在多人虛擬環境系統的設計上，讓使用者能自行設計化身的行為，並即時以動畫元件的形式安裝到虛擬世界中，是3D內容能否達到共享的關鍵。本論文主要研究的部分包含三個部分：第一個部分是提供虛擬環境系統動態載入動畫元件的機制，使得虛擬環境系統可以動態加入客製化之化身行為；第二個部分是在現有的虛擬環境系統中加入語意的描述，並增加互動訊息傳送時的彈性；第三個部分是實現可客製化的動畫元件，分別以化身和環境間以及化身彼此間的互動，來說明上述機制的可行性。在動態的載入動畫元件的部分，客製化的動畫元件在系統上得以即時安裝並執行。動畫元件在安裝上可使用XML片段，並交由OSGi Framework中的服務來處理此XML標籤。另外，在加入物件的語意描述後，使得這些動畫元件可以取得世界的資訊，並進一步產生符合當時環境限制或應用需求的動畫。我們以Ontology來描述環境和化身的資訊，並實際製作路徑規劃器元件和化身間互動元件兩個範例。我們利用動態安裝及語意資訊兩個機制，以實例說明如何達到實現化身可客製化行為之目的。 / In the design of multi-user virtual environments, in order to share 3D contents designed by users, it is crucial to allow the behaviors of an avatar to be designed as animation components and loaded at the run time. In this thesis, we attempt to address the problem of designing a semantic virtual environment by considering the following three parts. First, we have designed a mechanism for user-designed animation procedures to be installed and loaded at run time. Second, we have augmented our virtual environment system with semantic descriptions and enhanced the flexibility of message interchange. Third, we have used two types of interaction scenarios, avatar-environment and avatar-avatar, to illustrate how customized animation components can be designed to enhance the functionality of a virtual environment. In our system, we allow users to design their own XML tags and the corresponding animation components managed in the OSGi framework. These components can acquire world information and generate appropriate animations according to application requirements and environment constraints. We have used ontology to describe the semantics of environments and avatars. Two example components: the motion planner and the avatar-avatar interaction have been designed to illustrate the dynamic installation process and the retrieval of semantic information for the realization of customizing avatar behaviors.

美國食品藥物管理局2008年六月初提出正式警告，認為牙醫使用之汞齊將導致懷孕、哺乳中的婦女、六歲以下的兒童、免疫力不全的民眾身體產生病變，蛀牙時最好避免使用汞齊補牙，FDA也將在 2009年七月討論是否禁用汞齊。在此之前，北歐國家挪威、瑞典已相繼在今年立法通過，禁止製造、輸入、販賣與使用汞齊合金。本文以牙醫使用汞齊補綴病患牙齒所可能造成的環境汙染為研究個案，希望能瞭解長期以來汞齊所存在的爭議？政府為何需要且如何制定管制政策？以及在制定合宜管制政策的過程中，需要考慮哪些影響因素？本文採用深度訪談、文獻分析與參與觀察等方式，藉由政策管制理論和市場機制為分析架構，以擬定管制政策的最適方案。並利用專家學者、利害團體、政府官員與牙醫師的意見，瞭解管制機構本身的運作能力、被管制者的態度意向和政策環境的其它干擾因素。研究發現，汞齊管制政策的制訂有賴管制理論與市場機制的互補，而政府已具備管制的經驗與能力，唯管制的共識與危機意識仍需要政府與業者的持續教育與養成。在汞齊長期處於爭議的情況下，步驟性的管制汞齊將可避免嚴重的社會衝擊，師法先進國家的管制政策並因地制宜可為政策制定的第一步，最重要的仍是政府必須具有政策創新與整合的魄力和決心。而針對台灣現存牙醫診所與環境汙染的問題，相關的改善方案與配套措施，以及政策制定前的前導計劃，也值得政府後續的重視與研究。 / According to the warning from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2008, the amalgam (mercury containing) filling used in dentistry may pose risk to pregnant, breast feeding women, children under 6 years old, and those persons who have suppressed immunity. FDA will be holding a discussion forum to determine whether to ban amalgams in July, 2009. By this time, amalgams have been prohibited to be produced, imported, exported, sold and used in Norway and Sweden. The current study is aimed to assess the environmental hazard posed by dental amalgams. In addition, the study aims to understand why there is a long dispute with regard to amalgam safety issue. This research wishes to find grounds for the government to establish regulative policies, and identify what factors should be taken into account in establishing regulative policies. The study is based on in-depth interviews, literature review and participant observation by using the regulative theory and market-based theory as framework to develop a sound regulative policy proposal. This research discovered the development of a regulative policy on amalgams is hinged on the combination or balance between the regulative theory and the market-based theory. Most important thing is that the government and the dentists need to provide continuous public education to build up the consensus for implementing amalgam regulative policies and become aware of the potential environmental crisis. In the due course, adopting step-wise regulative process may avoid unforeseen severe social impact. The government should also take reference of the existing policies of western countries, pay more attention to the current environmental pollution posed by dental practice, and provide improvement plans and supplementary measures to establish the relevant policies.

近年來台灣政府積極推動「營造英語生活環境行動方案」，再加上「國小英語課程」的實施，使得國小校園中充斥各種英語印刷文字佈置。本研究旨在了解這些校園英語環境印刷文字佈置之設計與成效及如何有效運用這些英語教學資源。 本研究對象來自於台北縣一國小九位教職員(其中包括四位行政人員和五位英語教師)以及622位三到六年級的學童。資料收集主要來源為訪談及問卷。收集的資料(主要採用描述性統計及卡方檢定)分別進行分析比較。 本研究主要的發現如下: 1.校園英語環境印刷文字佈置設計規劃主要由教育主管機關以及學校行政人員決定和負責。 2.英語教師參與校園英語環境印刷文字佈置設計規劃的程度會影響她們是否使用這些英文印刷文字進行教學的意願。 3.80%以上的受訪學生都注意到校園中的英語環境印刷文字佈置，也顯示高度的學習意願。但是由於多數英語教師未使用這些英語環境印刷文字於教學，這些校園英語環境印刷文字佈置對於學生英語學習幫助不明顯。 4.大部分的受訪者贊同校園中英語環境印刷文字佈置的必要性，並提出建議。 本研究有助於初步瞭解校園中英語環境印刷文字佈置的設計使用情形和成效。文末作者進一步提供英語環境印刷文字佈置設計和應用之相關建議，作為未來校園英語環境印刷文字佈置設計之參考。 / In Taiwan, with the policy of creating an English-friendly environment and new elementary school English curriculum, different kinds of environmental print (EP) such as English signs and English learning related posters can be seen in nearly every elementary school. It is important to have a clear idea about the effectiveness of elementary school’s environmental print (ESEP) and how to make use of ESEP. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the design of the ESEP and its effect in language learning and teaching. Participants of the study were nine school staff and 622 students sampled from the third grade to the sixth grade in one elementary school in Taipei county. Two sets of interviews and questionnaires were employed to collect data. Both qualitative analysis of interviews and quantitative statistical analysis (descriptive statistics focusing on frequency and percentage examination, and chi-square test) of the questionnaire were employed. The major findings are summarized as follows. First, the design of ESEP is primarily a top-down process. The educational authority and the school’s administrative staff directed the design of ESEP. Second, the degree of the involvement of the design of ESEP influenced English teachers’ willingness to conduct ESEP instruction. Third, more than 80% of the students noticed the existence of ESPE and showed high interest in learning about ESEP. However, without English teachers’ instruction, the effectiveness of ESEP in students’ language learning was not obvious. Fourth, most participants appreciated the existence of ESEP, and they gave suggestions for future ESEP development. Finally, some implications and suggestions for future research were discussed.

企業必須因應環境的變化而做出適當的策略決策，只有不斷加強自己核心能力，並且提出正確的策略的企業才能夠面對大環境的改變而不被淘汰。如今企業必須面臨的改變，來自環境氣候變遷而延伸出的政府與環保團體更多的要求、綠能科技的進步、消費者對綠色產品的喜好等趨勢。在這樣的外部環境下，企業除了被動地減少污染之外，其實還有更多創新的可能性藏著環境策略的背後，提早準備的企業將可以運用這些策略，建立更長久的競爭優勢。 本研究整理環境管理策略的相關研究，從歷史、能力與生態系統三個觀點分析企業環境管理思維的變化，進而提出三階段的論點：第一階段為產品（製程）改善、第二階段為價值共創，最後一階段為模式創新，這是一個由內而外的過程，先從企業內部本身的產品與製程改善做起，再結合外部其他不同產業的公司共創更高的價值，最後經由技術更新或事業再編而達成模式創新改變整個產業的遊戲規則。 為了應證三階段的管理思維演進，本研究針對美日各選擇一家領導企業：奇異電器和日立集團，作為討論的個案。美國與日本的領導企業面對的是最競爭的第一線戰場，對於環境管理有許多先進的觀點，但美日企業文化的不同，也造成兩家企業在環境管理上的差異。藉由三階段的觀點分析兩家個案公司在環境管理思維的做法，本研究期望可提供未來產業及後續研究者一個關於環境管理的做法與方向。

本研究探討台灣企業實施環境風險管理與資金成本及財務績效之關係。以ISO14001環境管理系統認證做為實施環境風險管理的指標，研究實施環境風險管理的企業在資金成本與財務績效上是否具有較佳之表現。本研究以截至2011年4月通過ISO14001認證之上市櫃公司為實驗組，以及未曾通過認證之公司為對照組。並分為三部份進行迴歸分析，其主要研究結果如下： (一) 實施環境風險管理對債劵資金成本有負向影響。但對股東權益資金成本是正向顯著的影響。因股東權益占公司資金比重較大，故加權平均資金成本亦為正向顯著影響。 (二) 在財務績效的部份，大都支持企業實施環境風險管理時，與財務槓桿呈負向關係。並且實驗組均支持通過年數越長對稅盾有負向影響。此外，實驗組全體產業與實驗組非高污染性產業，通過認證時間越長，則對系統性風險有負向顯著影響。但實驗組高污染性產業之環境風險管理與系統性風險則無顯著相關。 (三) 由實驗組與對照組之研究比較，發現支持實施環境風險管理之公司具有較低之大股東持股比。 (四) 根據實驗組之研究，發現公司通過環境風險管理之認證，與外資法人投資比率有正向關係。但實驗組與對照組之比較，通過認證與否則對外資呈負向顯著的關係。實驗組高低汙染性產業比較中，高污染性產業僅通過認證年數與外資投資比率呈顯著相關，但非高污染性產業則不論是否通過認證與通過年數，均與外資投資比率呈正向顯著相關。 關鍵字：ISO14001環境管理系統、環境風險管理、資金成本、財務績效。 / This study investigates the relationship between implementing environmental risk management and cost of capital and financial performance for the public companies in Taiwan. Using the ISO14001 environmental management system certification as the indicator of environmental management, this thesis explores whether the companies implementing the environmental risk management system will possess lower the cost of capital and better financial performance. Among the sample firms, the companies with ISO14001 certification in year 2011 are regarded as the experimental group, and the companies have not been certified as the controlled group. Then this study conducts regression analyses for environmental risk management. The major findings are as follows: 1. Implementation of environmental risk management and the capital cost of bonds have a significantly negative relationship. However, the capital cost of equity shows a significantly positive relationship. Since shareholders' equity is a greater proportion on the company's funds in the sample firms, so the weighted average cost of capital also presents a significantly positive relationship. 2. Regarding the relationship between firm’s financial performance and its environmental risk management, this study finds that financial leverage exhibits a negative relationship. The experimental group supports that the companies with ISO14001 certification for longer years have a negative relationship with their tax shields. Besides, in the entire experimental group and experimental group of non-highly-polluting industries, the systemic risk shows a negative relationship with the longer years of certification. However, environmental risk management and the systemic risk do not present significant correlation in the experimental group of highly-polluting industries. 3. The comparison between the experimental group compared and the controlled group support the hypothesis that implementation of environmental risk management can have a lower ratio of large shareholdings. 4. The study of experimental group supports that foreign investors’ shareholdings have a positive relationship with the firms passing the certification. However, the comparison between the experimental group and the controlled group shows certification and foreign investor negatively related. In highly-polluting industries, the number of certified years is the only factor influencing foreign investors’ shareholdings. In non-highly-polluting industries, passing the certification and number of certified years both are positively associated with foreign investors’ shareholdings. Keywords：ISO14001 environmental management system, environmental risk management, cost of capital, financial performance.

本研究的目的是希望從教科書傳播的角度去了解其中所傳遞的環境價值觀與態度訊息為何？隱含了哪些環境倫理以及呈現主題為何？更重要的是透過研究者對臺北市某國小四年級教科書內容的分析，再以開放式問卷、焦點團體訪談及個別訪談的方式了解此國小四年級全體學童對教科書中環境價值觀內容的接收與解讀情形，並初探國小中年級學童可能有的環境價值觀樣貌。 研究結果發現各領域教科書中「環境價值觀與態度」相關內容出現次數多寡依序為國語、自然與生活科技、社會、藝術與人文、綜合活動；且教科書內容偏向呈現「定位人和自然的關係」以及「關心人類行為的衝擊」兩大主題，而中年級學童對此的解讀亦大致符合，但對於呈現環境價值觀內容的認定和研究者的分析並不完全相同，這可能是因為中年級學童會依據長期從各方接收的訊息觀點，如實際生活經驗、課文情境安排、個人興趣與喜好、自然保育或迷思觀點、個人環保行動及不同環境倫理觀點等因素，進一步與教科書內容連結而歸納出其對人與自然環境關係的詮釋結果。 雖然教科書需改進其未完全達到環境教育課程綱要中希望破除人類中心價值觀的立場，但多數學童並非全盤接收教科書訊息，少部分學童亦能以批判性的觀點解讀教科書；而學童對於教科書的解讀與定位人和自然環境之間的關係則呈現三種環境倫理並陳的情況，甚至人類中心與生態中心倫理兼而有之的矛盾，這是否和教科書內容及主流社會價值觀亦存在此兩種對立的環境倫理並陳的現象有關，值得後續研究長期深入探討。 / This study investigated the environmental values and attitudes conveyed in textbooks as well as the environmental ethics implied and how they are presented. Analysis was conducted on the content of fourth grade textbooks in an elementary school in Taipei City, Taiwan. The reception and interpretation of the environmental values in the textbooks by the fourth grade students at the school was gained by using open-ended questionnaires, focus group interviews, and individual interviews. The findings of this study were as follows. The academic subjects with the most content involving environmental values and attitudes were Mandarin, science and technology, social studies, arts and humanities, and integrative activities. Relevant content in the textbooks was mostly directed at defining the relationship between man and nature and discussing concerns regarding the impact of human behavior. The interpretation of students was broadly identical to this result. Students in fourth grade link textbook content with long-term messages and points of views such as those derived from actual experience, the arrangement of scenarios in past textbooks, personal interests, nature conservation, misconceptions, personal environmental action, and environmental ethics in order to interpret for themselves the relationships between man and nature.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

我國的無障礙環境推動雖已提升至憲法保障層級，惟目前無障礙交通人行環境之營造甚少納入永續經營的概念。依據本文所蒐集國內外的相關文獻中，亦未單以無障礙交通人行環境的角度，來探討是否合乎永續發展的理念。 因此，本文嘗試以經濟合作與發展組織（OECD）於1996年所定義「永續運輸之9項發展原則」，來分析美國、英國、日本之無障礙交通人行環境推動是否符合永續發展理念。再以前揭3個國家之經驗，以及永續運輸之9項發展原則等角度，來研擬我國無障礙交通人行環境營造之相關法令修正、政策與相關配套、設計規範等建議。本文即希望透過這種開創性的連結，重新賦予無障礙交通人行環境營造的契機，使之具備永續發展的精神，也希望帶給後續研究者一種新的思考方向。 本文之研究範圍界定為交通人行環境中之人行道部分，但完整之無障礙環境範圍含括生活輔具、建築設備、建築物、交通運具、大眾運輸設施等，所以除了本研究範圍外，其他相關範疇仍需後續研究之努力，使完整的無障礙環境均能具備永續發展的精神。 / Though the implementation of barrier-free environment on Taiwan has been up to and assured by Constitution, the concept of sustainable development still seldom showed in the construction of barrier-free environment for the pedestrians. Moreover, in all domestic and foreign literatures conducted and analyzed in the study, it does not discuss whether the construction is consonant with the concept of sustainable development solely through the viewpoint of pedestrians’ barrier-free transit environment. Therefore, the study adopted the nine principles put forward by the NRTEE concern to explore whether the promotions of a barrier-free environment for the pedestrians by the U.S., U.K., and Japan are consistent with their sustainable development policies. Subsequently, the study tried to give suggestions on pedestrians’ barrier-free environment related laws, regulations, policies, and programs through examining the experience of previous 3 countries as well as the principles of OECD. The study hoped to realize the constructing concept of a barrier-free environment for pedestrians through an innovative link and to make pedestrian transport sustainable. Hopefully the study could lead researchers a new way of thinking. The research scope of the study is limited only in the sidewalks in pedestrian transport. The whole barrier-free environment, however, involves assistance facilities, buildings, construction facilities, vehicles, and public transport. Therefore, more endeavors on in-depth studies in previous related fields should be done to create an integral barrier-free environment with sustainable development spirit.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(B)(2) 課題番号:06452303 研究代表者:山下 哲郎 研究期間:1994-1996年度

本研究旨在探討利己及利他價值觀如何影響大眾環境風險認知及政策支持，並進一步探討其影響是否受到風險規模、文化取向、及國家發展程度之影響。資料來源為世界價值觀調查(World Value Survey)第五波資料，以Schwartz的「人類價值觀理論」為理論基礎，測量個人利己及利他價值觀，並依風險規模將環境風險認知分為全球性及地區性。統計方法使用層級迴歸，同時檢驗國家層級變項(文化取向及發展程度)對個人層級變項之跨層級調節效果。研究結果顯示大眾對環境風險的感知及反應，受到其價值觀的影響，但針對不同規模的風險議題，在不同文化取向及發展程度的國家，其影響有顯著不同。 / Environmental issues have received much public and media attention abroad and at home. With the increased environmental awareness, there is a strong call for relevant policies and regulations aimed at sustainable development. To ensure sufficient public support, it is crucial to develop a fuller understanding of factors and processes underlying people’s willingness to help protect the environment when making decisions as consumers and citizens. This study aims to predict people’s environmental risk perception and policy support as a function of their values. Specifically, Schwartz’s self-transcendence and self-enhancement value clusters will be examined as determinants to understand why few people choose to make collectively beneficial decisions. Three extensions were made. First, instead of focusing on low-cost lifestyle changes, this study examined policy support that requires substantial personal costs. Second, global and local environmental risk perceptions are treated as two qualitatively different constructs according to their geographical scales. Finally, this study moves beyond an individualistic approach, incorporating country-level forces into the model. Information about the individuals are based on variables measured in the World Value Survey (2005), while cultural orientations and levels of development are measured by the Schwartz Value Survey (2005) and the Human Development Index (2005) respectively. Hierarchical regression are employed, with the nature of interaction being revealed by plotting techniques. The results suggested that perception and responses to environmental risks reflect their most basic value priorities and life goals. Consequently, environmental persuasive messages are most effective when intended behaviors are framed as fulfilling important life goals. However, the effects of person-level constructs greatly vary with social contexts and issue scales, suggesting that different strategies are preferred when dealing with risks associated with different geographical frame. Finally, cultural orientations and levels of development will influence the way members of a society respond to environmental threats. Practical implications for environmental risk communication are proposed and discussed.