在我國仍採行房地得為分離並得為分別交易之基本規制下，尋求我國民法中所有與控管房地分離有關之條文規範，加以統整並藉此歸納出該等規範之共同核心與立法意旨，乃勢在必行，如此始能覷見立法者現今之改革方向與立法理念，對於實務既有問題爭議之處理上方有一棲身之地，俾利吾人提出合理之解決模式。 條文規範中大體包括有事前手段與事後手段兩種規制，所稱事前手段，乃土地與其上建築物之一體化處分規範，以事先禁止土地與其上建築物分別為交易來防止後續產生房地分離之結果；所稱事後手段，乃指一旦土地與其上建築物為分別交易後，透過一些權利賦予之方式，例如優先購買權或土地利用權，來達到建築物仍得繼續存續於土地上，不致令建築物之附著於土地失其權源。而此二種規制，究其目的不外乎「房屋所有權與基地利用權一體化之體現」，惟此理念是否全然反映在我國之立法上，又是否有再加強之空間，即為本文所欲著墨之處，亦期能對我國關於房地之立法提供若干貢獻。 其次，我國實務上發生眾多「基地借貸」之案件，關於此一議題我國學說與實務難得聚焦而同為討論，相關文獻資料繁多，為解決此類案件提供相當多元之思考面向，本文亦參酌各家學說，於細細比較分析之後亦有若干研究心得之提出，希冀能提供我國法院於處理此類案件時有更多之觀點。

由於國際連鎖速食業地區經營者（Market Operator）的主要資本投入，包括：原料採購、餐飲設備投資、設計裝修、人員訓練、以及租用不動產時，都牽扯到被陷入或轉換成本偏高的問題，以致對於既有資源供應商之續約談判時處於不利的地位。 　　本研究主要從交易成本理論、陷入成本及專屬資產、買賣方之交易關係等理論解析國際連鎖速食店的地區經營者提高取得上述資源的議價能力（Bargaining Power）的管理策略，並透過業界專家實證其可行性。 　　經研究結果顯示，國際速食連鎖業地區經營者可以從「降低專屬陷入成本的投入」、「促使主要供應商投入專屬資產」、「善用其他交易影響者的力量」等三個方向來提高議價能力，並可根據資源特性的不同，而採取不同的策略行動。

STAT1是一個轉錄因子，在細胞生理功能中是非常重要的訊息傳遞者，在免疫系統具有抗病毒的角色，但是目前為止對於STAT1在中樞神經系統所扮演的角色仍不清楚。爲證實STAT1的表現與空間記憶的形成有關聯，我們將大白鼠分成兩組，一組為有訓練的組別，另一組則為無訓練的組別分別進行水迷津試驗，試驗完畢後取出大鼠的海馬迴CA1區域組織進行即時定量聚合酶連鎖反應與西方墨點法分析。結果顯示，經過水迷津訓練的刺激下，STAT1 mRNA與蛋白質分別減少約34 %及40 %，而STAT2 mRNA及蛋白質的表現則不受空間學習的影響。爲了進ㄧ步探討STAT1在空間學習記憶過程中所扮演的角色，實驗利用STAT1 siRNA轉染至海馬迴CA1區域抑制STAT1的表現，發現降低STAT1表現會促進大白鼠在水迷津試驗的學習能力，實驗同時也轉染STAT2 siRNA至CA1區域，結果顯示STAT2不參與大白鼠空間記憶的形成。本實驗室先前發現降低laminin β1表現量會促進大白鼠的空間學習記憶 (unpublished observation, 附錄二)，此外laminin β1基因啟動子上具有STAT1結合序列：interferon-γ activated site (GAS)。因此，實驗利用PC12細胞進行laminin β1報導基因分析，結果顯示STAT1會促進 laminin β1啟動子的轉錄活性。而爲了進一步探討在STAT1影響空間學習與記憶歷程中與laminin β1的關聯性，實驗利用STAT1 siRNA抑制大白鼠海馬迴CA1區STAT1的表現並促進空間學習與記憶的同時，發現laminin β1 mRNA及蛋白質表現量都受到STAT siRNA的抑制，而轉染野生型STAT1-Flag質體則會增加laminin β1 mRNA及蛋白質的表現量，顯示STAT1正向調控laminin β1的表現。本篇論文提出海馬迴CA1區域的STAT1參與動物空間學習與記憶的形成，其中可能與STAT1正向調控laminin β1的表現有關。 / STAT1 is a signal transducer and transcription factor in the cell. Several reports have indicated that STAT1 plays a critical role in immune response against virus infection in animals. However, the role of STAT1 in the central nervous system is still unclear. In the present study, we aimed to examine the role of STAT1 involved in spatial memory formation in rat and the possible downstream gene that STAT1 regulates. Rats were randomly divided into the trained group and the non-trained group. Animals were subjected to water maze learning according to the previous behavioral paradigm. Their hippocampus CA1 tissues were dissected out for STAT1 mRNA level and protein level determination. Results indicated that spatial training markedly decreased STAT1 mRNA level and protein level in the CA1 area, but this change was not found for STAT2 mRNA and protein expression. To further confirm the role of STAT1 involved in spatial learning and memory, animals were transfected with STAT1 siRNA in the CA1 area. Results showed that STAT1 siRNA transfection significantly facilitated water maze performance, whereas their water maze performance under STAT2 siRNA transfection was not altered. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that laminin β1 impairs spatial memory formation in rat (unpublished observation). In addition, promoter analysis indicates that the laminin β1 promoter region contains two GAS elements, which is the STAT1/STAT1 and STAT1/STAT3 binding site. Results from luciferase reporter assay revealed that transfection of STAT1 siRNA decreased laminin β1 promoter activity, whereas transfection of STAT1 wild-type plasmid increased laminin β1 promoter activity. To further study the relationship between STAT1 and laminin β1 in spatial memory formation, we used STAT1 siRNA to knockdown STAT1 expression and these animals were subjected to spatial training. We then determined their laminin β1 expression. Results showed that the laminin β1 mRNA level and protein level were both significantly decreased by STAT1 siRNA transfection. Besides, STAT1 wild-type plasmid transfection increased laminin β1 mRNA level and protein level in the CA1 area associated with spatial memory impairment. These results together suggest that STAT1 negatively regulates spatial memory formation. Further, STAT1 may impair spatial memory formation through increased laminin β1 expression.

本論文主要是在agent-based計算經濟體系下，利用Holland(1975)所提的遺傳演算法(genetic algorithms)作為計算工具，分別探討連鎖店賽局及寡占市場廠商價格策略的生態演化。 在連鎖店賽局的研究中，藉由agent-based計算經濟分析掠奪性定價的特性，並進一步探討參賽者價格策略的共演化(co-evolutionary)特性，及多元均衡賽局中均衡移轉的動態過程。針對賽局中不同的不確定性進行模擬，結果顯示廠商長期總合行為是否穩定，和賽局中的不確定程度有相當的關聯。另外，弱獨占者和潛在競爭者的價格策略存在著共演化特性。在此演化賽局中，Nash均衡雖非穩定均衡解，但卻最常浮現在長期總合行為中。因此，Nsah均衡對agent-based演化賽局的結果而言，相當具有參考價值。在特定的不確定程度下，長期總合行為似乎只在某些特定的Nash均衡中徘徊。這些移轉途徑並不具有對稱性，甚至移轉速度也非對稱。本研究所呈現的演化結果跳脫一般對均衡的觀念，展現出傳統理論所無法預知的共演化特性，並呈現出非對稱的吸引環。 此外，同樣在Agent-based計算經濟下探討寡占市場廠商策略生態。本研究首先闡明N參賽者囚犯兩難重複賽局和N廠商寡占賽局之間的異同，經由寡占賽局廠商償付矩陣(payoff matrix)的狀態相依馬可夫移轉矩陣( state-dependent Markov transition matrix)性質，說明N廠商寡占賽局和N參賽者囚犯兩難重複賽局的差異。其次，透過三家廠商寡占賽局的模擬實驗，以遺傳演算法建構參賽廠商的適應性行為，分別以寡占市場生態上的表現型(phenotypes)和基因型(genotype)進行分析。20次模擬結果所呈現的最終市場狀態相當分歧，有形成吸引環的三廠商寡占市場、有收斂到價格戰的三廠商寡占市場。另外也成功的模擬出三廠商寡占市場演化至雙佔市場、甚或獨占市場的過程。但是，在眾多模擬中並沒有發現持續的勾結定價狀態，反而掠奪性價格是較主要的價格策略。這些結果相對於實際經濟社會中的寡占市場，給予一個活潑生動的範例。 / Recently, genetic algorithms have been extensively applied to modeling evolution game in agent-based computational economic.　While these applications advance our understanding of evolution game, they have generated some new phenomena that have not been well treated in conventional game theory. In the first topic, we shall systemize the study of one of these new phenomena, namely, coevolutionary instability. We exemplify the basic properties of coevolutionary instability by the chain store game, which is the game frequently used to study the role of reputation effects in economics.　In addition, we point out that, while, due to uncertainty effects, Nash equilibria can no longer be stable, and they can still help us predict the dynamic process of the game.　In particular, we can see that the dynamic process of the game is well captured by a few Nash equilibria and the transition among them.　A careful study can uncover several interesting patterns and we show the impact of uncertainty on these patterns. In the second topic, the relation between the N-person IPD game and the N-person oligopoly game is rigorously addressed.　Our analytical framework shows that due to the path-dependence of the payoff matrix of the oligopoly game, the two games in general are not close in spirit.　We then further explore the significance of the path-dependence property to the rich ecology of oligopoly from an evolutionary perspective.　More precisely, we simulated the evolution of a 3-person oligopoly game, and showed that the rich ecology of oligopoly can be exhibited by modeling the adaptive behavior of oligopolists with genetic algorithms.　The emergent behavior of oligopolists are presented and analyzed.　We indicate how the path-dependence nature may shed light on the phenotypes and genotypes coming into existence.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:17530562 研究代表者:加藤 鉦治 研究期間:2005-2007年度

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12491号 / 論工博第4045号 / 新制||工||1503(附属図書館) / 28241 / (主査)教授 小尻 利治, 教授 椎葉 充晴, 教授 堀 智晴 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当