現今社會，對於外貌的要求日形亦重，國外有許多文獻探討過外貌在各個層面的影響。外貌包含了相貌以及體態兩個部分，國內研究對於客觀體態的探討多半著重於健康層面，因此本文針對國內較為缺少的環節，以體態做為主軸，探討體態對經濟層面及生活滿意程度等心理層面的影響。 本文以Van Praag et al.(2003)一文的二階層聯立模型做為理論依據，實證方法則採取兩階段工具變數法，在第一階段中以OLS model估計體態對經濟層面的影響，第二階段則利用上述結果帶入ordered probit model中，分析體態對生活滿意程度等心理層面的影響。 結果發現，在台灣社會體態對於經濟層面影響以及整體生活滿意程度影響並不顯著，這有別於國外研究所得之體態過胖和薪資以及整體滿意程度有顯著負相關的結果。但若針對體態內心自我認同度來看，體態對自身滿意程度以及自我認同體態吸引他人程度皆有顯著的負相關。 / Numerous studies have shown that physical appearance has strong economic as well psychological effects on an individual’s well-being in our society. A person’s physical appearance usually is characterized by his or her facial feature and body shape. However, recent studies on physical appearance in Taiwan mostly focus on the health effects of body shape and the psychological outcomes of physical appearance are still largely unexplored. Therefore, this study aims at this important but previously neglected aspect of research on physical appearance by examining the relationship between body shape and life satisfaction. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the model developed by Van Praag et al. (2003), and the empirical approach is a two-stage instrumental variable estimation. Specifically, we estimate an earning equation with the level of income as the dependent variable in the first stage, and then in the second stage, the relationship between body shape and life satisfaction is estimated with an ordered probit model. The findings of this study show that body shape does not have a significant impact on an individual’s income and life satisfaction. This result is substantially different from what have been found in previous studies using data from the US and European countries suggesting that obesity is negatively correlated with one’s earnings and life satisfaction. However, the results of this study also indicate that obesity has strong negative relationships with the self-reported levels of satisfaction and attractiveness on body shape.

人口高齡化社會的來臨，不單單意謂著社會人口的老化，同時表示社會醫療支出的增加與青壯人口勞動力不足。而國人生活形態與習性、消費需求、生產及家庭結構、社會價值觀與社會福利醫療制度將隨之快速轉型與改變。因此，在高齡化的社會裡，如何因應高齡社會的快速變遷，讓老者安之，是值得探討與規劃。 本研究旨在探討老年人的社會支持與其生活滿意度之關係，所使用的資料為國民健康局所調查之「台灣地區老人保健與生活問題長期追蹤調查」。研究對象為台灣地區1999年、53歲以上居住在非山地鄉之老年人為抽樣母群，以三段分層隨機抽樣方法選出樣本共3,152名。並針對樣本做有系統的整理、歸納跟分析，以作為研究主題的參考依據。接著建立個人基本社會經濟特性及社會支持變數對老人生活滿意度的實證模型。之後，以Logistic模型加以估計，並對實證結果予以分析，分別探討個人社會經濟特質變數及社會支持對老人生活滿意度是否有影響力。 在實證部分，個人社會經濟變數具有顯著統計水準的變數有有無伴侶的陪伴、工作狀況、自覺健康狀況及自覺經濟狀況。本研究發現有伴侶陪伴在身旁的老年人，生活滿意度較無伴侶陪伴在身旁的老年人高的機率來的大；工作狀況方面的實證結果顯示，有工作的老年人其生活滿意度較無工作的老年人低的機率來的高；在自覺健康狀況方面，顯示出老年人健康結果越佳，其生活滿意度越高；在自覺經濟狀況方面，本研究將收入和自覺經濟狀況共同納入對生活滿意度的分析，發現收入並沒有顯著的影響力，反而是自覺的經濟滿意對生活滿意度更具影響力。在與家人互動部分，實證結果皆呈現1%的顯著水準，影響方向皆為正。在社會支持部分：工具性支持分為三個方面，對與子女居住的滿意程度與每月開支充裕程度，實證結果呈現1%的顯著水準，影響方向為正，至於是否有收入部分，實證結果不顯著。在情緒性支持方面，只有對親友關心的滿意程度呈現顯著水準正相關。訊息性支持分為當受訪者生病需要家人照顧時，親友家人的依靠程度及需要外出辦事如看醫生、買東西等時，有無可提供幫助的人，兩變數皆達正向顯著水準。自尊性支持只有受訪者在自認做事遭到嫌棄的時候，會隨著被嫌棄的程度升高而使生活滿意度會降低。 從實證結果可發現，社會支持與老年人生活滿意度均呈現正相關，即老年人所得到的社會支持越多、對社會支持越滿意，生活滿意度越高。從與生活滿意度有顯著相關水準的變數來看，大多是受訪者的主觀評價，影響到其生活滿意度，如有無收入與自覺經濟狀況、與子女同居與否與與子女同居的滿意度等，在有無收入或是否與子女同居對於老年人生活滿意度並未呈現顯著的影響，而在老年人主觀認為自己經濟狀況良好的程度與與子女同居的滿意程度，則呈現顯著水準的正相關，表示個人主觀評價比實際客觀情況更能影響老年人的生活滿意程度。 建議未來研究者如欲更深入探討社會支持與老年人生活滿意度的關係時，可透過多個時間點的比較，比較各次訪談間，老年人生活滿意度的變化；在問卷設計中加入更多有關地區別、機構性或是政府機關的社會支持及老人退休後的活動狀態等因素，可以更清楚的瞭解不同區域老年人退休後生活的全貌，及政府等相關機構提供的社會支持，對老人生活滿意度的影響。

生活滿意度常視為生活品質的指標，是一種心理上主觀對自我生活的評價，也是知覺與期望是否一致。如何在個人、家庭、社會環境中得到主觀情緒的滿足，一直是大家追求的目標，也是現代社會最為重視的領域(蔡明怡，2008)，本研究主要探討影響臺灣地區居民生活滿意度之因素，研究目的為：1.探討台灣地區居民的生理健康、經濟狀況、休閒活動參與之情況。2.探討性別、婚姻、年齡、教育程度、平均月收入、健康狀況對生活滿意度之差異。3.生理健康、經濟狀況、休閒活動參與與生活滿意度之間的關聯性。4.分析影響臺灣地區居民生活滿意度因素。研究資料為「台灣社會變遷基本調查計畫：第五期第三次(休閒組)調查」，樣本數為2147份。研究方法採敘述性統計、差異分析、相關分析、迴歸分析。研究結果顯示性別、婚姻、年齡、教育程度、平均月收入對生活滿意度無顯著差異，但健康狀況對生活滿意度具顯著差異；相關分析方面教育程度愈高、經濟狀況愈好、健康狀況愈好、參與靜態動態活動愈高，生活滿意度愈高；迴歸分析結果顯示影響生活滿意度的因素有年齡、健康狀況、參與靜態活動，其中又以健康狀況最具影響力。 / Life satisfaction often regarded as an indicator of quality of life is a mentally subjective evaluation of one’s life. Being emotionally subjective satisfied in the individual, family and social environments is not only a goal that people pursue, but also a prominent aspect in the modern society (Cai Mingyi, 2008). This study aims to explore the factors that influence Taiwanese residents’ lives satisfaction, and the objectives are as follows: 1 To investigate the conditions of Taiwanese residents’ physical health, financial status and their participation in leisure activities; 2 To investigate the differences among the factors--gender, marriage, age, educational attainment, monthly income, health condition that influence life satisfaction; 3 To investigate the relevance of the factors to life satisfaction; 4 To analyze the factors that affect life satisfaction. The research is based on the data, National Science Council initiated Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), whose sample size is 2147. The research methods involve descriptive statistics, variance analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results have shown that sex, marital status, age, educational attainment or monthly income makes no significant differences to life satisfaction. In contrast, one’s health condition plays an important role in life satisfaction. Moreover, according to correlation analysis, the higher the educational attainment, the better financial status and health condition, the more participation in sedentary as well as dynamic activities, the better the life satisfaction. At last, according to regression analysis, factors that affect life satisfaction are age, health condition, participation in sedentary activities, among which the health condition is the most influential. / 目錄 摘要 i Abstract ii 誌謝辭 iii 目錄 iv 圖目 v 表目 vi 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究動機 2 第三節 研究目的 3 第四節 研究問題 3 第五節 研究範圍與對象 4 第二章 文獻探討 5 第一節 生活滿意度之定義 5 第二節 影響生活滿意度之因素 6 第三章　研究方法 13 第一節 研究架構 13 第二節 研究對象 13 第三節 問卷設計與變項衡量 14 第四節 資料分析 15 第四章　資料分析 17 第一節 敘述性統計百分比 17 第二節 差異分析 27 第三節 相關分析 30 第四節 迴歸分析 32 第五章 結論與建議 35 第一節 研究發現 35 第二節 管理意涵 36 第三節 研究建議 37 參考文獻 41 附錄 47 圖目 圖1-1　研究流程圖…………………………………………………………………4 圖3-1　研究架構圖…………………………………………………………………13 表目 表2-1-1 生活滿意度定義 5 表2-2-1 影響生活滿意度因素-生理健康 6 表2-2-2 影響生活滿意度因素-休閒活動 8 表2-2-3 影響生活滿意度因素-經濟狀況 9 表2-2-4 影響生活滿意度因素-性別 10 表2-2-5 影響生活滿意度因素-年齡 11 表2-2-6 影響生活滿意度因素-教育程度 12 表4-1-1 人口變項分析的性別 17 表4-1-2 人口變項分析的年齡 17 表4-1-3 人口變項分析的教育程度 18 表4-1-4 人口變項分析的婚姻狀況 18 表4-1-5 經濟狀況分析 19 表4-1-6健康狀況分析 19 表4-1-7看電視,dvd,錄影帶 20 表4-1-8 到電影院看電影 20 表4-1-9 逛街購物 21 表4-1-10 看書 21 表4-1-11 參加藝文活動 22 表4-1-12 跟親戚聚會家族聚會 22 表4-1-13 跟朋友聚會 23 表4-1-14 玩牌或下棋 23 表4-1-15 聽音樂 24 表4-1-16 從事體能活動 24 表4-1-17 到現場看體育比賽 25 表4-1-18 做手工藝 25 表4-1-19 使用電腦或上網 26 表4-1-20 生活滿意度 27 表4-2-1 性別對生活滿意度之差異 27 表4-2-2 婚姻對生活滿意度之差異 27 表4-2-3 年齡對生活滿意度之差異 28 表4-2-4 教育程度對生活滿意度之差異 28 表4-2-5 平均月收入對生活滿意度之差異 29 表4-2-6 健康狀況對生活滿意度之差異 29 表4-2-7 Scheffe事後比較 29 表4-3-1 相關分析 32 表4-4-1基本人口背景變項、健康狀況、參與靜態活動、參與動活動對生活滿意度之影響模式 33

人口快速老化與平均餘命的延長，使我們越來越重視老年退休生活，加上高齡者健康、經濟資源的提升，與家庭支持系統轉弱等現代社會特性，鼓勵高齡者從事社會參與乃成為老人福利中的重要課題。台灣地區高齡者從事社會參與的情形為何？影響高齡者從事社會參與的因素有哪些？從事社會參與是否能提升生活滿意度？究竟哪種社會參與面向才是主要影響生活滿意度的因素？均是本研究關注的焦點。首先根據文獻探討高齡者生活滿意度及社會參與的意涵、相關因素與相關研究，並以社會老年學觀點作為本研究的理論基礎。 本研究乃是使用行政院衛生署國民健康局人口與健康調查研究中心執行之「臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查系列」1999年調查資料進行次級資料分析，研究樣本為年滿六十五歲以上之高齡者，有效樣本數為2890人，針對所得的資料，以描述統計、單因子變異數分析、卡方檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、點二系列相關、皮爾森積差相關、邏輯迴歸、多元迴歸分析及階層迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析。綜合本研究主要發現，獲致下列結論： 一、高齡者具有社會參與的需求。 二、參加「老人團體」是高齡者社會參與的最愛。 三、意向障礙是阻礙高齡者社會參與的主因。 四、高齡者的社會參與與生活滿意度有關。 五、社會參與面向中，影響生活滿意度最關鍵的因素為「參與程度」。 六、影響高齡者社會參與的因素為，性別、年齡、教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、居住地。 七、影響高齡者生活滿意度的因素為，教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、婚姻狀況、居住安排及有無社會參與。 八、影響有社會參與的高齡者生活滿意度的因素為，教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、居住安排及參與程度。 根據上述研究結論，本研究分別就政府機關、辦理老人社會參與相關機構及高齡者本身提供以下建議：一、對政府機關之建議：(一)健全老人經濟及健康之福利服務；(二)透過社會教育的方式，向老人宣導社會參與對老化調適的好處；(三)廣設老人活動中心，鼓勵並協助老人組成社團；(四)營造高齡者社會參與的無障礙環境。二、對辦理老人社會參與相關機構之建議：(一)排除機構障礙，增加高齡者社會參與的機會；(二)提供多元的社會參與類型，並注重活動進行的品質。三、對高齡者本身之建議：(一)破除意向障礙，積極從事社會參與；(二)從事退休準備，以擁有健康、滿意的老年生活。 / Due to the rapid aging of population and the prolongation of life expectancy, people pay more and more attention on elders’ retirement life. According to the characteristics of modern society, such as elders’ health, increase of economic resources and the obsolescence family support system, encouraging elders to have social participation becomes an important issue of elderly welfare. How is elders’ social participations in Taiwan? What are the key factors of elders’ social participations? Could social participation increase their life satisfactions? Which of the social participation is the main factor that influences life satisfactions? Above are the targets of this study. At first, we probe into life satisfactions, social participation meanings, related factors, and research from bibliography, and we take social gerontology as the theoretical base of this study. This study conducted a secondary data analysis based on the data from 1999 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and the Elderly in Taiwan, provided by the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, R.O.C. (Taiwan). The study subjects were elders over 65 years old, and the number of valid samples was 2890. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square test(X2), Independent-Samples t-test, point biserial correlation, the Pearson product-moment correlation, logistic regression analysis, multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. Based on the main findings of this study, we have the following conclusions: 1.Elders have needs of social participation. 2.“The elderly group” is elders’ favorite social participation target. 3.Intention obstacle is the main reason hindering elders’ social participation. 4.Elders’ social participation is related to life satisfaction. 5.The most critical factor in social participation which influences life satisfaction is “participation degree”. 6.The factors influencing elders’ social participation are gender, age, educational level, economic status, health status and residential locations. 7.The factors affecting elders’ life satisfaction are educational level, economic status, health status, marital status, residential arrangement and social participation. 8.The factors affecting the life satisfaction of the elderly who has social participation are educational level, economic status, health status, residential arrangement and participation degree. According to the above conclusions, this study proposes the following suggestions for the governments, institutions dealing with elders’ social participation and elders: 1. Suggestions for the governments: (1) Complete elderly economic and healthy welfare services. (2) Promoting the advantage of social participation on aging accommodation to elders by social education. (3) Constructing elderly community centers, encouraging and helping elders to establish the associations. (4) Constructing the barrier-free environment for elders’ social participation. 2. Suggestions for the institutions dealing with elders’ social participation: (1) Eliminating the obstacles of the institutions to increase probability of elders’ social participation. (2) Providing diverse types of social participation and focusing more on the quality of the activities. 3. Suggestions for elders: (1) Overcoming the intention obstacles to have more social participation. (2) Being prepared for the retirement to have healthy and satisfying elderly life.

隨著人口快速老化以及平均餘命的延長，老人福祉成為各界討論議題，又由於老年時期可運用在休閒活動的自由時間增加，加上近年來醫學進步、衛生保健之提倡、退休與各種福利、津貼等制度的建立等，促使老人得以追求更活躍的晚年生活，而積極參與休閒活動對於成功老化有正面的效果，爰此，老人的休閒參與逐漸受到重視。本研究從連續理論和生命週期觀點出發，視休閒參與為一連續的過程，探討隨著年齡的增長，老人休閒參與在量及類型方面的維持與轉變；此外，亦納入世代差異的概念，試圖描繪出台灣現今老人與過去老人的休閒參與有何異同。據此，研究目的在於：一、比較台灣1989年的老人和2003年的老人在休閒參與量和活動類型方面之異同。二、以生命週期觀點分析台灣老人隨著年齡增長在休閒參與量及類型方面的轉變與維持，並探討造成轉變的形成因素。三、探究台灣老人休閒參與轉變與其生活滿意度的關係。四、根據研究結果，提出相關建議，供老人實務工作者及老人福利政策制定者參考。 本研究透過行政院衛生署國民健康局人口健康與調查中心所進行的「台灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查系列」1989年第一主波調查資料以及2003年第五主波調查資料進行分析，主要分析策略可分為兩個部分，一為比較1989年和2003年台灣老人的休閒參與情形，屬於橫斷性資料分析，研究對象為1989年年滿65歲的老人，共2,567人，以及2003年年滿65歲以上之老人，共2,864人。第二部分分析焦點在於老人休閒參與的轉變，屬於貫時性資料分析，研究對象為1989年第一主波調查中年滿60歲以上的原追蹤樣本至2003年完成訪問的74歲以上老人，分析樣本數為1,743人。針對所得資料，以描述統計、卡方檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、多項式邏輯迴歸分析、多元迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析。綜合研究主要發現，得到以下結論： 一、 2003年六十五歲以上老人的休閒參與量顯著低於1989年的老人，且社交型和運動健身型活動也是呈現減少的趨勢；惟2003年女性老人在看電視或聽收音機、下棋或打牌、參加團體活動的比例則較1989年女性老人來的高。 二、 整體來說，休閒參與量呈現隨著年齡增長而減少的趨勢；老人從事獨自型活動以及與親友鄰居聊天、散步等花費較少體力和資源且可及性較高的活動傾向隨著年齡增長而維持，但在運動健身型活動方面則出現明顯減少的轉變。 三、 影響老人橫跨十四年間休閒參與轉變之主要因素包括：老人1989年的年齡、性別、教育程度、收入、1989年之健康資源和1989年至2003年健康資源的轉變、1989年之社會支持和1989年至2003年社會支持的轉變、十四年間經歷喪偶、退出工作崗位等。 四、 老人目前從事愈多項休閒活動、參與獨自型和運動健身型活動，生活滿意度愈高；而老人經歷十四年生命週期中，若能維持或增加休閒活動參與總數、維持獨自型活動之參與，對於目前生活會愈滿意。 依據研究發現，研究者提出四點建議，作為未來規劃老人休閒活動之參考：一、鼓勵老人適度、持續參與休閒活動，提高生活滿意度。二、廣闢休閒場所與設施，創造友善老人的休閒環境。三、針對老人提供多元化、多樣化的休閒活動，以符合老人之休閒需求。四、規劃休閒教育，提倡退休準備，進而促進老年生活福祉。

女性軍訓教官具有陽剛之軍人身分被要求凡事以服從為天職，工作性質、負荷與男性軍訓教官並不因性別而調整工作內容。再者為迎合學校及家長的期望，軍訓教官不但擔任許多非制度面的角色，工作量也與日俱增。然女性軍訓教官仍需肩負較多的家庭責任，換言之，其除了職場的工作壓力之外，在家庭中亦承擔傳統觀念對女性角色的期待壓力。因此，女性軍訓教官之家庭親子關係與生活滿意情形值得深究。 本研究採質性研究深入訪談法，以臺北市政府教育局所屬已婚且育有子女的12位女性軍訓教官為訪談對象，經歸類分析所得研究結果發現如下： 一、權威管教，嚴母慈父 已婚育有子女之女性軍訓教官受到傳統權威管教方式，其每天忙於工作與家庭生活，通常會以恩威並濟方式管教子女，對子女的要求較高。 二、工時延長，影響生活 女性軍訓教官工作時間長，宿舍管理及24小時備勤使得同時面對不可預測的角色衝突之煎熬及壓力，對於已婚育有子女的女性軍訓教官的家庭而言壓力相對是重的。 三、母職天性，家事吃重 在現實生活雙薪家庭中的母親不僅是家事的主要勞動者，同時也扮演教養子女的主要角色。研究發現「女為主，男為輔」仍是受訪女性軍訓教官家庭中家務分工的主流模式。 四、轉化學生，互動良好 女性軍訓教官大部份進入學校場域是基於對「女教師之認同」，最大的成就就是感受到學生喜愛，輔導學生心智轉換變好、協助學生處理問題或幫助找到問題的解決方法，讓學生恢復到正軌。 五、升遷機會、隨緣以對 本研究發現從受訪女性軍訓教官發現其對升遷的看法是隨緣順其自然；而服務年資較短者及尚未晉升中校階級對升遷是不抱希望，這顯示女性軍訓教官對於升遷認為是沒有機會的。 六、重視休閒，休憩為主 女性軍訓教官休閒生活是在家休息為主，有些於假日從事親子戶外活動，少部分寒、暑假視經濟條件情況規劃全家出國。其休閒知覺自由度並不低，在休閒需求方面，具有較高的認同感。 根據以上研究結果，提出具體建議如下：（一）推動軍訓教官師資合格化，降低工作不確定感；（二）拔擢優秀人才，提高工作滿意；（三）適度運用校內人力，營造合諧組織氣氛；（四）開設選修課程，提昇學生生活輔導成效；（五）提供協助幼兒托育，降低育兒情緒壓力；（六）加強女性軍訓教官之支持系統，減少家庭與工作的衝突；（七）重視親子溝通品質，維持良好的關係；（八）積極參與在職進修，增加工作成就感；（九）釐清善用替代角色，提升家庭幸福感；（十）積極生涯規劃，爭取自我實現。 / Due to their virile military status, female military education officers are required to obey orders as part of the profession; their assignments and burdens are never adjusted because of gender difference. Moreover, to meet expectations of school authorities and parents, military education officers in general have to assume roles that may not be specified in the system, thus increasing their daily work. Female officers, however, need to take more familial responsibilities. That is to say, they must face the pressure from work place as well as the pressure from family, caused by traditional expectations of female roles. It is, therefore, worthwhile to investigate the familial/parent-child relationship and life satisfaction of female military education officers. This study adopts qualitative research method and interviews, in depth, 12 female military education officers working in schools supervised by Department of Education, Taipei City Government, who are married and raising children. After categorization and analyses, the findings are listed as follows: I、 Discipline through authority—strict mother vs. kind father Owing to the traditional training and requirements by profession, plus a busy schedule imposed upon life and work, married female officers mostly resort to authority and favors at the same time when disciplining children, thus appearing to be more demanding. II、Prolonged working hours—familial life affected With long office hours as in school dormitory management or on duty around the clock, female officers have to tackle pressure resulting from unpredictable role conflicts, which is comparatively intense for subjects’ families. III、Family as focus—housework amassed In actual life, the mother in a double-income family not only does most housework, but also plays a major part in bringing up children. This study discovers that “female as primary, male secondary” remains the prevalent model for housework sharing in subjects’ families. IV、Transforming students—positive interaction encouraged Most female military education officers applied to assignments in school settings because they identified themselves with “female teachers.” And their greatest sense of accomplishment comes from being liked by students, success in counseling, assisting students in solving problems or finding solutions to problems, and helping them get back to enjoying their student life. V、Promotion opportunities—whatever turns up is accepted According to this study, the interviewed female officers’ attitude toward future promotion may be summed up as “whatever turns up is accepted.” The juniors with few years of service and those not yet awarded the rank of major do not consider themselves hopefuls, which may indicate that most of them do not believe they stand a chance in promotion. VI、Leisure is emphasized—relax at home When off duty, most female officers stay at home and relax; some may participate in outdoor activities with children on holidays, and depending on financial circumstances, few may take a family trip overseas during winter or summer vacation. While the subjects show considerable leisure awareness, they display high conformity regarding leisure requirements. Based on study findings, concrete suggestions are listed as follows: (1) military education officers are certified and legalized as regular teachers to reduce work instability (2) excellent personnel are promoted to guarantee job satisfaction (3) human resources from other departments are properly utilized to cultivate a harmonious working environment (4) relevant electives are offered to enhance student counseling (5) daycare is provided to reduce child-raising pressure (6) the support network for female military education officers is facilitated to minimize conflicts between family and work (7) quality of parent-child communication is emphasized to maintain good relationship (8) sign up for training in job to uplift sense of achievement (9) substitute roles are clearly defined and properly utilized to improve familial relations (10) career planning is strongly recommended for self-realization.

本研究以已婚社會工作員為對象，瞭解已婚社會工作員的工作與家庭衝突對其家庭生活滿意度的影響。研究透過兩種管道進行資料的蒐集：一種是由台灣社會工作專業人員協會與台灣兒童暨家庭扶助基金會協助樣本的提供；另一種是使用線上問卷，共回收154份有效問卷。本研究有幾點發現：首先，已婚社會工作員面臨了工作與家庭的衝突，且工作干擾家庭的情況較嚴重。其次，已婚社會工作員在家庭生活滿意度的不同構面中，以家務處理滿意程度最低。再者，已婚社會工作員不會因性別的不同在工作與家庭衝突和家庭生活滿意度兩方面有所差異。在工作特質變項上，已婚社會工作員的工作年資愈少、擔任第一線社工員、每週工作時數和每月加班時數愈多者，工作與家庭衝突的情況愈嚴重。在工作投入與勝任感方面，已婚社會工作員對社工專業愈投入，其家庭干擾工作的程度愈低，亦不會因此產生工作干擾家庭的感受；當已婚社會工作員愈難獲得合適的工作作息且愈無法勝任工作時，工作與家庭衝突的程度愈高；而已婚社會工作員對社工專業愈投入者，其家庭生活滿意度愈高。此外，已婚社會工作員的工作與家庭衝突程度愈高，家庭生活滿意度就會愈低。最後，針對研究結果，研究者提出以下建議：已婚社會工作員應瞭解自我角色的情況，在家務處理上取得配偶和家人的支持，並學習有效的時間管理與適度的自我調適；實務界則應正視社會工作員的工作壓力負荷量大的問題。 / This research takes married social workers as research subject to understand how the conflict between work and family affects their family life satisfaction. Our data was collected from two measures. Some are provided by the Taiwan Association of Social Workers and the Taiwan Fund for Children and Family while the rest comes from 154 effective questionnaires collected by an online survey. Through this research, we discovered the followings. First, married social workers do encounter work-family conflicts and their family lives are rather interfered by their work. Second, in terms of different factors of the family life satisfaction, married social workers stand at the lowest level in the satisfaction of house work management. Furthermore, married social workers, regardless of sex, share the same experience regarding work-family conflicts and the family life satisfaction. In terms of the variable of job characteristics, the work-family conflict is much more severe if married social workers have less years of job experience, act as frontline social workers, or have more weekly work hours and overtime hours per month. On the aspect of work devotion and job competency, as they devote more to become professional social workers, their family lives are less likely to be interfered by their work, and thus they don't have the feeling of interference. If they have more trouble balancing between work and rest and become less competent in their jobs, the work-family conflict would be more serious. Meanwhile, if more devotion is put into becoming professional social workers, the family life satisfaction would be higher. In addition, when married social workers suffered from more severe work-family conflicts, their family life satisfaction becomes lower. This research provides several suggestions based on the research result. Married social workers should know more about their roles in work, gain supports from their spouses and family members on housework management and learn better skills on time management and self-adjustment. In practical view, the problem of work stress and overload in social workers should be emphasized.

我國近年來有關家庭的研究，均著重在女性就業、單親家庭、兒童、青少年、老人、受暴婦女議題。對於家庭主要生計負責人的男性角色，只有莫黎黎、王行等研究。軍人是特殊的群體，我國約有10萬名的志願役軍官，9成以上均為男性，但未受到重視，相關文獻與研究亦少。本研究是以我國軍官為研究樣本，他們平均每天的工作時間超過12小時，平均一週也只有1.96天，可以回家和家人相聚，其生活方式與一般百姓略有不同。 一位志願役軍官，職責是保國衛民，因此常留守部隊，或因任務需求而不斷調遷，國軍「精實案」期間，使得軍人責任加重、工作時間長、工作壓力大，這些都影響他們與家庭的互動關係。軍人會不會因為其特殊的角色、特殊工作時間、特殊工作型態，忽略了家庭的照顧呢？會因此產生角色衝突嗎？軍人與家人的互動關係如何？自己的生活滿意呢？這是本研究的動機。 本研究同時運用量化研究法與質化研究法，首先以量化研究，設計了「角色衝突」與「生活滿意」的封閉性問卷，施測了1390位軍官。再設計了「家庭狀況」、「工作狀況」及「角色衝突」的開放式問卷，深度訪談8位軍官。最後，邀請3組軍官，做焦點團體訪談，針對前述研究結果／進行深度討論。 本研究的自變項有人口變項及軍人特質變項，「角色衝突」則分為：因工作而疏忽與家人相處的衝突、因工作而干擾夫妻關係的衝突、家庭角色內的衝突、因家庭責任而犧牲自己的衝突、因工作而疏忽子女教養的衝突、工作角色家庭角色與自我角色的衝突、因家庭責任妨礙追求工作成就的衝突。「生活滿意」包括：家庭生活滿意、婚姻滿意、人際關係滿意、一般生活滿意、父母與配偶互動關係的滿意、休閒生活滿意等。 本研究在量化部份，共收集已婚軍官974人，平均結婚年齡為6.07年。研究發現，整體而言，軍官的角色衝突依序為：家庭角色內的衝突、因家庭責任而犧牲自己的衝突、工作角色家庭角色與自我角色的衝突」、因工作而疏忽與家人相處的衝突、困工作而疏忽子女教養的衝突、因工作而干擾夫妻關係的衝突、因家庭責任妨礙追求工作成就的衝突。而且一半的軍官有角色衝突的情形，沒有角色衝突的軍官較少，但亦有三分之一的軍官是介於二者之間，可知，軍官的角色衝突情形是值得重視的。 軍官的生活滿意依序為家庭生活、婚姻、家庭人際關係、父母與配偶互動關係、休閒生活、一般生活。也發現有三分之二的軍官是滿意自己的生活情形，不滿意自己生活的軍官很少，但有27%的軍官是介於二者之間。 影響角色衝突的變項當中，發現男性、配偶不是軍人、協助做家事、陸軍、上尉、基層單位、外島、配偶全職工作、回家頻率較少、生活最大滿足是父母、配偶、子女、以家庭為重、工作時間愈長、年餘愈輕、收入愈少、第一位子女出生年齡愈小、愈擔心退役以後工作與生活、精實案對工作與生活的影響愈大、長官愈不關心軍官工作與生活情形，其角色衝突較大。 影響生活滿意的變項當中，發現男性、非作戰單位、協助做家事、研究所、戰院教育、上校、其他軍種、軍團以上、結婚15年以上、配偶全職工作、房屋是自己購買、與父母配偶同住、生活最大滿足是父母、配偶、子女、以家庭為重、工作時間愈短、年齡愈大、收入愈高、愈不擔心退役以後工作與生活、精實案對工作與生活的影響愈小、長官愈關心軍官工作與生活情形，其生活滿意較高。而且角色衝突愈少者，其生活滿意度也愈高。 本研究在進行量化研究後，接著進行「深度訪談」，軍官雖然會運用一些方法，來減少角色衝突，但仍不免有衝突的產生，包括夫妻間的衝突、配偶與家人的衝突、軍官與家人的衝突等，也會尋求避免衝突和解決衝突的方式： 一、軍官和配偶衝突的解決方式：面對面的溝通；用比喻的方式，期待配偶將心比心；主動向配偶對不起；讓配偶盡情發洩情緒；選擇某些事才讓配偶知道；接受配偶的意見；面對婚後爭吵的事實，事先協調好，以避免衝突的發生。 二、配偶和家人衝突的解決方式：了解婆媳問題是必然會存在的；接受婆媳觀念不一致的現況；婚前先協調好，預防婆媳問題的發生；在媽媽與配偶之間，做一些取捨；在假日，盡量離開家裡，或者回娘家；減少配偶與婆婆接觸的機會，讓彼此的接觸有限，比較不會引發較大的衝突；軍官居於原生家庭、生殖家庭之間，二邊溝通協調；藉由退伍，調整生活方式，以改變現況；選擇不同時間，分別關心原生家庭和生殖家庭，避兔讓原生家庭和生殖家庭產生衝突。 本研究最後以三坎的「焦點團體」訪談法，針對量化研究獲得的資料，再進一步訪談軍官。發現軍官覺得家庭角色和工作角色的衝突滿大的，因為在工作上衝刺的話，可以得到很多工作滿意，但若沒有配偶或家庭的支持，則生活也不滿意。衝突處理的方式有：將工作與家庭儘量分開；把工作做完，再照顧家庭，回家後，多關心家人，或在休假日協助做家事，以體諒家人；覺得虧欠家人，會有補償家人的心態；會先處理家庭的事務，再處理工作事務；期望長官應同時關心部屬的生活和工作；利用家庭其他親戚的力量，協助照顧自己的家庭；加強夫妻、子女之間的溝通，以維繫感情；重視互相體諒，主動協助做家事；有些配偶會讓軍官盡量在工作上衝刺、盡力去發揮。綜合而言，軍官對生活滿意的看法，認為軍人是很好的職業，收入穩定。 最後，透過本研究的發現，提出以下建議： 一、對軍事組織的建議 (一) 減少工作時間或降低軍官的工作負荷 (二) 建立職務代理制度 (三) 建立眷屬來部隊省親的機制，並建設眷屬省親的臨時住所 (四) 增設職務官舍，解決軍官的居住問題，增進親情關係 (五) 長官應多傾聽部屬的意見，並關懷部屬的工作狀況與家庭生活 (六) 應重視軍官的生涯規畫 (七) 建議未來「精進案」應提早有整體的配套措施 二、對軍官的建議 (一) 認識自己面臨的角色衝突與生活滿意狀況 (二) 學習認知自己的角色與職責 (三) 建議婚姻不和諧的軍官應勇於向專業人員尋求協助 (四) 建議家庭不和諧的軍官應勇於向專業人員尋求協助 (五) 鼓勵軍官在適當時機，提出適當的建議，以促進部隊進步 三、對軍眷管理單位的建議 (一) 規畫軍人家庭政策 (二) 建立軍人家庭福利服務 (三) 上維護與發揮家庭功能 (四) 成立軍眷互助中心 (五) 加強托兒、托老服務 (六) 加強配偶的職業輔導 四、在現有組織中增進專業軍隊社會工作 (一) 強化「心理衛生中心」的服務功能 (二) 增設社會工作軍官 (三) 運用專業社會工作方法，預防角色衝突 (四) 建立軍事社區與民間社區之關係 五、對一般家庭協助機構的建議 (一) 建立良好的家庭支持系統 (二) 重視家庭和諧，加強家庭成員的情感連結 (三) 增加有關家庭關係相關課程，舉辦親職教育，增加親子互動 (四) 加強婚姻與家人關係的協助 (五) 營造兩性平權，促進家庭生活現代化 (六) 開設衝突管理的課程 軍人將人生最精彩的青壯年貢獻給國家，也將自己全副精力服務部隊，而家庭與配偶仍是軍官生活滿意的主要來源，尤其來自於配偶的支持是最大的，配偶無私的支持，竭盡心力，奉獻家庭，讓軍官能不斷往前衝刺，追求事業的成功。所以配偶扮演一種穩定的角色，讓我國軍官較無後顧之憂，因此軍人內心裡，對配偶都存在有愧疚感。自己的父母親、配偶的父母親，也是軍官的最佳資源，讓軍官可以無後顧之憂的投入工作。 關鍵字：志願役軍官、角色期待、角色衝突、生活滿意、量化研究法、質性研究法 / The recent relating family research in our country are mostly concentrated on the issue of women's occupation, single-parent family, the children, the youth, the aged, and female abuse. The research toward the male who actually support the family's income are found rarely from the article of "Mo Li Li"（莫藜藜） and "Wang Xing" （王行）. The soldiers is a distinguishing group, there are around hundred thousand of the volunteer officers in this country and more than 90% of them are male, they are an ignored group and not many articles and researches in this field have been really dedicated for them. The quantitative methods and qualitative methods were applied by this research. The close questionnaire of "role conflict" and "life satisfaction" that tested to 1,390 officers initiated the quantitative methods. The open questionnaire of "family status", "work status", and "role conflict" that proceeded by the depth interview to 8 officers was followed next. The focus group interview (session) to 3 groups of officers were the last that carried by the depth discussion toward the results of two previous methods. The officer's life satisfaction ranked by family life, marriage, family's human relationship, parent and spouse interaction, life resort, and normal life. It is found that two thirds of the officers are satisfied with their living life, only a few are dissatisfied, and 27% of them are in the between. The variables that affecting the role conflict mostly are with the characters of the male; the spouse is not the soldier; willing to share the house works; the army; the captain; the fundamental unit service; the out island service; the spouse works full time; not often back home; the parents, spouse, and children are the most satisfaction of life; the family care; long working time; younger; less income; the first kit born too late; concerning about the work and life after the retiring; facing the supervisor's carelessness toward the job and life that are affected greatly from "the troop reduction plan". The officers with these kinds of variables have the more serious role conflict. The variables that affecting the life satisfaction mostly are with the characters of the male; the not combating unit service; willing to share the house works; the master degree; the war academy educated; the colonel; not from the army; the regiment unit service at least; the marriage of 15 years; the spouse works full time; owns the housing; living with parents and spouse; the parents, spouse, and children are the most satisfaction of life; the family care; short working time; older; higher income; not concerning about the work and life after the retiring; receiving the supervisor's care toward the job and life that are not affected actually from "the troop reduction plan". The officers with these kinds of variables have the less role conflict and more life satisfaction. The depth interviews were proceeded after the quantitative methods in this research. The officers would manage to reduce their role conflict, but the conflict remains and still existed in the spouse, the spouse and family, and the officer and family. The ways they normally sought to avoid or solve the conflict are such as a face to face communication; a initiative apology to the spouse; to accept the spouse's complete oppression relief; to accept the spouse's point of view; an advanced agreement to avoid the conflict after married; an understanding of the realistic problem that existed in between the mother and daughter in law; to accept the facts of discordance that existed in between the mother and daughter in law. The three times of the "focus group" interviews were the last of this research, the further interviews to these officers were aimed at the data that achieved from the previous quantitative methods. In general, the officers all agreed that the solider is a good career with stable revenue, it is their recognitions to the life satisfaction. Based on the results of this research, we are having our suggestions as follows: 1. to the military organization (1) reduce the officer's working time or to improve their overload problem. (2) set up the job substitution system. (3) set up the capacity of family visit and the temporary residence to accept the visit. (4) expand the official dormitory to improve the officer's residential problem and family relationship. (5) the supervisor should listen more to the opinion from the staff and extend the highly concern toward their work and family life. (6) respect the officer's career planning (7) the project of "troop reduction plan" should be executed with the other cooperative methods to pursue the integrated achievement. 2. to the officers (1) recognize the role conflict facing and the status of life satisfaction. (2) learn to know the self-role and self-responsibility. (3) seek for the assistance from the professional for the unpleasant marriage. (4) seek for the assistance from the professional for the unpleasant family life. (5) it is encouraged to submit the right proposition in due time to accelerate the unit's development. 3. to the authority of the solider family administration (1) plan out the soldier's family policy. (2) set up the soldier's family service. (3) maintain and extend the function of family. (4) set up the dependant service center. (5) improve the welfare for the child and aged. (6) improve the spouse's vocational assistance. 4. enhancing the professional military social work in the present organizations (1) expand the service function of "the mental health center". (2) increase the social work officers. (3) prevent the role conflict by means of the professional social work. (4) set up the relationship between the military community and the civil community. 5. to the general organizations of the family service (1) set up a successful family supporting system. (2) respect the importance of a pleasant family by strengthen the emotional communications between the family. (3) expand the educational course of the family relationship, to promote the family education and improve the interaction of parents and children. (4) help the officers to manage the unpleasant marriage or family relationship. (5) create the equal rights of male and female to enhance the modernizing of family life. (6) set up the educational course of the conflict management. The soldiers dedicate the most significant golden age of their life to the country and devote themselves completely to the missions. The family and spouse are the main supporting resources of the officer's life satisfaction, and most of that are from the spouse, they make sacrifice to the family and act as a role of great stability. The officers are able to pursue the honor and success without too much cares and anxieties toward the family, the inner of soldiers all existing a deep regret to their spouse. The parents of their own and of the spouse are also the key factors of the supporting. By the completion of this research, we sincerely looking forward to the continual efforts from the government, to improve the welfare for the soldiers and the officers. keywords: professional officer、role expectation、role conflict、life satisfaction、quantitative methods、qualitative methods.

本研究主要的目的在探討中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突及其相關因素與影響，內容可分為三部分：（1）探討中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突現況，以及時間管理行為、目標導向、角色衝突因應策略與生活滿意度之現況。（2）探討性別在工作-家庭衝突上的差異。（3）探討中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突與時間管理、目標導向、角色衝突因應策略、生活滿意度之關係。 本研究以台灣地區國小、國中已婚男女教師為研究對象，有效樣本共計384人（男107，女277人）。本研究所採用的量表共有5種，分別為「工作-家庭衝突量表」、「角色衝突因應策略量表」、「生活滿意度量表」、「時間管理行為量表」及「目標導向量表」，所使用的統計方法有皮爾森積差相關、單因子多變量變異數分析、典型相關、逐步迴歸分析、獨立樣本t考驗等。 本研究主要的結果如下： 一、 工作-家庭衝突、時間管理、目標導向、角色衝突因應策略與生活滿意度的現況 （一）工作-家庭衝突方面 中小學教師很少會有工作-家庭衝突，而「工作干擾家庭」與「家庭干擾工作」的情形也較少，但兩者相較之下，「家庭干擾工作」的狀況較少。至於「工作要求」與「家庭要求」的情形，全體教師不一定有很多的工作要求，也不一定因工作要求而精疲力盡，但常因家庭要求而感到疲憊，然兩者相較之下，工作要求較少，在性別方面，即使中小學教師較少有工作要求與家庭要求，但男女比較下，男性教師有較少的「工作要求」與「家庭要求」。 （二）時間管理方面 中小學教師有時會表現出「設定目標與優先順序」、「作計畫與排時間表」、「知覺控制時間」之時間管理行為，至於在性別方面，則無顯著差異。 （三）目標導向方面 在「尋求成長導向」方面，中小學教師有些符合「當遇到各種挫折、或負面的生活情境時，會尋求個人成長」之生活目標傾向；在「尋求證明導向」方面，中小學教師教師有些符合，但也有些不符合「當遇到各種挫折、或負面的生活情境時，會尋求自己能力、價值的證明」之生活目標傾向。本研究的中小學教師較傾向「尋求成長導向」，至於性別方面並無顯著差異。 （四）角色衝突因應策略方面 中小學教師在面臨工作-家庭衝突時，有時會使用「重新界定角色結構」與「角色行為的反應」因應策略，但經常使用「重新界定個人角色」因應策略，來因應工作-家庭衝突，至於在性別方面，則無顯著差異。 （五）生活滿意度方面 中小學教師對各生活領域感到滿意。至於性別方面的差異，男性教師的生活滿意度高於女性教師。 二、 性別、時間管理、目標導向與工作-家庭衝突的關係 （一）女性教師顯著比男性教師更會因來自「工作角色」與「家庭角色」的時間壓力，而覺得時間短缺、精力透支。 （二）具有時間管理行為的中小學教師，其工作-家庭衝突程度較低，其中愈有「作計畫、排時間表」之時間管理行為，工作干擾家庭衝突、家庭干擾工作衝突、家庭要求、工作要求與工作-家庭衝突的情形愈少。 （三）本研究發現「尋求成長導向」的教師，其工作-家庭衝突程度較低，但研究結果未發現教師的「尋求證明導向」與工作-家庭衝突有顯著的正相關。 三、 工作-家庭衝突與角色衝突因應策略、生活滿意度之關係 （一）中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突程度愈高，角色衝突因應策略的使用頻率愈高，其中較傾向使用「角色行為的反應」因應策略。 （二）中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突與生活滿意度有顯著的負相關，此負向關係在女性教師方面最為顯著。 本研究依據上述的研究結果加以討論並提供建議，以供後續研究及教育輔導工作之參考。 / The first purpose of this study was to assess the degree of work-family conflict among married elementary school and junior high school teachers in Taiwan. The second purpose was to investigate how gender, time management behavior, and one’s goal orientation approach relate to work-family conflict. The third purpose was to study how work-family conflict relates to role-conflict coping strategies and life satisfaction. For this study, 384 married teachers from 15 elementary schools and 15 junior high schools in Taiwan were administered the Chinese versions of the following instruments：the Time Management Behavior Scale (Macan, 1990), the Goal-Orientation Measure (Dykman, 1998), the Work-Family Conflict Scale (Netemeyer, Boles, & McMurrian, 1996), the Family-Work Conflict Scale (Netemeyer et al., 1996), the Family Demand Measurement (Yang et al., 2000), the Work Demand Measurement (Yang et al., 2000), the Work-Family Conflict Measurement (Yang et al., 2000), the Role-Conflict Coping Strategies Scale (Wu& Leo, 2001), and the Life Satisfaction Scale (Wu& Leo, 2001). The results of the study supported most of the hypotheses. The study showed that the married elementary and high school teachers displayed a relatively low level of work-family conflict, that female teachers’ family and work demands were significantly higher than those of male teachers, and that teachers who exhibited more time management skills had a lower level of work-family conflict. The study also displayed a significantly positive association between a growth-seeking goal orientation approach and reduced work-family conflict. Additionally, the results showed that teachers often used role-conflict coping strategies when they experienced work-family conflict and that there was a clearly negative correlation between work-family conflict and life satisfaction.