在實戰經驗中，創造價值的根基來自組織核心能力和組織知識流通，同時深受內外部技術知識網路互動機制的影響。從文獻和實際個案探討中發現幾項特徵： 一、技術知識特質專屬性程度低，影響企業技術知識網路傾向與外部結合，專屬性程度高則傾向與內部結合。技術知識外顯程度低而附著於人時，內部技術知識網路傾向集中；外顯程度文件化高時，內部技術知識網路則傾向分散。 二、內部技術知識網路分工精細，組織知識較多樣化，組織知識流通漸趨複雜，必須經由專案團隊的組成和跨疆界的連結，促進組織知識的流通。軟體產品開發團隊成員包括：結構工程師(Architect)、產品經理(PM)、研發工程師(RD))、測試工程師(QA)以及介面設計工程師(PC)。 三、內部技術網路跨疆界的連結，促進組織動態能耐的演進。內部技術知識網路依靠主要成員開創和維繫，同時為組織核心能力之形成，奠定發展根基。組織知識的流通，非常需要團隊跨層級、跨功能、跨疆界順暢無礙的運作。 四、內部技術知識網路連結機制有效的建立和運用，直接影響組織知識的吸收、創造、和蓄積。企業應相當著重溝通機制的設計和推動。如老手帶新手的師徒制、各種例行會議、技術交流會、超聯結式的空中飛人、進駐現場、內部學習網站，都是用心營造組織知識的吸收、創造、和蓄積的良好連結機制。 五、顧客知識成為技術知識重要來源，有助於組織知識吸引、創造和蓄積，強化組織能力。 六、在Internet時代，因應科技變化，發展網際網路化(Weblization)技術知識，融合擴張以建構專屬核心能力。讓顧客能力成為組織技術知識的來源。並能乘科技興起之勢(Free Energy)，創新商業模式，發揮善用組織知識，創造企業全新價值。

科技的變遷常因新產品或新服務的出現，創造出全新的商業機會及市場，因此容易吸引創業家的加入。此階段通常代表產業位於萌芽期或新興期，是新事業較有機會成功的時期。不過，因預期市場的成長性高，相對來說競爭的對象也非常多。新事業必須發展出獨特的競爭優勢，才能在這樣的環境中存活下來。 　　競爭優勢源自企業的核心能耐，為組織日積月累的成果。視企業的性質而定，核心能耐可自企業的核心資源或智慧資本中發掘而出。目前國內研究與核心能耐相關的文獻，多集中在從現有企業的核心資源中辨識出特定產業的核心能耐；較少有文獻探討核心能耐的形成過程，及其是否受創業時期的管理工作所影響。 　　因此，為探討新事業的創業管理與其核心能耐間的關聯性，本研究希望藉由研究結果回答三點研究問題：(1) 創業家在創業階段應注意哪些管理上的事項？(2) 新事業的核心能耐如何發展而得？(3) 創業家的創業管理決策是否影響新事業核心能耐的形成？ 　　本研究以一家IC設計公司–群聯電子，作為研究訪談的個案，從收集到的次級資料及個案訪談的資料中，先試著整理出個案在創業階段的管理歷程，之後再調查個案在新事業各成長階段的智慧資本累積狀況並從中辨識出個案的核心能耐，最後則分析個案在創業階段的管理決策與其核心能耐形成過程的脈絡。從個案研究的結果得到初步的結論如下： 1.創業家需以階段性的方式思考新事業在各個階段的目標及所需的資源，並針對各階段的需求調整作法。 2.新事業的各種智慧資本會互相影響彼此的累積，創業家需注意智慧資本的平衡發展才能建構出最佳的競爭優勢。 3.創業家在創業階段的管理決策會影響新事業智慧資本的發展，進而影響累積出的核心能耐。 / Technological changes often generate new products or services, and create new business opportunities and markets that attract entrepreneurs. This phenomenon tends to occur at the budding or emerging stage of an industry, where new ventures have a better chance to survive. Since the market has potential high growth, one can expect there would be many contestants competing in it. New ventures must develop a sustaining competitive advantage to succeed in such a perilous environment. For a company, its competitive advantages normally come from its core competences, which were accumulated over time. Depending on the nature of the company, its core competence could be developed from its core resources or intellectual capitals. Studies on core competence conducted by local researchers mostly focused on identifying the core competence of a particular industry, based on the existing core resources of well-established companies. So far, no study had been found that explored the relevance of a company’s core competence formation and its management processes during the start-up stage. In order to understand if the managerial decisions undertaken during start-up stage have any effect on a company’s core competence accumulated, we’d like to use our research results to answer the following 3 questions: (1) What are the key management guidelines an entrepreneur should pay attentions to during the start-up stage of a new venture? (2) How are the core competences developed by a new venture? (3) If the decisions made by an entrepreneur during the start-up stage have any effect on the core competences a new venture develops? In this study, we chose an IC design house – Phison Electronics, as our study case. From the case interview and secondary data collected, we tried to reproduce the management processes in Phison’s start-up stage; then identified the core competences accumulated from the intellectual capitals in each growth stage; finally, by inspecting the results summarized above, we would determine if the core competences of Phison could be traced back to its managerial decisions made at start-up stage. Our preliminary conclusions are as follows: 1.The entrepreneurs need to think stage-wise of their new ventures, and define the corporate goals and resources required for each stage of growth, then make adjustments accordingly. 2.Different aspects of a new venture’s intellectual capitals would influence each other’s developments. Entrepreneurs need to maintain a balanced intellectual capital composition within the company to facilitate the formation of the new venture’s competitive advantage. 3.The management decisions entrepreneurs made in start-up stage would affect the development of intellectual capitals in later stages, thereby affecting the accumulation of core competences.

針對台灣企業策略發展的研究重點，學術上經常以產業生命週期、產業結構、產品與市場做為出發加以探討。而本篇研究將會從經營模式的要素來剖析企業如何建構核心能力與競爭優勢，並藉由經營模式的演進，持續強化核心能力及擴大事業範疇，使企業能夠持續成長。此外，本篇研究也將致力探討核心能耐建構與延伸、開放式經營模式間以及兩者間的關係。並期能透過一整合性的分析架構，供企業主在實務之策略制定做為參考及評估方向。 本研究採取的是個案研究方法。個案研究法中對於個案的選擇，並非重其全面性與系統性，而是重在選擇有代表性與對比效果的個案，以獲得較為豐富的個案內涵以供對研究議題之深究。本研究選擇的個案公司基亞生技，係台灣少數成功將新藥發展至臨床試驗三期、具有多個事業體系及國際市場佈局之新興生技公司，作為本研究之個案分析公司。 本研究得到之結論為，企業在成立初期資源不足之條件下，除了利用差異化的定位來改變競爭場域之不利因素外，亦可透過開放式的經營模式擴大公司疆界，借助外部價值網絡提供的資源，以助企業建構策略性資產並提升能耐之價值，並成為產業內重要價值活動之供給者。除此之外，系統性的核心能耐延伸，提供企業取得新能耐與發展新事業的重要基礎，亦使得開放式經營模式的成效加倍。即便企業並未具備龐大的資源或資金，亦可在此模式下與外部組織互補合作，藉由產業價值鏈的接力與分工，同樣具備挑戰大型及國際市場的能力。

本研究之目的,旨在探討PDM對台灣3C產業研發管理的影響. 先從台灣3C產業研發管理所涉及之組織環境,核心能耐,及組織與知識創造的關聯性做番檢視, 再將主題PDM對焦在研發管理的創新活動中, 復以流程的構面觀點, 透過個案訪談及實驗分析, 理出PDM對研發管理影響之脈絡如下: 一. PDM導入時,進入障礙傾向來自: (1) 研發人員心理. (2) 既有流程漏洞. (3) 橫向協調不易. 二. 需配合的推動要素傾向: (1) 技術系統客製. (2) 流程改造. 三. PDM對研發管理的直接助益傾向: (1) 團隊協同. (2) 專案導向. (3) BOM管理. (4) 既有資料庫整合綜效. 四. A公司導入PDM後, 組織能耐在 (1) 程序效能 及(2) 研發時程進度掌控上, 皆有可觀的進展. 領悟與啟示-----PDM真正帶給研發管理最大的助益, 在於 : 它會刺激我們省思, 加速改造流程..... / Abstract The purpose of this research is to explore the affections of PDM on the Research & Development management, in the environment of Tai- Wan`s 3C industry. Starting from viewing the environments of innovative organizations, Core competencies, and the relationship between the organization and Knowledge creating. Then, focusing the subject PDM on the innovative Activities of Research & Development management. And in the process Point of view, via interviewing of several parties together with experi- ment analysis, to sum up the veins of the affections of PDM on the Re- search & Development management as following : 1. When introducing the PDM system, the entering obstacles tend to cause from : (1) The psychology of Research & Development peoples. (2) The defects of existing processes. (3) Horizontally coordinating being not easy. 2. The key promotive factors to be operated in coordination tend to be : (1) Technical system customization. (2) Process reconstruction 3. The direct benefits of PDM for Research & Development management tend to be : (1) Teamwork co-ordination. (2) Project oriented. (3) BOM management. (4) The interated synergy of existing data banks. 4. After conduting the PDM system, the competencies of party A in the areas of (1) Process efficiency and (2) Research & Development sche- dule control perform conspicuous improvement. Inspiration ------ The most benefit of PDM truly impacts on Research & Development management is : It will stimulate us to make a self-exa- mination. To speed up to improve our process …….

台灣消費性電子產業和以往在資通訊電子產業的經驗，有極大的不同。以往廠商只要在Wintel架構下，依循主流設計發展產品，做個快速的跟隨者，只要掌握製造優勢的條件，往往就能創造硬體產品的興盛。然而，對於沒有共同平台、沒有主流設計的消費性電子產業，這些都不足為憑，只有不斷推出令人驚艷的創新產品，才是價值創造的最大根源。因此，消費性電子產品的創新，不僅來自於豐富的專業的創意，更需要仰賴極致的技術和管理開發的效率。 本研究的目的，旨在探討台灣的企業邁向消費性電子產業的產品創新模式，這種模式必須整合不同的技術、發揮想像力、提高產品開發管理能力及運用企業內外資源等要素。其中，尤以培養創新的組織文化，是企業突破窠臼的重要因素。 本研究，透過單一公司的深入分析，將其創新能力的育成，分為內部管理機制及外部技術資源的運用兩個構面，並以國際大廠做為互補性資產，將破壞性創新產品巧妙的與市場連結，而推展到消費者手上的成功經驗。在研究中，內部管理機制方面，分別探討企業內部的創新平台與組織文化；在運用外部技術資源方面，則討論技術吸收的模式與策略夥伴的幫助。最後，對創新成果做進一步的檢驗，並對此一創新模型的複製與應用提出建議，以提供業界進行消費性電子產品創新管理與發展之參考。 / There are enormous different experiences between consumer electronic industry and IT Industry in Taiwan. In the past, as long as a maker keep himself as a rapid follower under Wintel design concept and grasping the manufacturing advantages, the make normally can easily create a booming market of hardware products. However, that is not enough for the consumer electronic product as there is no standard platform or main stream to follow, thus the true value can only created by the continuous new shinning products innovation and development. Thus the innovation of consumer product is not only from the creativity, it also relies on the ultimate technology and high efficiency of product development. The purpose of this research is to investigate the innovation model of Taiwanese enterprises in consumer electronic industry. This model has to integrate the various technologies, to extend the imagination, to manage the ability for product development and to utilize the internal and external resources; especially to cultivate the creative culture is the key factor for a company. This research adapts the detailed analysis of single company, whose incubates its ability by internal management mechanism and utilization of the external technical resources. To leverage the global firm’s market power as complementary assets, promotes the disruptive innovation product to consumers. In terms of internal management mechanism, discusses the internal innovation platform and organization culture. The other hand of utilizing the external resources, discusses the ways of technical knowledge learning and the support from the strategic partners. In the end, do the further exam on the innovation results, and offer the opinion on the duplication and application for the model. This could be a reference for product innovation and management of consumer electronic industry.

台灣資通訊產業面臨毛利率與獲利屢創新低的困境，但國內部分企業仍能維持高於同業的毛利率與獲利水準，本研究將這類企業稱為「藝匠型企業」，研究問題包括：（1）藝匠型企業應如何定義？（2）藝匠型企業的核心能耐為何？（3）藝匠型企業如何培養與延伸新的核心能耐？有哪些途徑？如何選擇？ 本研究採個案研究法，在手機產業設定五家企業為個案進行分析研究，發現藝匠型企業在擴大事業範圍前，會優先深耕特定領域的技術深度；具有主動實驗未來的精神和常態的知識創造活動，因此能把握先機，優先布局下一階段事業成長所需的技術；和該領域全球龍頭業者有深厚的供應商或客戶關係，除了是穩定訂單來源外，也能掌握或共同定義未來技術趨勢。 因此，藝匠型企業的核心能耐資產不斷提升，具有長期競爭力，而非短線的機運或能力，這也是能維持高水準毛利率和獲利率的原因。 藝匠型企業的核心能耐是實體技術系統、管理系統、員工知識與技能和價值觀的組合，這項組合深受創辦人與經營團隊專長影響，且藝匠型企業傾向以師徒制自行培育人才，員工需熟練公司專屬的流程與常規，這也使得外界不易以挖角形式取得該藝匠型企業的核心能耐。 藝匠型企業傾向朝產業上游延伸新核心能耐，延伸途徑可分為內部研發、外部併購與聯結研發三類；又以內部研發、深度聯結研發最能形成長期核心競爭力。 1. 內部研發是在既有資源（人員、時間、資金）充足、目標是重點新能耐時的第一選擇，通常可形成長期競爭力； 2. 外部併購或合資通常是為了快速卡位（快速取得新核心能耐及市場），併購是完整移轉其他企業的核心能耐，若整合成功可形成長期競爭力，合資則僅移轉其他企業的部分核心能耐，因此通常只是短期競爭力； 3. 聯結研發的速度與成本介於中間，有助於借外界長處、同時培養內部專屬知識。其中強勢網絡的深度聯結研發，表示參與者均投入較強的組織承諾，有機會帶來長期競爭力，弱勢網絡則因多方的組織承諾不同，通常只是短期競爭力。 / While the IT and Telecom Industry in Taiwan generally suffers from low gross-margin rate and profit, some companies still sustain these at a higher level than others. In this thesis, these outstanding companies are defined as “Modern Craftsman Companies.” The aim of this thesis is to find out: (1) How to define “Modern Craftsman Company”? (2) What are the core capabilities of a Modern Craftsman Company? (3) How does a Modern Craftsman Company develop its core capabilities and extend into new ones? What are the paths? How to make the choices? Research was conducted using case studies of five companies in the mobile phone industry. The results show that when Modern Craftsman Companies extend the scope of their businesses, they devote themselves to a certain area of technology and go deep into it. Also, their spirit of actively experimenting along with regular knowledge-creating activities results in their ability of foreseeing great opportunities. Lastly, long and strong relationships with leading suppliers and major clients not only brings stable and sustainable orders, but also help these companies have control over or even co-define the trends of future technology. Thus, Modern Craftsman Companies have an ever-improving core competence position and long-term competence, not just luck or abilities that only work in short-term. This is how Modern Craftsman Companies can keep a higher margin rate and profit rate. The core competence of Modern Craftsman Company is the combination of physical technical systems, the managerial system, employee knowledge and skill, and its values and norms. This combination is deeply influenced by the founders’ and management’s expertise. Because this kind of company tends to cultivate its talents using a mentor system and the employees need to know the process very well, it is very unlikely that it obtains its core competence simply by recruiting its staff. Modern Craftsman Companies tend to extend their core competence to the up-stream part of the industry. The paths include internal development, acquisition & development, connection & development: 1. Internal development is the best choice when the existing resources (human resource, time, capital) are abundant and the new aim is an important competence. 2. Acquisition and joint venture are usually used to gain a new core competence and market quickly. Acquisition is to have the other firm’s core competence fully transferred. If successfully integrated into the acquirer itself, a long-term competence is formed. Joint venture is used only to transfer some part of the other firm’s competence and usually merely brings short-term competence. 3. Connection & development works somewhere between the two above-mentioned principles in perspective of speed and cost. It helps by utilizing external expertise as well as developing internal exclusive knowledge. When the network of connection & development is strong, the involved parties commit more and therefore there is greater chance of forming long-term competence. On the other hand, when the network is weak, commitments on different parties bring only short-term competence.

本研究主要探討日本綜合商社，在面對產業經營環境衝擊下之組織變革因應之道，並選取與台灣電子產業發展關係密切的兼松集團之電子事業為研究探討對象。期以兼松組織變革活化成功的個案，做為台灣企業面臨變革轉型的一參考借鏡。 　　在不景氣的經濟大環境下，商社的價值已改變，且已不再有像以往每年持續成長的榮景，本研究旨在探討兼松電子變革因應之新思維與變革執行之具體做法。兼松在面對變局之際，為使企業保有持續成長之優勢，特採選擇與集中之新思維重整領域。針對現有架構檢討，擬定改革方針並採取最有效的目標管理，具體落實地結合績效考評，因而順利地成功轉型。變革成功經驗，他山之石或可攻錯。兼松轉型活化成功的變革策略，對台灣地區面對成長瓶頸的大型企業，如何藉由結合核心能耐，跨入新興事業領域？或可做為企業經營上之參考借鏡。 　　變革要能有效進行，任何變革策略、改造流程或提昇品質的方法，都必須妥善處理以排除變革的障礙。科特(Kotter)所提成功轉型的八大步驟：1.建立危機意識；2.成立領導團隊；3.提出願景；4.溝通願景；5.授權員工參與；6.創造近程戰果；7.鞏固戰果並再接再厲；8.讓新做法深植企業文化中，很具體的勾勒出變革策略新思維、結構調整與變革執行之做法。本研究發現兼松在落實推動變革執行之後，已成功地變革轉型為：從資訊型物流仲介者到知識型通路整合者；結合核心能耐跨入新興領域；從事業部結構到社內子會社。 　　綜合本研究探討，從兼松的轉型變革成功個案帶給台灣的啟示是：企業唯有經由重新定義的變革再思維，朝相關核心能耐做創新求變，並將變革思維、策略與結構調整三者緊密結合執行，以及培育持續變革的組織文化，才能確保變革轉型成功。 / This research studies the organization restructure in Japanese enterprise while facing the severe impact on business environmental changes. Kanematsu is selected as the research object because of the close business development relationship with Taiwanese electronic industry. The successful rejuvenation of Kanematsu by restructuring the organization can be a typical benchmark for Taiwan in transformation. 　　Under the long time economic recession, the value of the enterprise has been changed, and no more creating the continuous prosperity as usual. This research studies the practical approach that Kanematsu took to execute the transformation of structure through rethinking methodology of change management. By adopting the strategic rethinking of selection and focus, Kanematsu redefined the business to assure the continuous growth for enhancing enterprise's competence toward the changes. Kanematsu's successful transformation experience by implementing restructuring strategy can be a model for Taiwanese enterprise in facing the bottle neck of growth in order to leap into a new business field by integrated the core competence. 　　Kotter's eight steps of transformation: 1. Establish a sense of urgency, 2. Form a powerful guiding coalition, 3. Create a vision, 4. Communicate the change vision, 5. Empower employees for broad-based action, 6. Generate short-term wins, 7. Consolidate gains and producing more change, 8. Anchor new approaches in the culture, specifically outlines the ways of change management's strategic rethinking, re-structuring and executing corporate transformation. Some findings of this research exposure that through practical implementing and executing the transformation, Kanematsu successfully transformed from IT intermediator to informediator; leaped into a new era by congregating the core competency; and transformed from departmental structure to internal subsidiary. 　　What this research reveals can be an inspiration to Taiwanese enterprise in transformation. Only through the rethinking to redefine the business, restructuring to enhance the core competence, executing concurrent transformation thoroughly, and then building up the corporate culture of pursuing the advantage of managing the endless change can lead to successful transformation.

本研究以中鼎工程公司為個案，針對各專業設計部門主管以問卷調查的方式，探討國際統包工程公司設計部門應有的核心能耐，並採取知識管理的觀點，探討此核心能耐的建構機制。 研究結果發現國際統包工程公司設計部門的核心能耐為「工程設計整合能力」。此整合能力包括（一）跨設計部門整合（二）軟硬體資訊平台整合（三）EPCK整合（四）專案目標整合（五）企業文化整合。國際統包工程公司為確保設計的品質，會訂定嚴謹的作業準則、進行紮實的教育訓練；並全力發展整合性設計平台，以縮短設計時程與減少重做成本；除此之外，也強調總成本觀念，在設計階段即考量採購、建造與試車的各種要求。國際統包工程公司為能在國際市場充分發揮出團隊的效能，設計人員需具備充分的專業技術能力，並輔之以管理領導能力與英語溝通能力。而公司的企業文化，諸如專業、誠信、團隊合作與創新，則是促進整合的關鍵底蘊。業主對國際統包工程公司品牌商譽特別重視，品牌商譽是所有努力的綜合結果，有賴長期的蓄積。國際統包工程公司設計部門為蓄積核心能耐，會致力促使知識載體與知識活動產生正向循環，以提升競爭優勢。 研究結果也提出個案公司亟待努力的改善建議，包括（一）應持續召募適合員工，以利長遠之發展，就既有之人力斷層，則應加速訓練養成（二）應加強供應鏈管理，嚴格管控設備廠商設計文件到位時程（三）應採取適切的績效考核與究責方式，使員工產生積極整合態度（四）應加強設計、採購、建造與試車部門之間的互動（五）應加強投入公司層級的研發活動（六）應加強與Licenser和Client等之合作，以拓展上游端（基本設計）與下游端（試車）的核心能耐。 / This case study investigates the core competence of the engineering department of international turnkey contractors and the establishing mechanism of such competence in terms of knowledge management. A survey is conducted on the engineering department managers of CTCI Corporation to supplement this study. Results show that engineering design integration is the core competence of the engineering department of international turnkey contractors. This includes the integration of (1) engineering departments, (2) hardware and software information platforms, (3) EPCK, (4) project objectives, and (5) corporate culture. International turnkey contractors will establish strict SOPs and provide solid education and training to ensure the quality of engineering work, and develop integrated design platforms to shorten design lead-time and reduce rework cost. Additionally, they emphasize cost concepts and consider the procurement, construction and commissioning requirements right at the beginning of design. Designers are equipped with adequate professional core competence, management and leadership competence, and English communication competence for international turnkey contractors to fully display team efficiency. Meanwhile, corporate culture, such as professionalism, sincerity, teamwork, and innovation, are also the keys to integration. As brand reputation is the synergy of all efforts and long-term accumulation, project owners pay special attention to the contractor’s brand reputation. Therefore the contractor’s engineering department is devoted to promote positive circulation of knowledge carriers and activities in order to build up core competence and enhance competitiveness. Suggestions for immediate improvement of the case company were also proposed, including (1) continue to recruit suitable employees to facilitate long-term development and accelerate training process to close the gap of existing interrupted staffing; (2) strengthen supply chain management and apply strict deadline on suppliers’ technical documents; (3) adopt appropriate and fair performance assessment to motivate employees; (4) encourage interactions among engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning departments; (5) reinforce corporate level R&D activities; and (6) promote cooperation with licenser and client to expand upstream (basic design) and downstream (commissioning) core competence.

臺灣半導體產值已佔全球半導體產值的百分之二十，而臺灣IC設計產值亦已佔全球第二位之重要位置，然而現今在全世界之市場、產品定義、及產品規範都掌控於歐美世界大廠之手，臺灣IC設計產業如何擺脫低價競爭之厄運，甚至有時就算低價競爭，也無法在歐美IC設計大廠已攤平開發成本下，在價格上取得任何優勢；因此在原有臺灣IC設計產業舊有之經營模式，大陸山寨市場提供一個絕佳從資通訊產業上、中、下游之產業鏈重組之模式，臺灣IC設計產業因此在經營模式上必須找出一可以創造產業鏈上、中、下游多贏之經營模式。山寨手機是目前相當成功的一個案例，也創造出一個華人市場特有的手機產業鏈模式，因此此一成功案例也成為目前臺灣IC設計產業最想複製並找出其中致勝之道。 本研究主要探討之問題有四：晶片設計產業，在擴散其核心競爭力時，往往是跨產業別之新的開始，應考量之要點為何？ 為切入成熟市場，新的晶片設計公司從”邊陲市場”切入該產業時，產品需提供何種差異化?需提供何種服務並如何取捨? 晶片設計公司原本為腦力密集產業，強調是小而美；然而面對現今山寨產品之風行，山寨系統廠將營運重心轉往銷售及量產管理，則晶片設計公司在組織上如何因應此種產業分工之改變? 晶片設計公司之核心能耐擴展，在山寨市場所需具備之條件為何？ 本研究主要藉由策略與組織、技術能力、與市場因素三個構面做為主要分析架構。由三主要架構再細分各架構之變項，在策略與組織中，共有企業經營團隊、核心競爭優勢、組織架構、及網絡定位等變項；在技術能力中，則有過去所累積之產品開發經驗、內部知識傳遞之效率、外部可利用之資源網絡、產品開發管理制度、組織學習能耐及企業之知識管理系統等變項；在市場因素中，則有市場需求之變化、產品行銷、產業合作網絡、及政策因素。 本研究所獲得之研究發現則針對於策略與組織、技術能力、與市場因素此三構面分別描述如下： 一、 在IC產業擴展產業別時，穩扎穩打以鞏固進入產業核心競爭力之根基為企業領導者之主要任務，因此循序漸進為較適當之策略展開作法。 二、 IC設計公司為對客戶提供更多的服務，且面對新的挑戰時，從現有組織分出一獨立組織，或是在公司內部創造出新的組織結構，以便重新定義新流程或定義新的工作型態。 三、 當IC設計產業為因應山寨產業之生態，若需跨足原先IT產業分工中，屬於品牌廠所需負責之工作時，因財務之負擔，必須審慎以對。 四、 企業以”邊陲進入”之模式切入成熟產業，若在硬體平台相類似下，僅以低成本之差異，但無法取得消費者在其他產品特性方面之認同，則將難以形成產品認同。 五、 企業在跨入其他產業時，利用購併之方式快速取得核心技術，重新定義新任務所需之流程及價值觀為首要任務。 六、 技術追隨者在進入市場時，選擇以”邊陲市場”進入為一正確之選擇，然而利用”五力分析”分析市場競爭者之動態，隨時調整本身策略為更重要之功課。 / According to the market report, 20% market share of world wide semiconductor market is supplied by Taiwan’s companies, and the total market share of Taiwan’s IC design house is ranked as second within world wide IC design companies. But until now, all of the product definition and product specification are dominated by USA or Europe companies. Even to offer the price competition strategy to the target market, sometimes Taiwan’s IC design house also cannot break even by the traditional quickly follower business model. China market offers a good market, which is different with the traditional business model, to re-organize the business chain, and we called it as “Shanzhai” market. Taiwan’s IC design company could define a new business supply chain to win back some market share within the mature market. “Shanzhai” mobile phone market is a successful case, and it also create a special business supply chain within Chinese countries. Based on this successful case, other Taiwan’s IC design companies also want to analyze and find out the successful business model. Within this research, there are four questions should be covered, and shown as below.  Within the IC design industry, what’s kind of consideration should be discussed when it try to expand it’s core competition?  When a new IC design company want to cut in a mature market, what’s kind of service should be considered except the product differentiation?  IC design house is a high technology company and focus on small size but with high quality engineers. If IC design companies tried to target on servicing the “Shanzhai” market, they how to re-organize the traditional organization to meet the different models with small quantities business models.  To expand the IC design house core competition for servicing “Shanzhai” market, what’s kind of conditions should be prepared? Within this research, it consists and discussed from three dimensions which are strategy and organization, technology capability, and market factors. Under the three dimensions, there are some detailed key factors should be covered. Under the strategy and organization, it should cover company management team, core competition analysis, organization structure, and the position within the supply chain. Under the technology capability, it should cover the product development experience, the knowledge communication efficiency internally, the learning capability of new technology, and knowledge management system. Under the market factor, it should cover the analysis of market demanding, market promotion, business cooperation, and policy consideration. By the three dimensions(strategy and organization, technology capability, and market factors), this research have the following finding. 1. When the IC design company expand it’s core business, it is better to expand the core business sequentially as it’s strategy. 2. In order to provide more new services other than traditional services of IC design company, the IC design house is much better to organize a new supporting organization or re-organize a new section to support to re-define the working SOP or define a new working model. 3. In order to service the “Shanzhai” market, the IC design company may involve the service of traditional brand name company’s business. The financial burden is a critical issue should be considered at first. 4. When the IC design house tried to step into a mature market as technology follower, it should try to find other differentiation point other than lower price only. 5. When the IC design house try to merge other IC design company for quickly step into a new market, the first priority is to re-define the new working SOP and target task for new group. 6. The technology follower select a second/or third priority market as their target market is a correct selection. But the most important is to adjust the own strategy dynamically according to competitor’s status.

在生技服務產業中，臨床試驗服務業(CRO)為收益最佳且最具發展價值的項目，2009年全球CRO總營收中，臨床試驗服務業營收就約占總營收的一半，加上近來全球各國開始加速醫藥產業的發展，國際藥廠也逐漸加重臨床試驗外包比例，整體全球臨床試驗服務產業需求大增。 台灣自1997年起，本土企業就開始努力耕耘於臨床試驗服務領域，直至今日，已累積許多成功的經驗與案例，然而在面對國際大廠寡占市場，以及亞洲新興國家CRO企業如雨後春筍般盛出的環境下，台灣CRO企業於發展上仍飽受壓力，不過，這些在多年的經營下，事實上也已累積了相當的能力，若能針對自身核心能耐進行統整分析、經營及拓展，相信仍將有辦法面對全球之競爭環境。此外，由於臨床試驗服務業屬知識密集之服務性產業，經驗累積、專業性及外部關係資產等智慧資本皆較有形資本更能代表企業所具之價值，因此，本研究主要從智慧資本的角度來探討臨床試驗服務企業所具有之核心能耐，並依不同經營時期比較核心能耐之變化，以了解企業所具有之競爭優勢及優勢變化。一方面期望透過本論文之架構，提供企業有關自身核心能耐之分析方式的參考，協助其進行自我核心能耐之統整分析，另一方面，也期望藉由本論文之CRO企業核心能耐之個案分析，提供企業在選擇經營或拓展核心能耐時作為參考。 本研究所得到的結論如下： 1. 運用外部關係資本-與其他企業進行聯盟合作，是臨床試驗服務公司用以提升服務能力、擴大服務範圍，及拓展核心能耐的重要方式。 2. 臨床試驗服務公司所具明確的企業價值與文化，有助於其營運上的發展以及獨有特色的創造。 3. 發展較成熟的臨床試驗服務公司會具備涵蓋人力資本、組織結構資本及顧客關係資本之核心能耐，所具備之核心能耐較不易再進行拓展，反之，較新進的臨床試驗服務公司則較易拓展其核心能耐。 4. 臨床試驗服務公司所擁有的「教育」及「品牌」智慧資本，有助於提升公司其他的智慧資本。 5. 我國本土臨床試驗服務公司較重視發展具差異性之核心能耐，而我國外商臨床試驗服務公司則較重視員工專案執行之能力。 關鍵詞：臨床試驗服務產業、CRO、核心能耐、智慧資本 / In the Bio-service Industry, clinical trial service is the most profitable and valuable item. In 2009, the revenue of clinical trial service accounted for about half of the revenue of CRO Industry. Recently, since all the countries in the world are speeding up developing Pharmaceutical Industry and pharmaceutical companies are gradually raising the proportion of clinical trial outsourcing, the demand of clinical trial service are grately increasing. From 1997, Taiwan local companies have been working so hard in the clinical trial service area. Till now, Taiwan local companies have accumulated lots of successful experience. But when facing the oligopoly market of CRO Industry and competition of Asia new CRO companies, Taiwan CRO companies still have big stress on operation. However, since Taiwan CRO companies have had great competence in clinical trial service, we believe that if Taiwan CRO companies can tidy up, analyze and expand their own core competence, the competitive strength of Taiwan CRO companies will get improved to face the global competition. Besides, intellectual capital of CRO companies which are knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) shows real value of the CRO companies. Hence, this study is trying to investigate the core competence of clinical trial service companies from intellectual capital aspect, and also trying to compare the differences of the core competence in the different timing. We hope this study can on the one hand provide CRO companies a way to analyze their core competence, and on the other hand can provide the successful core competence information of the study cases for CRO companies as a reference. There are several conclusions from this study: 1. Using relationship capital-business collaboration is an important way for the clinical trial service companies to improve their service ability, broaden their service area, and develop their core competence. 2. The clear values and culture of clinical trial service companies can help the development and operation of the companies, and create the characteristic of the companies. 3. A mature clinical trial service company has accumulated plentiful core competence in human capital, organizational capital and customer capital, and it’s hard for the company to deepen and broaden its core competence. Relatively, it’s easier for a young clinical trial service company to develop its core competence. 4. The intellectual capital of “Education” and “Brands” of clinical trial service companies can upgrade other intellectual capital of the companies. 5. Taiwan local clinical trial service companies emphasize the core competence with differenciation while foreign clinical trial service companies in Taiwan emphasize good executive ability of the employee. Keywords: Clinical trial services, CRO, Core competence, Intellectual capital