking that works in opposition to conventional and social power. The second views it as a fictitious work fraught with historical inaccuracies. Generally speaking, both types mention the issues of power and resistance in The Da Vinci Code.
This thesis consists of four chapters that focus respectively on the search for power, feminine resistance, and boundary crossing narrative techniques. Chapter one introduces how critics analyze their conventional elements. In the second chapter, I intend to employ Michael Foucault, Julia Kristeva, and Wolfgang Iser’s theories in an analysis of The Da Vinci Code. In the third chapter, I will employ textual evidence to support my theoretical analysis. In the conclusion of my thesis, I will claim that only through the dialectic oscillation between transgression and law can the individual escape the symbolic control and discover resistance. Furthermore, the narrative technique of boundary crossing is the key that has made the book a runaway success throughout the world and that also renders the reader eager to explore their own world further. Finally I reach the conclusion that The Da Vinci Code is not merely a work full of errors and conspiracies, but also a novel that exposes the violence, resistance and sense of loss in contemporary society.
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威廉斯三部劇本裡的家庭失序與社會批判 / Spiritual anomie of the family and social criticism in Tennessee Williams's three plays溫鳳祺, Uen, Fong-Chyi Unknown Date (has links)
田納西‧威廉斯的劇本中經常描述家庭隱涵的不安與緊張關係,以及新興文明對美國南方傳統文化的衝擊,憑藉威廉斯的許多劇本和訪談錄可以看出作者對傳統與現代文化態度的改變。本論文旨在探討作者的早期寫作生涯(約在 1960 年以前,評家稱此時期為田納西‧威廉斯的劇本創作黃金時期)中三部重要劇本裡面對家庭和社會的看法,此論文希望能找出作者人生態度改變的原因和方式。《玻璃動物園》、《慾望街車》、《朱門巧婦》這三部劇本本身不但具備不可磨滅的藝術價值,主題也前後鉤連,劇本內在關係環環相扣,前後緊密一致。本論文將分成五個部分,除了導論和結論其中的三章討論三個劇本的情節。各章皆針對風景、對話風格、角色的個性、象徵意涵、社會地位與扮演的角色細緻探索檢視,藉此暴露社會的現象和文化的激盪;除了文本的詮釋剖析,論文將佐以部分的威廉斯生平資料,藉此探討作者在劇本中如何揭露他對社會的看法和藝術創作的蛻變過程。 / Praised as one of the greatest American dramatists, Tennessee Williams is obsessed with delineating conflicts among family members and cultural clashes in the American South. However, the artist's attitude towards modern society seems to change in his separate plays. The purpose of this thesis is to trace Tennessee Williams's three plays, that is, The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire, and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, to find out why and how his attitide or view of life changes. These plays are the most popular and frequently discussed ones that stress impossible relationships among family members. Enormous in their aesthetic values, these three plays are thematically related.
This thesis will be divided into five parts: Introduction, three chapters dealing with these three plays respectively, and Conclusion. Each chapter includes a discussion of major characters, probing into separate symbolic meanings and social status and roles in different circumstances, and linguistic styles; setting of the play, the interactions of the environment and characters; male-female interrelationship; shades of difference of the author's ideological concepts and author's attitude toward the wider contextual values. By searching for autobiographical elements and the social background, I hope this thesis can restore historciacl as well as textual meanings as represented in these three plays, thereby reexamining the playwright's views toward the external world and the evolution of man's mental processes.
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愛倫坡作品中之魑魅陽剛與同性慾望 / Gothic Masculinity and Same-Sex Desire in the Works of Edgar Allan Poe徐千惠, Hsu, Chien Hui Unknown Date (has links)
本論文旨在分析愛倫坡作品中之陽剛氣質與同性慾望的社會建構,藉由探討男性
敘事者的負面情感與角色間的同性社交慾望,本研究意欲以酷兒閱讀的方法對美
國戰前時期文本提出新詮。
論文第一部分剖析短篇故事《黑貓》中正典陽剛氣質與異性戀婚家常規之共構、
重探維多利亞時期公私領域分離的意識形態如何性別化地形塑家庭與酒館之文
化意義,並據此提出敘事者和其寵物黑貓間的親密關係或可理解為一種酷兒情慾
之隱喻。在此脈絡下,敘事者對雄貓之恐懼與同性親密關係之拒斥遂映照出其悖
離資本主義式中產階級男性身分之挫敗陽剛。
第二部分以《威廉‧威爾森》為例,探討哥德傳統中反覆出現的替身母題與自戀
和男性偏執妄想之內在關聯。延續傳統上常見於愛倫坡研究的心理分析方法,此
章在不否定將主角替身視為超我的前提下,將焦點轉移至主角與替身之間競爭關
係的曖昧模稜,並揭示這種競爭關係與賽菊寇同性社交慾望理論之若合符節。
第三部分檢視同性慾望結構中常見的死亡慾力與肉身性如何具體而微地在長篇
小說《亞瑟‧戈登‧皮姆之自述》中呈現。此章從巴特勒對佛洛伊德《傷逝與憂
鬱》論述之改寫出發,重新闡釋故事中帶有毀滅色彩的重要場景──奧古斯特之
死與集體食人,並分析同性愛結構中被壓抑的慾力投注如何以情感遺骸之形式往
復迴返,成為美國戰前時期性別憂鬱之縮影。
據此,論文將問題意識收束在三個面向:陽剛身分之內在裂隙、同性社交情誼之
踰越性、與情感的性別政治意涵,透過梳理愛倫坡筆下男性角色的負面情感,本
論文得以發掘其作品中哥德元素、破碎陽剛與酷兒情慾間的潛在關聯,進而揭示
同性情慾如何在美國戰前文學中隱沒/現身。 / The present study engages three works written by Edgar Allan Poe to contextualize the construction of masculinity and same-sex desire in antebellum sensation fictions. While ample analyses have been dedicated to Poe’s depictions of
femininity, the interrelation between masculinity and incipient homoeroticism in his stories proves to be significantly understudied. By examining the negative affects of Poe’s male protagonists—respectively fear in “The Black Cat,” paranoia in “William Wilson,” and melancholia in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, this project aims to provide a queer reinterpretation of these texts.
Structurally, the thesis consists of five chapters. The second chapter délinéâtes the Victorian separate spheres ideology to explore its significance in the formation of
normative manhood in “The Black Cat.” By underscoring the homoerotic Relationship between the narrator and Pluto, the study thereby sees the conclusion of the story as a
testimonial to the unattainable ideals of Jacksonian manhood and its oppressive continuum with the heterosexual domestic sphere. In so doing, the study is able to
substantiate a connection between the narrator’s perverseness with a homosocial desire that is subjected to heteronormative cultural silencing.
The third chapter is an attempt to establish a linkage between Gothic doubling, narcissism, and male paranoia in “William Wilson.” While exhaustive studies have
been taken upon to validate the readings wherein the second Wilson is treated as the narrator’s super-ego, the present study further argues that Gothic doubling finds expression in this tale in the form of capitalist competitiveness. Building on this observation, the project examines Poe’s doubling in relation to the narrator’s paranoia and his conscious disengagement from the patriarchal social order. Through a reassessment of the gentlemanly edifices of Poe’s male characters, this study explores the constructedness of antebellum manhood and discovers a concurrence of onanism
and homosexuality in Poe’s time, thereby establishing a connection between Wilson’s narcissistic desire and its homoerotic potentialities.
Lastly, the fourth chapter demonstrates how unconsummated mourning over the loss of same-sex ties in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket functions as an integral part of Jacksonian normative male identity. Focusing on the queer connotations of Pym’s break from patronymic ties, this study contends that becoming the antebellum subject entails a preclusion of homosexual attachments. Reconsidering the protagonist’s inability to mourn Augustus Barnard’s death and the crew’s cannibalism, this study sees Arthur Gordon Pym as the Butlerian melancholic subject
who is unable to perform the work of mourning for his beloved object. Read in tandem with Freud’s conception of primordial parricide, the fraternal revolt that works at the center of the story can be viewed as a form of gender nonconformity which foregrounds melancholia in the abandonment of familial bonds.
As such, the project excavates the instability, constructedness, and finally—the Gothicness that underlie Poe’s representations of masculinity. Reappraising the failed manhood of Poe’s men, this thesis concludes that the affective dynamics between Poe’s male characters are inextricably bound up with their broken masculinity and
queer homoerotics.
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