University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

本研究針對我國學生學習日語發音進行相似度指標發展之初探，貢獻為針對目前日語發音提供一個相似度的指標可以和老師語音進行比較分析，找出分析日語發音相似度之模式。 研究從聲音數位化的角度切入，有別於過去研究使用語音辨識的方式來進行，聲音數位化後為數值的方式，因此使用指標來計算相似的程度。研究提出一套對應的聲音相似度指標，以電腦分析輔助日語學習者的發音練習。 指標建立過程由聲音取樣、正規化、端點偵測，到實際的運算，使用所蒐集的聲音資料來測試指標的穩定度與有效性，研究結果說明在以日語為母語者間的指標都很靠近，而不同日語腔調間會有一定的指標差異，對於一定日語程度的對象而言，指標落點很靠近，惟本研究此次蒐集到的聲音資料，其應用指標運算結果的分佈太過集中，如果能有更多樣化的聲音資料來測試指標應能有較漂亮的分佈圖形。 / This research includes developing a similarity index applies to the evaluation of Taiwan students learning Japanese pronunciation. The contribution of this research is that it provides a similarity index to the Japanese pronunciation comparing to the teacher’s pronunciation, finding the model of how to analysis the similarity of Japanese pronunciation. This research uses the digital audio processing to begin with, which is different from the other research that uses the speech recognition to evaluate the pronunciation. The audio will turn into numerical format after digitalize, so this research uses an index to calculate the similarity. By using this similarity index, the computer can become an assistant role that helps to analysis while learning Japanese pronunciation. The developing of index starts from audio sampling, audio normalizing, and end-point detection to the calculation of similarity index. This research collects audio data to test the stability and the validity of the similarity index. The result indicates that the similarity index of native Japanese speakers is very close；and the similarity index contains certain difference between different accents. For those Taiwan students who qualify with Japanese, their similarity index is close. Nevertheless, the result of the similarity index is too centralized, it would be better if there are more audio data to test the similarity index.

本文以探討北京方言的中古入聲音韻層次為目標，經由個別官話方言的比較對應，建立次方言各自的韻調系統，並統整各區的韻調特徵，做為北京方言若干韻母來源的方言地理影響趨向走勢，再綰結文獻語料加以確認發展的時代上限。 首先，比較中古入聲在北京官話、中原官話、江淮官話（安徽）的韻調表現，重建各官話方言的中古入聲演變模式。比較的範圍為北京方言裡文白異讀大量存在的中古宕江攝開口入聲字、中古曾梗攝開口一二等字、通攝合口三等字的讀音。通過各方言區內部方言語料的比較，找出各個方言之間的語音對應規律，建立共同形式，再進行官話方言裡幾種共同形式之間的比較，推定各個共同形式發展的方言區。判斷一個方言區固有形式的根據有兩個：一是語音演變的通則，即一旦確定演變方向，不再回到古音來源再以不同方式演變；另一是中古入聲韻的兩條不同演變方向，即複元音化和喉塞音化。由此得知，中古入聲在各官話方言區發展的方式各自不同。 其次，觀察與北京方言有關文獻語料，推論北京方言的中古入聲字讀音的歷史音韻層次形成的途徑。考察的文獻材料為《韻鏡》、《七音略》、《皇極經世書‧聲音唱和圖》、《蒙古字韻》、《四聲等子》、《中原音韻》、《合併字學篇韻便覽》等中古以後紀錄漢語語音的韻書及韻圖。從方言比較的結果和文獻語料所反映的中古入聲字讀音的變遷看，北京方言的中古入聲音韻層次形成過程大體上可以分為以下三個階段：獨立發展期、中原官話接觸期、江淮官話接觸期。由此得知，北京方言的中古入聲字讀音並不是單純從中古音到北京方言演化而來，而是一面從中古音演變下來，一面透過與其他方言交融，吸收經過不同演化模式的語音。 漢語方言比較研究使得我們能夠看出生動的語言變化動態面貌，提供重新看待文獻材料的慧眼。

文化是當代最具尖銳性的議題之一，不同文化所造成的差異與衝突，更對法規範產生莫大的衝擊。以憲法面向來說，各種文化保障主張均以入憲為最終訴求，並藉此要求國家必須予以最高的尊重。然而，入憲不僅有其門檻限制，某些想法更與既存憲法體系有所齟齬。至於法律面向，儘管國會議員制定諸多相關文化保護法規，但因此對文化所造成的影響亦非無疑。因而，有關文化的諸多問題，必須採取其他更細膩的作法。 本書基於上述想法以及文化所具有的多元、進化及傳統等各種特色，採取部門憲法的觀點以整合文化領域的特性，進而在人民的基本權利與國家的基本國策詮釋上，顯現文化對憲法所能作用的範圍。根據本書初步的觀察，文化不應僅是狹義的教育、科學、藝術等三大領域，更應及於個人內心意志和外在認同的生活形態、行為模式以及價值觀等廣義文化面向。因此在文化憲法的角度下，文化並非僅受到特定基本權的保障，而是每個基本權內涵的形成過程，都應加入文化的考量，以免排除或忽視不同文化族群的需求。順此脈絡，本書強調在基本權限制上，內在文化自我意識必須受到絕對的保障，而外在文化的表現則應受嚴格檢驗，並且國家對文化資源的分配亦需嚴守平等原則。 在此認知之下，本文提出文化憲法下的文化自由權與文化平等權，並具體檢討國內的原住民族議題和語言爭議

國外法學資訊系統已研究多年，嘗試利用科技幫助提昇司法審判的效率。重要的議題包括輔助判決，法律文件分類，或是相似案件搜尋等。本研究將針對中文裁判書的分類做進一步談討。 在文件特徵表示方面，我們以有序詞組來表達中文裁判書，我們嘗試比較採用不同的詞彙來源對於分類效果的影響。實驗中我們分別採用一般通用的電子詞典建立一般詞組；以及以演算法取出法學專業詞彙集建立專業詞組。並依tf-idf(term frequency – inverse document frequency)的概念，設計兩種詞組權重tpf-idf(term pair frequency – inverse document frequency)以及tpf-icf(term pair frequency – inverse category frequency)，來計算特徵詞組權重。 在文件分類演算法方面，我們實作以相似度為基礎的k最近鄰居法作為系統分類機制，藉由裁判書的案由欄位，將案例分為七種類別，分別為竊盜、搶奪、強盜、贓物、傷害、恐嚇以及賭博。並藉由觀察案例資料庫的相似度分佈，以找出恰當的參數，進一步得到較佳的分類正確率與較低的拒絕率。 我們並依照自省式學習法的精神，建立權重調整的機制。企圖藉由自省式學習法提昇分類效果，以及找出對分類有影響的詞組。而我們以案例資料庫的相似度差異值以及距離差異值，分析調整前後案例資料庫的變化，藉以觀察自省式學習法的效果。 / Legal information systems for non-Chinese languages have been studied intensively in the past many years. There are several topics under discussion, such as judgment assistance, legal document classification, and similar case search, and so on. This thesis studies the classification of Chinese judgment documents. I use phrases as the indices for documents. I attempt to compare the influences of different lexical sources for segmenting Chinese text. One of the lexical sources is a general machine-readable dictionary, Hownet, and the other is the set of terms algorithmically extracted from legal documents. Based on the concept of tf-idf, I design two kinds of phrase weights: tpf-idf and tpf-icf. In the experiments, I use the k-nearest neighbor method to classify Chinese judgment documents into seven categories based on their prosecution reasons: larceny(竊盜), robbery (搶奪), robbery by threatening or disabling the victims (強盜), receiving stolen property (贓物), causing bodily harm (傷害), intimidation (恐嚇), and gambling(賭博). To achieve high accuracy with low rejection rates, I observe and discuss the distribution of similarity of the training documents to select appropriate parameters. In addition, I also conduct a set of analogous experiments for classifying documents based on the cited legal articles for gambling cases. To improve the classification effects, I apply the introspective learning technique to adjust the weights of phrases. I observe the intra-cluster similarity and inter-cluster similarity in evaluating the effects of weight adjustment on experiments for classifying documents based on their prosecution reasons and cited articles.

本研究係發想自政治大學「未來馬戲團」的展演活動表演方式，嘗試改進表演方式中的程式技術，以程式化方式整合展演藝術中實體與虛擬的互動平台，我們希望提供導演撰寫較為口語或展演描述方式的腳本敘述如『when ... other-wise ...』，如此一來就可以任意組合實體演員的肢體動作與指示虛擬環境的特效，因此我們採用了一套介接實體與虛擬環境應用程式的領域專屬語言- Digital In-teractive Performance Sketch (DIPS)，用以開發客製化的展演程式庫，並佈署於本團隊自行開發的執行引擎 Wearable Item Service runtimE (WISE)，提供導演在這個引擎上透過這個DIPS編寫前述口語的程式腳本，讓程式自行互動，達成展演效果的自動變化。 我們的系統會接收來自展演人員穿配的連網感應器上的訊號，並且根據導演寫好的腳本規則，自動根據接收到的裝置訊號判斷出該指示虛擬環境做出什麼樣的效果，以達到展演效果自動變化，完成虛擬與實體展互動的程式支援。 為了減少腳本程式撰寫前須具備的程式邏輯訓練，本研究開發一款所見即所得(WYSIWYG)的視覺化腳本編輯器 DIPS Creator，提供腳本編寫者可以直覺的方式組合編輯器中的展演詞彙方塊，完成腳本設計。 本研究展示了如何以較為口語或展演語意的方式敘述展演規則，以實現虛實互動的程式化，並且提供了具有彈性的客製化展演函式庫及圖形化展演規則編輯器的製作方式，未來可增加多演員層次的抽象支援以展現本研究系統的更多程式化能力，並加入表演階段設計、雙向溝通與規則互斥等能力，擴充系統功能。 / This research was inspired by “The Future Circus”, a cyber-physical interactive performance art developed in National Chengchi University. In this thesis, we pro-pose some mechanisms to support such performance art programmatically in a more effective manner. Specially, we provide a high-level scripting tool for directors to de-scribe the performance rules abstractly in the form of “when ... otherwise ...”, so that directors can compose arbitrary actions and effects easily. Underlying such abstract rules are a domain specific language – Digital Interactive Performance Sketch (DIPS), and a middleware. Wearable Item Service runtime (WISE), developed by our research team. Given a script with those abstract rules, our system will receive signals sent from a sensor on wearable devices of actors, and then it will command cyber environment perform effects, the performance effects or actions according to rules written by the director. Through our integration efforts, the performance effects in the cyber environment will change automatically in a programmatic way. Besides, for users without prior scripting experience, we developed a WYSIWYG GUI editor, DIPS Creator, that allows users to write a script intuitively by dragging and dropping pre-built rule blocks. We conduct a few experiments with real sensor device to demonstrate the programming support of our tool. The preliminary results are satisfactory in terms of prototype support. To further extend our tool for practical performance, we describe in detail a few directions such as support for multiple actor performance stage model-ing, and integrity check of related rules that will make our system more powerful.

本論文基於具備捕捉影像深度的RGBD影音串流裝置－Kinect感測器，在簡報場域中，作為擷取簡報者肢體動作、表情、以及語言表現模式的設備。首先我們提出在特定時段內的表現模式，可以經由大眾的評估，而具有喜歡／不喜歡的性質，我們將其分別命名為Period of Like(POL)以及Period of Dislike(POD)。論文中並以三種Kinect SDK所提供的影像特徵：動畫單元、骨架關節點、以及3D臉部頂點，輔以35位評估者所提供之評估資料，以POD/POL取出的特徵模式，分析是否具有一致性，以及是否可用於未來預測。最後將研究結果開發應用於原型程式，期許這樣的預測系統，能夠為在簡報中表現不佳而困擾的人們，提點其優劣之處，以作為後續改善之依據。 / In this thesis, we capture body movements, facial expressions, and voice data of subjects in the presentation scenario using RGBD-capable Kinect sensor. The acquired videos were accessed by a group of reviewers to indicate their preferences/aversions to the presentation style. We denote the two classes of ruling as Period of Like (POL) and Period of Dislike (POD), respectively. We then employ three types of image features, namely, animation units (AU), skeletal joints, and 3D face vertices to analyze the consistency of the evaluation result, as well as the ability to classify unseen footage based on the training data supplied by 35 evaluators. Finally, we develop a prototype program to help users to identify their strength/weakness during their presentation so that they can improve their skills accordingly.

大部分在台灣的客家人都會說中文,但是其中有些客家人說國語時會留下客語的遺跡。本篇論文已語言上,場合正式性上,地理區域,以及社會因素等方面探討部分客家人把國語的/ɕ/唸成[s]的原因。 本篇論文包含量化分析以及質化分析,在量化分析上透過面對面的交談,念文章,以及唸單字等方法來收集資料。量化分析上總共有32位受試者,且受試者依照性別,教育程度,年齡以及地理區域以二分法的方式。而在質化分析上的受試者和量化分析的受試者為同一批人,但只有29位再次參與調查。 本篇主要的發現為: (1)在語言內部因素中,字頻,鄰近音,以及音節結構對於語音變異皆有影響。(2)語音變異的確有擴散的現象。(3)在語言外部的因素中,年齡以及地理區域的影響比場合正式性及性別來得大,但教育程度的影響則很微弱。整體而言:(1)本篇調查的語音透過語言內部,場合正式性,社會以及地理空間擴散 (2)語言內部以及語言外部皆對與音變異有影響,但語言外部的因素的影響比內部因素來得大。 / Most Hakka speakers in Taiwan, if not all, speak Mandarin Chinese. Among them, many leave some traces of their Hakka background in their Mandarin pronunciation. This thesis aims at analyzing the linguistic, situational, geographical, and social causes of the emergence of [s] as a phonetic variant of /ɕ/ in Mandarin by Hakka speakers. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to locate the internal and the external constraints on the target phonetic variation. Those data for quantitative analyses were collected from the linguistic production by 32 native speakers of Hakka in casual conversation, reading passage, and reading characters. Subjects of this study are equally distributed to two genders, two education levels, two age groups, and two geographical areas (namely, in Taoyuan City and Chungli City, two cities in which a large proportion of Hakka speakers reside) . As for data for qualitative analyses collected from 29 of the 32 subjects of the quantitative tests, only those parts of the qualitative design that were implemented correctly were analyzed. The major findings of this study are (1) among the internal factors, word frequency, preceding vowels, and syllable structure were found to be influential to the target phonetic variation; (2) the target phonetic variation does expands through lexical diffusion; and (3) among the external factors, age and geographical area are more influential than situational formality and gender, but the impact of education level is weak. General conclusion of this study include (1) this target phonetic variation is expanding gradually through linguistic, situational, and social/geographical spaces; and (2) both internal and external factors are effective, with external factors being more influential than internal factors. Key words: phonetic variation, lexical diffusion, formality, Hakka dialect, sociolinguistic variation, ethnic identity

本篇論文是針對六位以台灣華語為母語的嬰幼兒，採長期觀察的方式，研究 台灣華語字彙產製的音韻變化性(phonological variability)，並詳細描述單音節詞和雙音節詞之中音節類型出現的頻率、變化性、以及代換模式。本研究同時要用Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論來檢驗各種音節類型中的共通性。 本研究一共觀察了有六位年齡在十一個月至兩歲的嬰幼兒長達一年。以兩個 禮拜一次的頻率收集嬰幼兒和母親之間的自然對話，並利用錄製回來的影音檔做 譯寫和分析。 結果顯示小朋友的音韻變化是很常見的，且是有規則可循的。小朋友的音韻變異量的高峰(variability peak)會出現在當小朋友的音韻發展從一個階段進展到另一個階段的時候，而本篇論文顯示與當小朋友由單字期(one-word stage)進展到雙字期(two-word stage)以及字彙量有大幅上升的時期符合。華語音節習得的部分，結果顯示CV 是頻率最高、變化性最低，且最常被拿來替換的音節類型。CVG 也是頻率高的音節類型之一，但他的變化性也很高，主要是因為韻尾省略 (coda-dropping)的現象在小朋友的早期發展很常見的關係，所以CVG 雖然頻率高但是變化性也很高而且是最常被取代的音節類型之一。 最後，將所有的結果拿來檢驗Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論，結果發現頻 率高以及變化性低的音節類型都是無標記(unmarked)的音節類型，相反的頻率低 以及變化性高的音節類型則都是有標記的(marked)音節類型，此外小朋友會用無 標記的音節類型來取代有標記的音節類型。 / The purpose of this study is to discuss the issue concerning phonological variability of children acquiring Taiwan Mandarin. Two aspects are including in the following: the phonological variability of words and the syllable types composed the words. The overall variability pattern, the frequency, variability rate, and substitution pattern of syllable type were analyzed. Six participants are investigated in the study, aged between 0;11 to 2;0. A longitudinal observation study is conducted by the author and the research team. The results showed that phonological variability is common in early phonological development. The increase in variability reflects the reorganization of phonological system, where children started to produce two-word utterances and the amount of different words was increased. As for the syllable type analysis, CV presented the highest in frequency, the lowest in variability rate, and also was used to replace other syllable type more often. CVG was one of the most frequently used syllable type; however, the variability rate of CVG was also high. The reason may due to the fact coda-dropping is a very common phenomenon in children’s development. The results in this study were examined in the markedness theory of syllable proposed by Jakobson (1968). The results showed that syllable types with higher frequency and lower variability rates were unmarked syllable types, while syllable types with lower frequency and higher variability rates were marked syllable types. Furthermore, children tended to use a more unmarked syllable to replace a more marked syllable.

從杜斯妥也夫斯基小說《卡拉馬助夫兄弟》 看其宗教思想表現形式的特點 指導教授：瓦列格夫博士 研究生：林冠廷 論文提要 「上帝是否存在？」這個問題，一直都是困擾且折磨杜斯妥也夫斯基的問題，作家窮盡一生都在探討它。在小說《卡拉馬助夫兄弟》中，杜斯妥也夫斯基再一次更深入的探討這個問題，並藉由小說中的人物展開了豐富的思想辯論。卡拉馬助夫的家庭史，實際上就是俄國社會的一個縮影，小說主角人物對待信仰的態度及看法，可以被視為俄國社會上各種不同類型之人的代表。透過小說各種角色面對信仰問題時所表現的態度與處理方式，杜斯妥也夫斯基利用對話理論使他們各自闡述各自的思想並透過辯論來探討「創造者與被造者」——「神與人」的關係。在本論文當中，我們藉著探討小說人物們對信仰的態度與上下文來分析杜斯妥也夫斯基在宗教思想表達形式上的特點，並嘗試理解他的中心思想。本論文將小說人物分成三個群組來探討：一、卡拉馬助夫的家庭成員；二、東正教神職人員；三、天真信仰的代表者，如：虔信的婦人們、小信的女士與駑鈍的老僕人等的信仰觀。藉著討論以上三個群組人物的語言特性，行為舉止和其思想上的變化，再加上小說部分片段採用了鑲嵌式短篇小說的手法，作家營造了一個多聲部的作品，不僅使小說本身的思想更加豐富，也增加了他的被討論與可看性。因此，本論文將藉由探討小說《卡拉馬助夫兄弟》中各種人物角色的信仰觀來理解杜斯妥也夫斯基深邃複雜又充滿矛盾的宗教思想。 關鍵字：宗教思想， 對話理論， 文本語意結構，上下文，語言特性，鑲嵌式短篇小說，鄉土主義