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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

勞退保證投資收益率制度及制度轉換選擇權之研究 / The Selection of Rate of Return Guarantee and the Choice between Defined Contribution and Defined Benefit for Labor Pension Plan in Taiwan

李翎竹, Lee, Ling-Chu Unknown Date (has links)
我國勞工退休金新制自2005年7月1日開始實施,由過去的確定給付制改為具有確定提撥特色的「個人帳戶制」。對於勞工而言,確定提撥制和過去確定給付制不同之處在於承擔退休金投資風險的責任將由雇主轉由個人承擔。如何透過退休機制的設計以降低退休金的投資風險是近年來的重要議題,因此本文主要從個人偏好與風險的觀點探討保證投資收益率制度與制度轉換選擇權等兩個降低確定提撥制投資風險的重要配套措施。 在本論文的第一篇研究中發現,資產配置與國際投資對保證成本的影響頗大,在個人可選擇資產配置的情況下,高投資風險的資產選擇將造成政府未來龐大的或有負債。為了解決政府保證成本過高造成代內與代間的財富移轉,本文從使用者付費與個人效用的觀點探討保證投資收益率制度的設計,發現藉由設立保證投資收益上限可提升風險趨避者、損失趨避者與後悔趨避者等偏好下的預期效用,且能降低個人管理下方風險所需的提撥成本與退休計畫參加者所需繳交的保證費用,故建議政府可將投資收益率上限納入保證投資收益率制度,供退休計畫參加者選擇合於本身偏好的保證收益率上限。 在近來許多國家的公、民營退休體系由過去以確定給付制改為確定提撥制,為了降低在確定提撥制下的退休金投資風險,在美國的佛羅里達州之公務人員退休體系中,存在著可供個人選擇是否轉換到確定給付制的機制。在我國勞退新制中除了從過去的確定給付制改為確定提撥制外,亦輔以「年金保險制」供勞工選擇與轉換,若年金保險制具有確定給付制的特徵,則勞工等於是擁有一個從確定提撥轉換轉到確定給付制的選擇權,因此制度選擇權的探討對我國而言亦是相當地重要。在本論文的第二篇研究中發現,當風險趨避程度越高則轉換至確定給付制的機率越高,轉換到確定給付制的高峰期會出現在開始工作的初期與屆臨退休之際等兩段期間。隨著工作期間的延長,個人轉換到確定給付制的機率越低,但仍可有效地提升退休金的所得替代率與達到降低退休金下方風險的效果,在加入退休制度初期不得轉換的限制之後,會降低轉換到確定給付制的機率。 / The Labor Retirement Pension Act enacted in 2005 introduced defined contribution (DC) pension plan for substituting the traditional defined benefit (DB) pension plan. In the defined contribution pension plan, the investment risk is transferred to the participants. However, the design of rate of return guarantee makes the investment risk less severe for participants. In the first essay, we find that the asset allocation and foreign investment have large impact on the guarantee cost: the high risky investment may result in large potential liability of the government in the future if participants have the investment portfolio choice. This study develops a framework to analyze design of rate of return guarantee from the financial engineering and user paid principle view. We find that the cap of investment return guarantee not only increases the expected utility of risk aversion, loss aversion and regret aversion, but also decreases the contribution cost to participant associated with managing the downside risk. Around the world, the defined contribution (DC) plans have been the primary trend of pension reform in the both public and private sector. In an attempt to decrease the investment risk associated with DC plan, the public employees are provided with an option to buy back DB plan in the Florida State of U.S.A. In the second essay, we find that the higher level of risk aversion is, the higher probability to buy back DB plan is. During the employee’s early years of service and as the employees near retirement, the probability to exercise the option is the highest. The probability to exercise the option is decreasing with the years of service being increasing; the option also increase the pension replacement rate as well as decrease the downside risk of pension. The probability to exercise the option is lower, when the option to buy back the DB plan is prohibited during the employee’s early years of service.
192

使用ActiveX元件來改善暨有視窗主從企業資訊系統的可部署性 / Improving the Deployability of Existing Windows-Based Client/Server Business Information Systems Using ActiveX Components

程裕繁, Cheng,Bill Yu-Fan Unknown Date (has links)
小型化革命已經造成了企業資訊系統的典範轉移,不久之前以大型主機為基礎的集中架構仍然是企業之重要資訊系統的唯一選擇,時至今日為數眾多的重要企業資訊系統採用了以個人運算裝置為基礎的主從架構。另外一方面,視窗主從企業資訊系統是目前最常見的主從架構企業資訊系統類型,此類企業資訊系統必需將每一支客戶端程式都安裝到每一位使用者的電腦上,這種客戶端程式的人工部署作業一直是資訊管理從業人員的沈重負擔,亦是資訊管理產學界持續戮力解決的重要研究課題。其實ActiveX元件技術的妥善應用將可以有效解決這個部署問題,並且這種解決方案將遠比其它解決方案更具成本效益。研究以此發現為基礎,目的在於克服ActiveX元件技術在企業資訊系統應用上一直無法解決的三項缺點:能力強大所衍生的不安全、技術龐雜所衍生的學習與使用困難,以及元件體積龐大所衍生的網路應用瓶頸,並提出一個以ActiveX元件為基礎的解決方案來自動化暨有之視窗主從企業資訊系統的客戶端程式部署作業。報告的重點內容有四:(一)ActiveX元件技術的缺點克服之道;(二) 所提解決方案的第一個部份,也就是下載架構,採用下載架構開發的企業資訊系統將具備自動化部署客戶端程式的特性;(三)所提解決方案的第二個部份,也就是架構轉換程序,藉由這個程序的指引,暨有的視窗主從企業資訊系統將可以輕鬆轉換成為下載架構,有效解決其客戶端程式的部署問題;(四)兩個研究個案,用來示範下載架構與架構轉換程序的使用,並提供證據來支持下載架構與架構轉換程序的可行性。 / The downsizing revolution has created a deep paradigmatic shift in business information systems (BISs). Not very long ago, large-scale mission-critical BISs were the exclusive province of massive mainframe computers. That is changing rapidly. Today, increasingly large and complex BISs are being built as client/server (C/S) applications. Unfortunately, for the most common C/S BISs, that is, the Windows-based C/S BISs (WinBISs), client programs must be manually deployed to each end-user machine bringing about a heavy BIS maintenance load. ActiveX component technology, if used properly, is more cost-effective than other alternatives in improving the deployment of existing WinBISs. Nevertheless, ActiveX component technology is no magic solution, and thus still has three shortcomings, namely insecurity, complexity, and bulkiness. The purpose of the study presented in this paper is to overcome the shortcomings of ActiveX component technology, and then develop an ActiveX component-based solution to automate the deployment of existing WinBISs. This paper has four main parts: (a) the answers to the shortcomings of ActiveX component technology; (b) the downloadable architecture, which supports the development of automatically-deployed BISs; (c) the architecture transformation process, which transforms existing WinBISs into the downloadable architecture; and (d) two examples of how to use the downloadable architecture and the architecture transformation process. The examples also provide evidence to support the feasibility of such architecture and process.
193

相依競爭風險邊際分配估計之探討

張簡嘉詠 Unknown Date (has links)
競爭風險之下對邊際分配的估計,是許多領域中常遇到的問題。由於主要事件及次要事件互相競爭,只要一種事件先發生即終止對另一事件的觀察,在兩事件同時發生的機率為0之下,連一筆完整的資料我們都無法蒐集到。除非兩事件互為獨立或加上其它條件,否則會有邊際分配無法識別的問題。但是獨立的條件在有些情況下並不合理,為解決相依競爭風險之邊際分配無法識別的問題,可先假定兩事件發生時間之間的關係。 由於關聯結構定義出兩變數間的結合關係,我們可利用關聯結構解釋兩事件發生時間之間的關係。假定兩變數之相關性參數為已知,且採用機率積分轉換的觀念,本論文討論了Zheng 與 Klein提出的關聯結構-圖形估計量,是否會依設限程度、相關性強度和關聯結構形式的不同,以致估計能力有別。 / The problem of estimating marginal distributions in a competing risks study is often met in scientific fields. Because main event and secondary event compete with each other, and a first occurring event prevents us from observing another event promptly, the intact lifetimes or survival times are unable to be collected in the circumstances that the probability of both lifetimes coinciding is 0. Unless lifetimes being independent or adding other conditions, there is a problem that the marginal distributions are non-identifiable. But the condition of independence is not always reasonable, we may assume the relation between lifetimes has some special form Because the copula defines the association between two variables, it can be employed to explain relation between lifetimes. Assuming that the dependence parameter in the copula framework is known, and adopting the concept of the probability integral transformations, this thesis has demonstrated whether the estimating abilities of the copula-graphic estimator, that Zheng and Klein put forward, are different in rates of censoring, intensities of dependence, and forms of the copula.
194

預測S&P500指數實現波動度與VIX- 探討VIX、VIX選擇權與VVIX之資訊內涵 / The S&P 500 Index Realized Volatility and VIX Forecasting - The Information Content of VIX, VIX Options and VVIX

黃之澔 Unknown Date (has links)
波動度對於金融市場影響甚多,同時為金融資產定價的重要參數以及市場穩 定度的衡量指標,尤其在金融危機發生時,波動度指數的驟升反映資產價格震盪。 本篇論文嘗試捕捉S&P500 指數實現波動度與VIX變動率未來之動態,並將VIX、 VIX 選擇權與VVIX 納入預測模型中,探討其資訊內涵。透過研究S&P500 指數 實現波動度,能夠預測S&P500 指數未來之波動度與報酬,除了能夠觀察市場變 動,亦能使未來選擇權定價更為準確;而藉由模型預測VIX,能夠藉由VIX 選 擇權或VIX 期貨,提供避險或投資之依據。文章採用2006 年至2011 年之S&P500 指數、VIX、VIX 選擇權與VVIX 資料。 在 S&P500 指數之實現波動度預測當中,本篇論文的模型改良自先前文獻, 結合實現波動度、隱含波動度與S&P500 指數選擇權之風險中立偏態,所構成之 異質自我回歸模型(HAR-RV-IV-SK model)。論文額外加入VIX 變動率以及VIX指數選擇權之風險中立偏態作為模型因子,預測未來S&P500 指數實現波動度。 研究結果表示,加入VIX 變動率作為S&P500 指數實現波動度預測模型變數後, 可增加S&P500 指數實現波動度預測模型之準確性。 在 VIX 變動率預測模型之中,論文採用動態轉換模型,作為高低波動度之 下,區分預測模型的方法。以VIX 過去的變動率、VIX 選擇權之風險中立動差 以及VIX 之波動度指數(VVIX)作為變數,預測未來VIX 變動率。結果顯示動態 轉換模型能夠提升VIX 預測模型的解釋能力,並且在動態轉換模型下,VVIX 與 VIX 選擇權之風險中立動差,對於VIX 預測具有相當之資訊隱涵於其中。 / This paper tries to capture the future dynamic of S&P 500 index realized volatility and VIX. We add the VIX change rate and the risk neutral skewness of VIX options into the Heterogeneous Autoregressive model of Realized Volatility, Implied Volatility and Skewness (HAR-RV-IV-SK) model to forecast the S&P 500 realized volatility. Also, this paper uses the regime switching model and joins the VIX, risk neutral moments of VIX options and VVIX variables to raise the explanatory ability in the VIX forecasting. The result shows that the VIX change rate has additional information on the S&P 500 realized volatility. By using the regime switching model, the VVIX and the risk neutral moments of VIX options variables have information contents in VIX forecasting. These models can be used for hedging or investment purposes.
195

刑事案件舉證責任轉換之研究-以特別背信罪及內線交易之抗辯事由為檢討適例 / A Study on the Reverse Onuses in Criminal Law - Focusing on the Special Breach of Trust and Insider Trading

王妙華, Wang, René Unknown Date (has links)
刑事訴訟制度具有兩大目的,分別是發現真實以及保障被告人權,二者不可偏廢,不可為了發現真實而犧牲被告人權之保障,亦不得為了保障被告之人權,忽視真實之發現。 被告在憲法上受有無罪推定原則之保障,原則上無須證明自己無罪,舉證責任落在身為控方的檢察官身上,檢察官須就被告之犯罪事實予以證明至無合理懷疑之程度,使法官依據其所舉證之內容依自由心證予以衡酌,如未能形成超越合理懷疑之心證門檻時,依照無罪推定原則,即應對被告諭知無罪判決。 目前我國法已明文肯認無罪推定原則的保障,除了被告得因此享有相關之保障外,負責追訴犯罪的檢察官,身為控方,亦應善盡其舉證責任,當使法官形成超越合理懷疑的心證時,方能推翻對被告的無罪推定,對被告諭知有罪判決,然而,控方應負舉證責任縱然作為原則,但不可否認的是,本文認為仍有存在例外的空間,故試圖從舉證責任之架構釐清在無罪推定原則的制度下是否有轉換、調整之空間。 站在當事人對等的天平上,筆者認為立法者考量到特殊案件類型之需求,可以透過立法的方式將某些事項的提出證據責任轉換到被告身上,但說服責任則不可以移轉之,因為被告在訴訟上仍受有不自證己罪原則之保障,要將舉證責任予以移轉,筆者以為歐洲人權法院所形塑之標準可資參考,當爭點具有一定的重要性,且被告的防禦權未完全被剝奪時,當檢察官已就一定犯罪事實予以舉證時,即可將舉證責任轉換到被告身上,如此可使呈現在法庭上的證據越來越多,亦可使真實更容易被發現。 本文以經濟犯罪作為檢討舉證責任轉換可行性之主軸,並以特別背信罪與內線交易作為檢討之適例,試圖檢驗本文架構出的判準之可行性。然礙於篇幅有限,故僅以商業判斷法則及內線交易之抗辯事由作為本文檢討之核心。
196

服務場景的人際因素對注意力幸福感的影響: 以恢復體驗為中介角色 / The Influences of Interpersonal Factors within Service Environments on Attention-Related Well-Being: The Mediation Role of Restorative Experience

曾祥景, Tseng, Hsiang Ching Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的是從注意力恢復理論的觀點檢驗服務環境中的人際因素如何影響恢復體驗,進而帶給顧客注意力幸福感。人際因素有顧客小群體的人際融洽、其他顧客的相似性、外表及行為適當性、以及服務人員的服務友誼、顧客導向行為與銷售導向行為。本研究執行兩個研究,研究一將會透過量表建構過程發展一個恢復體驗量表,適用於享樂型人身處理或心理刺激處理類型的服務業,並得知恢復體驗的概念內涵與組成要素。研究二將檢驗恢復體驗的前因與後果,以及恢復體驗是否會中介人際因素與注意力幸福感之間的關係。研究一結果指出恢復體驗由內容迷戀、暫時逃離、動機相容、能力相容、活動新奇感與心流六個子構面組成,該量表共以21題衡量,並具有良好的信度、收斂效度、區別效度與外在效度。研究二結果指出服務環境中的人際因素會顯著的影響恢復體驗,而恢復體驗亦會帶來顧客的注意力幸福感,恢復體驗會完全中介人際因素與注意力幸福感之間的關係。根據研究結果討論理論、方法與管理意涵。在服務業情境的恢復體驗概念內涵比大自然情境多了過程迷戀面向,但是少了一致性面向。恢復體驗的前因應不只限於與大自然有關的實體因素而已,因為人際因素亦是恢復體驗重要的前因。恢復體驗與其子構面間的關係應被建模為反映型而非形成型。本研究提供服務業者指南,告知其如何透過人際因素的形塑與管理,帶給顧客注意力幸福感。由於小群體融洽相對於其他人際因素而言對顧客的恢復體驗影響較大,服務業者應將較多資源分配在管理顧客小群體上,並促成其產生小群體融洽。最後,提出研究限制與未來研究方向。 / The purpose of this research is to examine how interpersonal factors in service environment influence restorative experience, which in turn facilitates attention-related well-being of customers from the perspective of attention restoration theory. Interpersonal factors include small groups (i.e., interpersonal rapport), other customers (i.e., similarity, physical appearance, and suitability of behavior), and service providers (i.e., service friendship, customer orientation, and selling orientation). Two studies were conducted. Study 1 developed a scale of restorative experience applicable to hedonic service industry of people-processing or mental stimulus processing types. Also, the conceptual domain and components of restorative experience were discussed. Study 2 examined the antecedents and consequences of restorative experience and whether restorative experience mediates the relationship between interpersonal factors and attention-related well-being. The results of study 1 indicated that restorative experience is comprised of six dimensions- content fascination, escape, motivation compatibility, competence compatibility, novelty of activity, and flow. The new scale is measured using 21 items and has good reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and external validity. The results of study 2 indicated that interpersonal factors in service environment significantly influence restorative experience, which in turn influences attention-related well-being. Restorative experience completely mediates the relationship between interpersonal factors and attention-related well-being. Theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications are discussed. Compared to natural environment, restorative experience in the service environment contains the dimension of process fascination but has no dimension of coherence. Since interpersonal factors facilitate restorative experience, the antecedents of restorative experience should not be confined to natural elements of physical environment as done in the past studies. The relationships between restorative experience and its sub-dimensions should be modeled as reflective, not formative. This research provides guideline for service marketers to manage and harness interpersonal factors and improve attention-related well-being for customers. Since rapport in customer small group has more influence than other interpersonal factors on restorative experience, service marketers should put more resource in managing customer small groups and facilitating rapport among members in customer small group. In the end, limitations and direction of future research are presented.
197

資產報酬率波動度不對稱性與動態資產配置 / Asymmetric Volatility in Asset Returns and Dynamic Asset Allocation

陳正暉, Chen,Zheng Hui Unknown Date (has links)
本研究顯著地發展時間轉換Lévy過程在最適投資組合的運用性。在連續Lévy過程模型設定下,槓桿效果直接地產生跨期波動度不對稱避險需求,而波動度回饋效果則透過槓桿效果間接地發生影響。另外,關於無窮跳躍Lévy過程模型設定部分,槓桿效果仍扮演重要的影響角色,而波動度回饋效果僅在短期投資決策中發生作用。最後,在本研究所提出之一般化隨機波動度不對稱資產報酬動態模型下,得出在無窮跳躍的資產動態模型設定下,擴散項仍為重要的決定項。 / This study significantly extends the applicability of time-changed Lévy processes to the portfolio optimization. The leverage effect directly induces the intertemporal asymmetric volatility hedging demand, while the volatility feedback effect exerts a minor influence via the leverage effect under the pure-continuous time-changed Lévy process. Furthermore, the leverage effect still plays a major role while the volatility feedback effect just works over the short-term investment horizon under the infinite-jump Lévy process. Based on the proposed general stochastic asymmetric volatility asset return model, we conclude that the diffusion term is an essential determinant of financial modeling for index dynamics given infinite-activity jump structure.
198

XBRL FR分類標準整合─集團企業編製合併財務資訊之研究 / XBRL FR Taxonomy Integration─A Study on Preparation of Consolidated Financial Reporting

莊雅雯, Chuang,ya wen Unknown Date (has links)
集團財務資訊的編制在企業資源規劃系統的協助下,產生的速度已較以往大為增快許多,然而,先不論相關系統的訓練、導入、維護及更新成本,目前的財務資訊仍舊需要多次的輸入、分發及反覆檢覈,這些步驟尚停在人工編製的階段。 XBRL(可延伸企業報告語言,eXtensible Business Reporting Language)的發展,使企業打破傳統財報的表單形式,它利用電腦可讀的標籤語言減少大量的傳統人力編製流程。後來更發展了財務報告的分類標準(以下簡稱XBRL FR),用來表達財務報表合計性的資訊,但這些處理過的加總數字,無法再還原為原始資料,故對於各國會計準則無法自動轉換,對於跨國公司的合併財務資訊依舊費時費力。 本研究首先依據國際會計準則委員會、臺灣、中國及美國官方所制定的XBRL FR進行分析及比較,建立一個新的XBRL FR,稱為NCCU XBRL FR,蒐集一般行業編制集團財務資訊之必要明細科目(僅包含所有流動資產和流動負債)。接者透過「對應標籤(mapping tags)」的技術,設計一邏輯規則庫,內建四種NCCU XBRL FR分別對應四地XBRL FR之「XBRL計算連結庫(XBRL Calculation Linkbase)」,即可自動轉換NCCU XBRL FR和四地XBRL FR的資訊。最後利用四地之原本XBRL FR計算連結庫,計算編製合併報表資訊前的個別報表資訊。 本研究提出多國準則探討及XBRL FR對應的方法,設計問卷並執行國內四大事務所之專家訪談,發現各國財務報表準則仍然受到會計專業的主觀判斷而分歧,未來全球財報共通的目標,還有很長的一段路要走。 / Because of the support of Enterprise Resource Planning system, business groups speed up their financial reporting preparation. Leaving aside the system cost of training, implemention, maintenance and update, its financial information still requires multiple inputs and distributions currently, and needs to repeatedly check their validity. These steps still remain at manual labor. XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) helps business to break the form of traditional financial reporting. It has machine-readable label tags, and it can reduce lots of traditional manual process. Financial Reporting Taxonomies (hereinafter referred to as XBRL FR) now are used to express the information of the total amount in financial statements. Because processed numbers can not revert to the original data, accounting principles adopted by nations around the world cannot switch amid different principles. Therefore consolidations of financial information still cost multinationals a lot of resources. In this study, based on analysis and comparison of International Accounting Standards Board, Taiwan, China and the United States official XBRL FR, we established a new XBRL FR, called NCCU XBRL FR, which is used to collect general commercial and industrial financial information (including only current assets and current liabilities). Then, we use mapping tags technology to design some logic rule database, which has four built-in XBRL Calculation Linkbases corresponding to four XBRL FRs. The logic rule database can automatically convert NCCU XBRL FR to four XBRL FRs. Ultimately, the original four XBRL FR Calculation Linkbases can compute individual financial statements before preparation of consolidated information. In this study, we proposed a method of multinational accounting standard discussion and XBRL FR mapping. We designed the questionnaire and conduct in-depth interviews to the experts of Big 4 audit firms. Then we found that there are differences in subjective judgments of multinational accounting standard. In the future, there will be a long way to go if we have the goal of common global financial reporting.
199

3D列印之著作權議題研究-以實用性物品之設計保護為核心 / A study on 3D printing's copyright issues-focusing on the protection of the design of useful articles

吳承芳, Wu, Cheng Fang Unknown Date (has links)
3D列印技術最早可以被追溯到18世紀,直到2012年英國經濟學人期刊表示3D列印技術將引爆第三次工業革命後,全球各國與產業界更加投入於此。直至今日,世界智慧財產權組織(WIPO)於2015年公布的《世界智慧財產報告》仍將3D列印列為三大前鋒技術之一,Gartner在2016年所提出之年度預測中,亦表示3D列印在2017年仍是最重要之技術之一,本文研究發現其具備設計靈活、材料多樣、一體成型、以及材料節省等特性,在技術與設備逐漸成熟、價格降低等因素下,業界已將其運用在產品製造的各個階段-設計、製造、銷售、與維修階段,且根據研究許多企業亦對於3D列印抱持正面、積極之態度,可見3D列印技術之價值。本文因此以3D列印技術為對象討論,並討論所涉及之著作權議題。 本文觀察到在3D列印中有兩個值得關注的部分,首先,由於其可使用多種材料製作多樣列印成品,當中包括了實用性物品之設計,即兼具藝術性與實用性之創作,會產生是否可受著作權保護之疑問,以及不同於純藝術之創作,為避免給予保護後將逾越著作權之立法精神,是否需要適用額外之著作權保護要件之問題;其次,由於3D列印在製造過程中,可分為建模階段、列印階段,當中涉及空間轉換之情形,因此會產生我國著作權法上如何評價此議題之疑問,本文針對以上兩部分進行研究,透過我國與美國實務與學說見解,分析與提出建議。 根據我國著作權法之規範,本文認為我國著作權法在圖形著作與美術著作中係有兼具實用性與藝術性之創作類型存在,惟過去我國實務在美術著作僅以「手工」、「一品製作」之「美術工藝品」,本文認為專利法與著作權法並非互斥,有雙重保護之可能下,應揚棄「手工」、「一品製作」要件,縱使獲得設計專利保護、或屬於「機械」、「大量製造」之工業設計,亦可獲得著作權保護,因此本文建議修正「美術工藝品」用語為「應用美術」。接著是否需額外著作權保護要件上,本文發現我國判決曾引用美國著作權法之實用性原則之內涵,同時研究後認為在美國Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.案後,統一適用步驟與標準,解決以往美國實務與學說所產生之矛盾與爭議,建議我國可以修法引進實用性原則,便於實務操作、判斷。 在著作空間轉換議題,主要爭議是來自於立法沿革,目前實務、主管機關與學說見解共識在於著作於平面轉立體時,並非一概屬於實施行為,而不受著作權規範。實務、主管機關表示需視「立體物實際展現之內容」判斷為重製、改作、或實施,對此學說有不同意見,主要爭議在於考量因素與實施意義認定之差異,本文研究後提出著作空間轉換模型,以利實務判斷,並認為立體轉為平面亦可以同理判斷。 最後,在3D列印之CAD檔案與列印成品可著作性上,本文認為最主要的問題除了實用性原則外,尚包括原創性部分,原創性之判斷會受到不同創作方式影響,但仍有受到著作權保護之可能。在實用性原則部分,Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.案最高法院所提出標準相較以往更為寬鬆,本文認為若採取此見解,將會更容易取得著作權保護,對於3D列印創作人較為有利。 / 3D printing can be traced back to the 18th century at the earliest time. After The Economist Journal said 3D printing is one of important breakthroughs leading to the factory of the future and digital manufacturing, amount to the third industrial revolution in 2012, countries and industries around the world paid more attention on it. Until now, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) published new WIPO report in 2015 and shows three frontier technologies that hold the potential to boost future economic growth are 3D printing, nanotechnology and robotics. In Gartner’s 2017 annual predictions about the future of 3D printing, Gartner also said that 3D printing is still one of the most important technologies. This thesis finds that 3D printing has the characteristics of flexible design, diversified materials, production in one-step and products without cost penalties in manufacturing, and so on. As the technology and equipment gradually mature and price decreases, the industry has applied 3D printing to various stages of producing- design, manufacturing, distribution, and after-sale service. According to the studies that many companies also have a positive attitude towards 3D printing. For the above reasons, this thesis therefore discusses 3D printing technology, and focuses on the copyright issues of it. This thesis discovers that there are two questions worthy of attention in 3D printing. First of all, because there are many materials used for 3D printing to produce a variety of printed products, including the design of useful articles, which are both artistic and utilitarian products. It will call into questions whether the design of useful articles is copyrightable or not, and if the answer is yes, what is the protection scope? Second, there are two stages in the process of 3D printing- executing Computer-Aided design file (CAD file) stage and printing stage involved in space conversion (2D-3D, 3D-2D) question. This thesis focuses on the above two questions, and refers to the scholars’ and the courts’ opinions of U.S. and R.O.C copyright law to propose some advice and opinions. For the first question, this thesis conclusion is that the design of useful articles is protectable in R.O.C copyright law, which might be pictorial and graphical works or artistic works. Besides, it is not reasonable to add two elements of applied arts- craftsman and only one production. After the Supreme Court held in Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. that it proposed unified and appropriate test for implementing the useful article doctrine, the useful article doctrine becomes easier to apply. Therefore it might be a good solution to decide whether the design of useful articles is copyrightable or not, and if the answer is yes, what is the protection scope? For the second question, it happened because of amendment of R.O.C copyright law, and this thesis proposes a model to assist judgment. Last but not least, this thesis shows that the most two important elements determine whether the design of useful articles is copyrightable or not are originality and the useful article doctrine. According the opinions about Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, the unified test for implementing the useful article doctrine becomes easily accessible and will beneficial for creators to be protected by U.S. copyright law.
200

確認行政處分違法訴訟

劉家全 Unknown Date (has links)
關於違法確認訴訟,我國行政訴訟法規定於第六條第一項後段,德國行政法院法則規定於第一一三條第一項第四句。惟二者間無論係體系架構,抑或是條文規定內容,均有著特徵上之重大差異性。因此,雖我國行政訴訟制度基本上係繼受自德國法,但基於前述之根本差異,對於違法確認訴訟,自法律性質之爭議,乃至於可得適用之案件類型,以及應如何適用,究竟屬於直接適用或類推適用(甚至是雙重類推適用),應使用訴訟變更抑或訴訟轉換,均應有獨立於德國之本土化思考與討論。而關於本訴訟之實體判決要件,在國內學說中亦較少受到關注,且對於本訴訟法律性質之定性,無論係在德國或我國之學說與實務中,亦仍處於欠缺定論之窘境。則因本訴訟法律性質定性之爭論,更進一步地肇致其實體判決要件之不穩定性,尤其是在直接獨立提起違法確認訴訟之案件類型中,是否應先踐行訴願程序,以及是否受有起訴期間之限制,爭議最大。因此,本文欲嘗試掌握我國與德國間關於違法確認訴訟於規範上之根本性差異,逐一釐清本訴訟之法律性質、案件類型、適用方式以及其實體判決要件與有理由性要件。又德國之「(統一)行政訴訟法草案」(EVwPO)第六十七條第一項,在體系架構與內容上,即已近似於我國現行行政訴訟法第六條第一項後段。因此,德國學說以及實務關於本訴訟之發展,亦為我國確認違法訴訟本土化過程中,值得參考之重要依據。 德國學說上之所以對於違法確認訴訟之法律性質產生疑慮,乃肇因於行政法院法將本訴訟規定於第一一三條第一項之中。該條項乃關於撤銷判決之內容與方式之規定,且亦明文限於用以「接續」已不合法之撤銷訴訟。但我國行政訴訟法第六條第一項後段之規定,卻正好迴避了上述爭議之發生。且本文認為,雖違法確認訴訟之訴之聲明與訴訟標的,與撤銷訴訟或課與義務訴訟間具有重疊與包含關係,但仍不可僅單純地以此作為訴訟類型歸類之唯一依據。我國行政訴訟法第六條第一項後段之規定,無論自體系架構或條文內容觀察,均應認為屬於「特別形式之確認訴訟」,而為一獨立之訴訟類型。無論就「基本訴訟類型」抑或「法定訴訟類型」而言,均應可得出上述結論。 再者,就違法確認訴訟所得涵蓋之案件類型,應自德國基本法第十九條第四項之權利保護確保原則,以及我國憲法第十六條之訴訟權保障之目的性觀點出發,兩國間對於「完整且有效權利救濟」之要求應屬相同,則關於違法確認訴訟之應用可能性,亦應相去不遠。尤其是行政處分或人民之申請是否了結以及何時了結,對於原告而言,往往取決於偶然。此種偶然因素,實不應成為「訴訟可能性」之決定性關鍵。惟縱使可得適用之案件類型相同,但基於二者體系架構與規範內容間之差異性,其適用方式亦可能有所不同。例如直接獨立提起違法確認訴訟之案件類型,在德國法上必須透過類推適用之方式為之,但在我國卻屬於直接適用之範疇。又在接續已不合法或無理由之撤銷訴訟或課與義務訴訟之續行確認訴訟之案件類型中,在德國法上,原告得透過行政法院法第一七三條準用民事訴訟法第二六四條第二、三款,以「訴訟轉換」之方式,必然合法地變更或縮減其聲明,而使初始訴訟轉變成為續行確認訴訟。並藉由此種「非訴之變更」之訴訟轉換,迴避行政法院法第九十一條以及第一四二條第一項前段之限制。但在我國行政訴訟法與民事訴訟法中,因欠缺如同德國民事訴訟法第二六四條「非訴之變更」之明文,且聲明之縮減在我國訴訟法制中,亦屬於變更類型之一,致使續行確認訴訟之案件類型,似乎難以脫免於「變更」二字的枷鎖,而仍受行政訴訟法第二三八條第二項之羈絆。由以上說明可知,德國法上之訴訟轉換,在我國訴訟法制上如何運用,亦屬需要解決之課題。 在本訴訟之實體判決要件部分,爭議最大者,當係是否須經「續行確認訴願」或「違法確認訴願」?是否受有起訴期間之限制?期間多長、何時起算?本文認為,縱使德國行政法院法以及我國訴願法、行政訴訟法並未對此有明文規定,但學說上所討論「類推適用」之可能性,是否確有其必要,本文亦抱持懷疑的態度。而在確認利益部分,學說上一般均承認「預防重覆危險」、「恢復名譽」以及「國家賠償之準備」三種類型,惟在此之外「典型之隨即迅速了結之行政處分」以及「強烈之基本權干預」,本文認為並不得作為證立違法確認訴訟確認利益之唯一依據,至多僅屬於一種輔助標準或佐證而已。至於原告以「國家賠償之準備」為由,向行政法院請求確認行政處分或拒絕、不作為之違法性,德國學說與實務大多認為,僅有在接續初始訴訟之續行確認訴訟之案件類型中,基於「訴訟成果維持」之觀點,而承認其確認利益之存在。若為直接獨立提起違法確認訴訟之案件類型時,則應否認確認利益之存在,而由負責審理國家賠償之普通法院自行判斷處分之違法性。本文基本上贊同上述結論,且認為如此區分並未違背「第一次權利保護優先原則」之精神。 我國司法院提出之行政訴訟法修正草案,其中第六條第一後段修正為:「其確認已執行而無回復原狀可能之行政處分或已消滅之行政處分為違法之訴訟,亦同。」第一九六條則增列第二項之規定:「撤銷訴訟進行中,原處分已執行而無回復原狀可能或已消滅者,高等行政法院於原告有即受確認判決之法律上利益時,得依其聲請,確認行政處分為違法。」本文認為,第六條第一項後段之修正,至多僅為行政處分「了結」之定義性、概念性說明,並不影響違法確認訴訟之解釋與適用。至於第一九六條第二項之增訂,本文則認為第六條第一項雖屬於一種法定訴訟類型之規定,但接續初始訴訟之續行確認訴訟,亦應屬於可涵蓋之案件類型。況且,本文認為草案第一九六條第二項,未必能作為「訴訟轉換」之依據。因此,對於該條項之增訂,似仍有再商榷之餘地。德國聯邦眾議院曾一讀通過之「(統一)行政訴訟法草案」,將違法確認訴訟規定於草案第六十七條第一項,在體系架構上乃與一般確認訴訟並列,在規定內容上亦與我國現行行政訴訟法第六條第一項後段相近似。則我國司法院行政訴訟法修正草案是否真有必要模仿德國現行行政法院法第一一三條第一項第四句之規定,而於第一九六條增列第二項,更顯疑問。

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