京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第23354号 / 地環博第212号 / 新制||地環||41(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 滋穂, 教授 勝見 武, 教授 瀬戸口 浩彰, 准教授 田中 周平, 教授 伊藤 禎彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(文学) / 乙第12904号 / 論文博第614号 / 新制||文||618(附属図書館) / 32114 / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 田窪 行則, 教授 吉田 豊, 教授 吉田 和彦, 准教授 蘆田 宏 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

本研究は，情報システム開発に向けて，(1) 日本語要求記述からより良い概念モデルを構築すること，(2) 構築した概念モデルを開発の要求定義以降の作業分野においても有効に活用すること，をテーマとした研究である．本研究では，概念モデルを，「業務を成立させる本質的な要素を，業務プロセスの側面，および，業務プロセスで扱うオブジェクトの側面から抽出し，それらを時間的，あるいは空間的に配置した，組織的かつ実装独立ではあるが実装にストレートに変換可能なモデル」，と定義する． / This research is aimed at the field of information system development. Its themes are : (1) constructing a better conceptual model from Japanese requirements description, and (2) utilizing the constructed conceptual model effectively in the disciplines after development requirement definition. The definition of the conceptual model in this research is: a group of elements arranged in time and/or space. These elements are the essential objects that make up business from the side of the process and the side of the knowledges handled in the process. The model can be converted to the implementation model straightforwardly but independent from its implementation. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

本文主要目的在探討政府部門支出規模對經濟體系長期成長的影響，並且輔以實證分 析研究。 本文的特色著重於對內生成長(Endogenous Growth) 理論的評述，其主要總結為，當 廣義可累積資本為固定報酬時，換言之，資本的邊際報酬固定不變，使得經濟體系不 須依賴外在力量，即能夠穩定自發的成長。 本文結論證明了理論基礎的成立，對臺灣地區、韓國及日本之實證研究結果發現，政 府支出規模（政府總支出占國內生產總額比重）增加時對經濟成長造成不良的影響， 顯見此三國之政府部門規模似乎過度膨脹（若以追求經濟成長率最大為目標的話）， 另外政府投資性支出比率愈大其愈有利經濟成長率提高。

本論文試圖在一個內生成長的理論架構下，去探討分紅制度所扮演的角色。在第二章中，我們設立一個商品市場不完全競爭的內生成長模型。在分紅比率為外生給定的情況下，我們發現分紅比率越高，對於就業越有利，但對經濟成長的效果則是不確定。此外，我們也探討在規範分析下的最適稅率。在第三章，分紅比率經由廠商與工會協商談判決定，藉著這樣的設定，我們成功的解釋為何失業與經濟成長率之間存在正向的關係。並且，在一個分紅制度的經濟體系之下，工會化的程度與經濟成長之間並不存在一個單調的關係，而是取決於談判的方式。為了解釋廠商為何會有動機去採行分紅制度，第四章我們將效率工資引進一個採行分紅制度的成長模型中。經由分紅制度的採行，我們發現，效率工資可視為一個使經濟成長的動力。並且，我們發現，資本使用與經濟成長率之間存在一同向關係，但勞工的努力程度和經濟成長之間的關係則是不確定的。 / This dissertation is a theoretical attempt to examine the role played by share-based schemes in an endogenous economic growth model. In Chapter 2 we set up an endogenous growth model with monopolistic competition in the goods market. Given an exogenously-determined worker share, we show that while a higher revenue-sharing ratio attributable to workers will promote employment, it will have an ambiguous effect on the balanced-growth rate. In addition, we investigate the optimal tax policy response to a revenue-sharing scheme and market imperfections, which are two market distortions. In Chapter 3, the worker’s share is determined via the negotiation between a trade union and an employer federation. By shedding light on the role of revenue sharing and the bargaining institution, we successfully provide a theoretical explanation as to why unemployment can be quite compatible with high economic growth. In addition, in a share economy, unionization does not exhibit a monotonic relationship with growth. It also depends on the presence of revenue sharing and the bargaining institution. To explain why firms themselves could be motivated to accept revenue sharing, we introduce the efficiency wage into our analytical framework and focus on the incentive effects of revenue sharing and their consequences on economic growth in Chapter 4. Specifically, our model comprises work effort and capital utilization. By virtue of the characteristics of modeling, we show that work effort can serve as an engine of economic growth. Of interest, we find that the balanced-growth rate is procyclical in relation to capital utilization, but it may be countercyclical in relation to work effort.

隨著知識經濟的崛起以及許多社會現象與研究文獻的證實，人力資本對一國的經濟成長而言，已是不可或缺的動力；因此，本文沿用Barro (1990)模型，將人力資本要素引進生產函數，並設定政府部門對私部門的人力資本投資有特定比例的補貼，據此探討加入人力資本要素後，Barro (1990)模型是否有不同的結果？而人力資本與其補貼對於經濟成長的影響又為何？ 本文分析的結果發現，租稅政策對經濟體系的影響大致與Barro (1990)模型的結論相同，分別為：一、所得稅率的變動，為經濟成長率帶來的影響仍是不確定的；二、在給定特定的人力資本補貼率，如果政府所課徵的所得稅率能夠達成經濟成長率的極大，就能夠使社會福利水準達到極大。但與Barro (1990)不同的是，因為本模型的體系中存在著人力資本的補貼，因此在極大化經濟成長率的水準下，所得稅率會較Barro (1990)模型下的所得稅率大。 此外，由於人力資本與補貼的加入，使得本文有所突破之處：一、和一般認知不同的是，政府對於人力資本投資的補貼增加，在其他條件不變下，使得對於經濟成長率的影響並非正向，而是不確定的。二、給定特定的所得稅率，當政府決定的人力資本補貼率能使經濟成長達極大時，亦會使社會福利水準達到極大。

隨著台灣資訊科技系統大廠往自有品牌方向發展，接受委託代工製造業務之營運比重減少，自有品牌產品業務比重逐漸增加，然而發展自有品牌與替他人代工製造服務的新產品開發模式有所差異，自有品牌產品的產品規格與概念多半需由廠商自行定義，若只是參考他人之產品規格發展新產品，則生產出來的產品無特殊性，消費者的品牌印象與品牌認同也不強，並不符合發展自有品牌的目標；而若觀察全球資訊科技的品牌大廠，SONY與Apple皆有其成名代表作，代表作品皆為自行定義產品規格與概念的創新產品，而如何發想創新產品的概念遂成為本研究的研究目的。 近年來台灣電腦公司華碩，與日本遊戲機公司任天堂相繼在2006年及2007年推出足以對公司品牌印象貢獻良多的代表產品，遂成為本研究的研究對象，藉由對兩家公司的質性個案研究，蒐集與整理次級資料，並佐以公司訪談彌補次級資料不足的部分，嘗試找出這兩家雖屬不同產業的公司，在什麼市場環境背景下，新產品開法團隊如何發想新產品概念。而於研究結果發現，個案公司發起新產品開發專案皆有改變市場競爭狀況的動機，並期望用新產品創造新的市場，藉由在先進入新市場獲得優勢而爭強自己的市場競爭力；且當時市場上既有產品的某項屬性有性能過度提供的情形，因此個案公司跳脫產業對該產品屬性原有的技術路徑規畫，及性能與功能的追求，以使用者為中心，參考市場上既有產品的產品屬性及市場反應，與產品開發者獲取的使用者資訊發想產品概念。雖初期沒有外部使用者介入，但由於產品開發者同時具有使用者的身分，加上產品開發者平時對於使用者生活型態與行為多有觀察，或是在新產品開發後期，將測試原型提供給一般使用者試用，從此兩方面陸續取得使用者資訊；另外，個案公司若沒有強烈「與別人不同」的企業文化，獨立於原有組織主流運作方式與文化，且由跨部門成員組成的新產品開發團隊，將有助於產品創新。 / As Taiwan's information technology systems manufacturers to develop its own brand business, and the proportion of the OEM & ODM business gradually decreased as the proportion of own-brand business increased, but the way to develop new products in own-brand business is quite different from the way in OEM business, a innovative own-brand manufacturers usually generate the new product concepts or specifications by itself to make differentiation from other competitors. If someone just follow the concepts or specifications written on the orders by clients or imitating what others have done before, the new products are non- uniqueness to consumers, and firms can’t build strong consumer brand image and brand identity, does not comply with the objectives of the development of own-brand. Taking a look at global brand IT firms like SONY and Apple, we can find that they have their representative products, and the concepts and specifications of products are generated and defined by firms their self. Thus, how to make concepts of innovative products becomes the purpose of this study. In recent years, Taiwan's computer company ASUS launched its new product in 2007,and the Japanese gamesole company Nintendo launched its new product in 2006, both products were successful and made a great impact on the market, contributed so much to their brand image, and became each firm’s representative product. So these two products are qualified to be the cases of this study. For these two cases, the use of qualitative case study approach, through the collection of secondary data and interviews with company information to make up for lack of secondary data, trying to find out the new product development team of these two companies how to generate concepts of new product and the relation between new product development project and market environment at that time. The result of this study indicate that two companies both have motivations to change their market competition, want to create new markets then enter new markets through earlier access to get advantage and enforce market competitiveness. Some dimension of products already on the market in technology performance oversupply situation at that time, so the case companies are user-centered rather than following the industry usual technology planning path of pursuing performance and function, taking the consumer responses and concepts of products already on market as reference and the user information obtained by new product developer to generate product concepts. Although there is no user involved in the beginning of new product development, developer also can get user information because they also represent a kind of user, observe user daily lifestyle and even hold a user test with prototype in the later of new product development. Furthermore, the study results also indicate that if there is no strong corporate culture like “like no others”, a new product development team which is independent of the mainstream mode of operation of the existing organization and culture, and with cross-department members will contribute to product innovation.

關於錯排列(Derangements)│D_n│=n│D_n-1│+(-1)ⁿ 的證明可用代數方法證出，甚至│D_n│的個數亦可由生成函數求出，因此我們希望能藉用更直接的觀點加以探討和證明，並找出彼此的對應。 　　當我們確定了D_n→n D_n-1的對應方式，它可以做為密碼的利用，當我們傳送一個D_n中的碼，可由譯碼的過程（即對應方式），對應到D_n-1中的一個碼（而且是1對1），因此在機密性方面有很大的幫助。 　　本文章節安排如下： 　　第一章錯排列的簡介 　　第二章如何製造錯排列 　　第三章錯排列的對應

領域專屬語言的設計理念是希望能夠協助使用者在特定領域上解決特定問題。然而，大多數領域專屬語言的開發環境與工具均非常貧乏，這將會增加使用者在開發程式上的困難。 所以本研究利用模型導向技術來建構一套生成系統，使用者只要輸入領域專屬語言的語意以及偵錯定義，就能快速生成語言的執行與偵錯環境，並提供完善的操作介面，輔助使用者加快程式開發的速度。 / The purpose of creating domain-specific languages (DSLs) is to help user solve problems in a particular domain. However, most DSLs are lack of development environments and tools, which would be more difficult to develop programs. This thesis is aimed to develop a generating system based on model-driven technology. Given the semantics and debugging definitions of a domain-specific language, the system would be able to generate an executing and debugging environment for the language with friendly user interface, thus improving efficiency and productivity of using the language.

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