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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

臺灣地區本國銀行與外商銀行效率和生產力分析-全域共同邊界法之應用 / The efficiency and productivity analysis of domestic banks and foreign banks in Taiwan - the application of global metafrontier approach

陳昱銘, Chen,Yu Ming Unknown Date (has links)
臺灣於1990年放寬銀行設立的限制後,本國銀行和外商銀行的數目快速增加,使得金融市場更加競爭,因此銀行的經營績效是個重要的議題,銀行可透過績效的評估結果找出可能的改善方向。本國銀行與外商銀行的進入條件、經營形態、銀行制度等因素可能使得兩種類型的銀行生產技術有所不同,因此本研究採用全域共同邊界法研究37家本國銀行與20家外商銀行在2005-2015年間效率與生產力的分析,並採用變動規模的方式拆解Malmquist生產力指數,使得生產力變動來源能更精準地衡量。最後使用Tobit迴歸分析找出影響銀行技術效率、最佳實務差距和技術差距比率之因素。 / Since Taiwan relaxed the restriction of setting up a bank in early 1990s, the number of both domestic and foreign banks in Taiwan had increased rapidly. This leads to the result that the financial market become more competitive. Consequently, the performance of bank is an important issue. It can be used to find some way for improvement. Due to the different entry conditions, types of operating system and bank systems between domestic and foreign banks, this paper uses global metafrontier approach to research the efficiency and productivity change of 37 domestic banks and 20 foreign banks during 2005-2015 in Taiwan. Furthermore, this research adopts VRS to decompose Malmquist productivity indexes, which makes the sources of the productivity change can be measured more accurately. Finally, Tobit regression analysis is used to investigate the factors accounting for the differences in technical efficiency, best practice gap and technology gap.
42

外人直接投資於中國大陸電子業之外溢效果與生產效率分析 / An analysis on foreign direct investment, spill-over effect, and production efficiency of Chinese Electronic Industry

郭芳倩, Guo, Fang Cian Unknown Date (has links)
現今世界趨勢已朝向全球整合的方向邁進,隨著科技日新,世界各國跨越地域隔閡,不論是在政治、經濟、科技、文化等各方面往來接觸愈來愈頻繁,中國大陸近年來與世界經貿關係連結更為緊密,同時亦對外開放直接投資,使跨國企業逐漸擴大進軍中國大陸之版圖,享受中國大陸豐沛之廉價勞動力。 然而,開放外人直接投資(Foreign Direct Investment, FDI)勢必為中國大陸相關之產業或總體經濟帶來某種程度之影響,儘管外人直接投資可帶來充沛之資本及先進之技術,但亦有可能加劇國內市場競爭,不利於本土廠商。 本文運用1998-2006 年「中國工業企業統計數據庫」中之電子業廠商,建構追蹤資料模型(Panel Data),並運用隨機邊界法(stochastic frontier approach)估計中國大陸本資、台港澳資及外資企業生產效率,藉以衡量FDI之外溢效果。根據實證結果我們發現:中國大陸電子業之外人直接投資存在正向外溢效果及正向之技術移轉,顯示FDI之進入將有助於提升中國大陸電子業本土廠商之生產力。此外,我們同時發現FDI集中投資的結果將可能造成外溢效果的減低,除此之外,經濟區位亦是影響外人直接投資所帶來之外溢效果及技術移轉效果之重要因子之一。 / Global integration is the world trend nowadays. With the breakthrough of technology, the geographical barriers no longer exist. It would be much closer with other countries in many fields, such as politics, economics, technology and culture. In recent years, China has a closer economics and trades linkage with the world. As the results of openness to foreign direct investments, more and more multinational enterprises enter to China, expanding their scale and being benefited from the low-cost labor of China. China is benefited from the plentiful capital and advanced technologies of foreign direct investments; however, the openness to FDI might cause the competition which can aggravate in domestic market and hurt the domestic firms. The research uses the data of electronic firms from Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database. We apply panel data model and stochastic frontier approach to estimate the production efficiency of Chinese, Taiwanese, Hong Kong, Macanese and Other foreign enterprises. According to the empirical results, we discover that there are positive spill-over effects and technology transformation from foreign direct investments in Chinese electronic industry. These results indicate the entry of FDI will promote the productivity of Chinese electronic firms. Beside the positive results, we also discover the negative deduction stem in concentrated investments; furthermore, the spill-over effects and the technology transformation effects are affected by the economic location.
43

行政院衛生署所屬醫院經營績效之研究-三階段資料包絡分析法之應用 / A study of efficiency of the hospitals of department of health,executive yuan : an application of three-stage data envelopment analysis

黃厚輯, Huang,Hou Chi Unknown Date (has links)
署立醫院為全國分佈最廣,且數量最多之公立醫院體系,負有貫徹國家公共衛生政策之責任,故其經營績效之良瓠影響各地區民眾健康照護水準甚鉅。惟署立醫院目前之經營仍仰賴國庫補助,在國庫補助逐年縮減的情形下,署立醫院惟有提升經營績效,才能維持醫療照護品質。 本研究運用三階段DEA分析法,評估步驟第一階段運用一般DEA分析法,以原始投入及產出項衡量各DMU的相對效率值,求得總差額值;第二階段運用SFA將差額分解,探討環境變數對於各DMU的影響程度,並利用SFA的結果調整產出項,將處於不同外在環境或是不同運氣之DMU,調整為相同之情況;第三階段則利用第二階段調整後的產出項,再次以DEA分析法評估調整後的效率值。 由研究結果可知,各署立醫院之無效率主要來自於非處於最適經營規模所造成之無效率,整體而言,大部分署立醫院之產能實際上係存在擁擠現象,而產生規模不經濟,故建議主管機關應嘗試調整部分署立醫院之經營規模,考慮醫療的投入與產出的效率性,以符合經濟規模的要求,應可有效提升管理效率。 另部分署立醫院在各方面之管理效率均較呈現相對較佳之結果,因此,建議由主管機關主導,加強各署立醫院醫療資源之整合及技術交流,透過相互觀摩學習,以同時提升整體署立醫院之經營管理效率。至有關目前區域聯盟之整合作業,建議「北區區域聯盟」應加強注意手術業務部分之資源整合,而「中南區區域聯盟」應加強注意門診病患業務部分之資源整合。
44

考慮內生性與樣本選擇之生產邊界估計方法—關聯結構法與共同邊界法之應用 / An estimation of production frontiers taking account of endogeneity and selection under the framework of copula methods and metafrontier models

謝子雄, Xie, Zixiong Unknown Date (has links)
本論文嘗試解決在文獻上估計生產函數時所產生內生性及樣本選擇的問題。在模型設定上,我允許生產函數存在未觀察到的生產力,並引入技術無效率。在隨機邊際模型架構下,我利用 Olley and Pakes (1996) 及 Levinsohn and Petrin (2003) 所提之演算法先行解決內生性的問題。之後再利用關聯結構法 (copula method) 將樣本選擇問題考慮至生產函數中。如此,既可解決生產函數時所產生內生性及樣本選擇的問題,又可在此基礎上估計技術效率值。另外,根據本文所提之估計方法基礎下,我們透過共同邊界分析法 (metafrontier analysis) 比較留下 (stayer) 與離開 (exit) 市場廠商的技術效率與技術差距比率 (technology gap ratio, TGR)。 / Plants in Taiwan’s manufacturing are characterized as small- and medium-size with frequent exit and entry and the scale of survivors varies considerably with business cycles. Plants' choices on whether to exit or to stay and continuing plants' options on input quantities count on both technical efficiency and productivity. This entails a selection and a simultaneity problems in the estimation of production frontiers. This dissertation proposes a new approach to solve both issues under the framework of the stochastic frontier approach. More specific, we extend Olley and Pakes' (1996) and Levinsohn and Petrin's (2003) approaches to a stochastic production frontier and use copula methods to deal with simultaneity and selection at the same time. Based on the proposed method, we further conduct a metafrontier analysis to compare the technical efficiency and technology gap ratio between exit and continuing firms, which are operating under different technologies and subject to simultaneity and selection. The data of Taiwan’s electronic and food products industries are arbitrarily chosen to illustrate our empirics. Some results are obtained in this dissertation: first, the proposed model solves the problems of simultaneity and selectivity in the production function that exists in ordinary least square estimation; second, there is a serious downward bias in technical efficiency when the conventional stochastic frontier approach ignores simultaneity or sample selection problem; third, the results of metafrontier analysis find that, there is little difference in technology gap ratio between exit and continuing firms. The primary determinant on whether a firm can keep operating in the industry is its managerial ability, rather than its adoption of technology.
45

中國與越南邊境貿易之研究:兼論與中俄邊貿的比較 / A Study in the Border Trade between China and Vietnam: A Comparison with Sino-Russian Case

林祈昱, Lin, Chi Yu Unknown Date (has links)
國界不只是兩個主權國家的分界線,還交織各種政治、文化、經濟等複雜內涵,國界的意義和周邊地理位置的劃定會隨著時空不斷轉移。國界在主權的作用下,對於周邊地帶的發展以及毗鄰國家的互動,兼具有「阻礙」與「促進」的效果。學者向來關注不同邊境地區的特徵,並探討國界對當地發展的影響。 研究中國和越南國界意涵的轉變,並分析兩國邊境的貿易狀況與邊境地區的發展結果,將有助於邊界效應理論的擴展。中國和越南邊境地區的歷史淵源、經濟水準和制度環境均具有獨特性,不同於目前學界主流的美加、美墨、歐盟等地的邊界研究個案。兩國交界地區的互動頻率在亞洲國家之中也是最高的,這些背景讓學者將中越邊境視作研究邊境領域的「最佳個案」。然而,目前學者對於不同國界與邊境的特質為何、國界對邊境地區發展所造成的阻礙與促進效果為何,皆尚未產生共識,因此本文深入中越邊境的特殊背景探查實際情況。 本論文延伸邊界效應理論的應用,先從理論中歸納出國界阻礙或促進邊境地區發展的三項因素:國界的地理與政治隔絕、國界兩側的人文差異、區域整合對國界的衝擊。接著從環境背景、歷史沿革、當代設置等不同角度,檢視這三項因素在中越邊境所呈現的狀況。然後,使用中國和越南的歷史文獻、官方統計數據、西方調查研究報告、田野調查資料等,評估中越邊境邊貿的互動情況與長期經濟發展的趨勢。根據邊境地區的實際狀況,論證國界對於中越邊境的發展所造成的實質正面或負面效果。最後,納入中國和俄羅斯的例子作為比較個案,以建立適度的普遍化解釋。 / This research examines the “border effect” through analyzing the evidence from the China-Vietnam border area. China and Vietnam share a border with strong ties and similarities in culture and ethnicity inasmuch as historically the northern and central parts of Vietnam were ruled by the Chinese ancient empires for over 1,000 years. The close ties are further strengthened by the recent regional economic integration between the two countries. With regard to its particular historical background, the China-Vietnam border is essentially different from other border area However, existing research of border effect focuses mostly on cases such as the borders between Canada and United States, Mexico and United States or within the European Union but fails to incorporate the China-Vietnam border—a critical case in studying the border effect in Asian context. How do we understand the development of border areas in terms of the specificities in the China-Vietnam border? In this research, I test and reexamine the border effect theory using the China-Vietnam border trade case in three dimensions— (1) geographical and political isolation, (2) racial and cultural difference, and (3) regional integration. Focusing on the three dimensions, I firstly discuss the effects of border on either enhancement or hindrance of border regions’ development. I then conduct an empirical analysis on the China-Vietnam border trade, by which I will rethink the complexity of borders and border effects conceptually as well as theoretically. The empirical evidence shows strong effects of the border on the development of the China-Vietnam border area. At last, in order to generalize my argument, I compare the China-Vietnam border trade with the Sino-Russian case. The comparison helps assess the impact of the border transitions model on China border zone.
46

黨國的選擇:「組織創造」與「組織改造」--中國地方黨政機構與社會組織的互動 / The choice of Party-State: the interactions between the social organizations and local government

馬浩然 Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在討論地方黨政機構對當地社會組織的治理動機及治理行為,以「統合主義」結合「國家能力」作為理論工具,觀察中國現階段地方黨政機構與社會組織互動的實質情況。本文認為,中國的國家與社會關係,目前處於國家統合主義的大架構下,地方黨政機構及官員在對經濟性中介組織進行治理時,其主要理性來自於「幹部責任制」 ,官員為確保自身政治前途,而會極力設法達到上級政府訂定的經濟指標──如「經濟增長」及「財政收入」──因而會產生「增強治理能力」和「延伸治理邊界」兩種動機,對合乎其要求的社會組織進行選擇性的治理行動,即「組織改造」或「組織創造」。文本同時提出,在地方層級,「黨」與「政府」的角色有所分化,地方政府會基於「增強治理能力」的動機,選擇是否創造一個社會組織;而地方黨組織則會基於「延伸治理邊界」的動機,決定是否將已存在的社會組織納入管制範圍,其前者是經濟性的動機,而後者則是政治性的動機,二者分別決定了政府部門與黨組織的行動方式。至於受到選擇的社會組織,因處於國家統合主義的制度環境下,通常會與政府合作作為交換利益的方式,而雙方互動的方式則是以社會資本為媒介進行的組織資源移轉。
47

探討半參數隨機邊界模型的技術與配置效率之一致性估計方法 / Consistent estimation of technical and allocative efficiencies for a semiparametric Stochastic Cost Frontier with Shadow Input Prices

陳冠臻, Chen, Kuan Chen Unknown Date (has links)
傳統參數隨機成本邊界模型需事先假設其函數型態,但真正的函數型態未知,若是假設錯誤的函數型態可能存在模型設定誤差,另外過去估計成本函數時,大多著重於技術效率的衡量,而忽略配置效率,如此一來,將導致模型參數估計產生偏誤,影響後來效率的計算。基於上述的問題,本研究將應用半參數隨機成本邊界模型且同時考量技術效率與配置效率,不但函數設定具有彈性且能正確的衡量效率值,然而在考量配置效率的衡量後,增加模型估計的困難度,使得估計收斂不易,因此本研究提出一個五階段的估計步驟,應用蒙地卡羅模擬進行分析,該估計步驟不但能簡化估計且能得到技術與配置效率的一致性估計。最後則將本研究提出的估計方法應用在實證研究上,探討14個東歐國家在轉型期間其技術與配置效率的衡量,使用不平衡縱橫資料,共340家商業銀行進行實證分析。 / Conventional parametric stochastic cost frontier models are likely to suffer from biased inferences due to misspecification and the ignorance of allocative efficiency (AE). To fill up the gap in the literature, this article proposes a semiparametric stochastic cost frontier with shadow input prices that combines a parametric portion with a nonparametric portion and that allows for the presence of both technical efficiency (TE) and AE. The introduction of AE and the nonparametric function into the cost function complicates substantially the estimation procedure. We develop a new estimation procedure that leads to consistent estimators and valid TE and AE measures, which are proved by conducting Monte Carlo simulations. An empirical study using unbalanced panel data on 340 commercial banks from 14 East European countries over the period 1993-2004 is performed to help shed some light on the usefulness of our procedure.
48

台灣國際觀光旅館業生產力與效率分析:隨機邊界距離函數之應用

翁竹君, Weng, Chu-Chun Unknown Date (has links)
本文採用一階段隨機邊界分析方法,建立一多投入多產出之投入距離函數模型,衡量民國81~91年間台灣66家國際觀光旅館經營之相對技術效率,同時探討造成不效率之因素。並利用投入導向Malmquist生產力指數進一步分析國際觀光旅館產業生產力改變的原因與幅度。 整體而言,台灣國際觀光旅館產業之經營效率大致呈現緩慢進步之趨勢。造成整體產業生產力提升之原因,主要為業者對於投入產出配置使用之效率改善,而非生產技術進步。除了整體經濟景氣因素當然影響觀光產業之興衰外,個別國際觀光旅館業者之效率表現仍受到許多因素影響。諸如規模、國際化程度等內部原因,及旅館是否位處風景區、所在地縣市政府對觀光發展投注之資源預算和該地市場競爭程度等外在因素。 從政府政策方面來分析,若以整體國際觀光旅館產業經營效率來衡量我國觀光產業興衰,民國87年隔週休二日政策及民國90年實施之全面週休二日政策,的確有效帶動國人休閒旅遊之風潮,促進國內觀光發展。而各縣市政府觀光相關支出與國際觀光旅館生產力變動之關係,呈現正向相關,則表示政府支出增加有助於觀光產業蓬勃發展,並增加國際觀光旅館之經營效率。由於觀光產業生產具外部性,政府積極利用觀光產業以帶動經濟景氣繁榮成長的政策應當可行。 / In this paper a multi-output, multi-input and input oriented distance function is built by one-stage stochastic frontier approach (Battese and Coelli, 1995) to estimate the relative efficiency of the 66 international tourist hotels in Taiwan in 1992~2002 and to explore the determinants of technical efficiency. In addition, the Malmquist productivity index model is used to analyze the range and the causes of the productivity changed. The results reveal that managerial efficiency of international tourist hotel industry improves gradually. The productivity growth can be attributed to efficiency gains, but not the effects of technical progress. There are significant differences in efficiency due to difference not only in the macroeconomic situation, but also in many other individual factors, such as scale, joining an international chain, located in scenic area, local government other economic service expenditure and competitiveness. Analyzing the government policy, the implementations of two-day-off twice a month policy in 1998 and two-day-off per week policy in 2001 have fostered domestic traveling and expanded tourist hotel industry. The local government other economic service expenditure has positive effect on efficiency of international tourist hotels. That is to say, increasing in local government tourist expenditure will promote tourism market and improve efficiency of a hotel. Because of the production externality in tourism industry the idea that government tries to promote tourism to benefit economic development would be workable.
49

金融監理制度對商業銀行利潤效率之影響--亞洲12國之實證分析 / Effects of Financial Supervision Regimes on Commercial Banks’ Profit Efficiency in 12 Asian Countries

黃國睿, Huang, Kuo Jui Unknown Date (has links)
金融監理制度影響一國商業銀行經營績效的相關議題,一直受到學者與政府當局的重視,為瞭解亞洲地區銀行業在中央銀行與監理單位不同管理下的利潤效率,找出最適的制度設計,本研究根據Huang、Huang與Liu(2014)提出之隨機共同利潤邊界(stochastic meta-profit frontier),採用兩階段估計法,蒐集中國大陸、香港、印度、日本、韓國、馬來西亞、巴基斯坦、菲律賓、新加坡、斯里蘭卡、泰國以及阿拉伯聯合大公國等十二國商業銀行資料,分成開發中和已開發國家兩個群組,將環境變數納入無效率模型中,進行實證分析,比較不同群組的利潤效率差異,發掘影響效率的主要變數與方向,從而獲得重要政策意涵。 根據實證分析結果,中央銀行介入銀行監理程度越高,商業銀行利潤效率越低;金融監理單位整合程度越高,商業銀行利潤效率越高;中央銀行獨立程度越高,商業銀行利潤效率越低;已開發國家群組的平均技術缺口比率與共同邊界技術效率值皆高於開發中國家群組,符合預期。共同利潤效率最高的是日本,最低的是韓國。平均而言,各國若在共同利潤邊界上從事生產,能提升41.9%至75%的利潤。 / The effects of degrees of financial supervision on performance of commercial banks have long been important issues and drawn much attention to academic researchers and government authorities. This study applies the stochastic meta-profit frontier, recently developed by Huang, Huang, and Liu (2014), to estimate and compare profit efficiencies of commercial banks from 12 Asian countries, i.e., Mainland China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and United Arab Emirates. We divide the sample countries into two groups, i.e., developing and developed countries. This enables us to further investigate the effects of different supervisory systems, enforced by central banks (CB) and supervisory authorities, on commercial banks’ profit efficiencies, as well as to make a suggestion about the optimal supervision regimes in the area. Note that a set of supervisory indices are considered as environmental variables that explain profit inefficiency. Using the two-stage estimation procedure, the empirical results are summarized as follows. First, it is found that bank’s profit efficiency decreases with the increase in a CB’s supervision sectors. Second, the unification of supervisory authority has positive effect on bank’s profit efficiency. Third, the more independent is the CB, the less profit efficient the commercial bank is. Fourth, banks in the group of developed countries are found to have higher technology gap ratios and meta-profit efficiencies than those in the group of developing countries, as expected. Fifth and finally, Japan and South Korea has the highest and the lowest level of meta-profit efficiency, respectively. Evidence is found that if an average commercial bank were adopting the best technology, it can earn roughly 41.9% to 75% more profits than otherwise.
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符號互動、媒介、家鄉與離散認同:布里斯本澳籍台裔族裔邊界的形成與流動 / Symbolic Interactions, Media, Homeland and Diasporic Identities:The Fluid Ethnic Boundaries of Taiwanese immigrants in Brisbane

蔡珮 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文以布里斯本澳籍台裔的族裔認同為研究對象,從符號互動論角度瞭解移民如何在傳播互動中建構認同並形成共同體,以此探討「認同」、「傳播」與「想像共同體」間之關係,在澳洲布里斯本台灣移民社區進行田野調查並深度訪談六十五位台灣移民,以實際的經驗研究和兩個本文欲互補或質疑的觀點展開對話:一為Anderson以媒介資本主義作為傳播構連想像共同體之核心角色,在傳播建構認同的過程中是否充分?二為離散理論當中的「母國導向」與「邊界維持」觀點,對澳籍台裔離散經驗的適用性為何?研究目的除了回饋符號互動論,重新思考該理論在探討當代跨國移民認同建構之不足,並增添一些在跨文化/國情境下影響移民認同建構之相關傳播因素,以符合跨國移民認同研究所需;而從符號互動論角度研究想像共同體之形成,其想像機制能夠與Anderson的鉅觀角度產生哪些互補?希望藉此提供思考「認同」、「傳播」與「想像共同體」三者關係新的想像視野。 本文在理論耙梳與田野來回交錯中,發現Mead符號互動論在互動中構連認同與想像共同體的關鍵傳播因素是「重要象徵符號」,不過,Mead似乎只考慮了一個共同體中個體「趨同」的重要象徵符號,但忽略和外部社群互動接觸的「區異」重要象徵符號也會形成自我所從出的共同體,這種由「區異」所形成的「重要象徵符號」,更具有以「想像」構成共同體之性質,雖然處在同一個共同體的成員並不相識,但是當我們和他群接觸有共同的差異感產生時,這種共同的「差異感」讓我們有同屬一個共同體的感覺。本論文於是結合Mead符號互動論與Barth族裔邊界理論,且不偏廢根基論的族裔認同,提出離散族裔的族裔認同來自族裔內根基(同一性)與邊界互動(差異性)所形成的重要象徵符號構成了族裔象徵邊界(symbolic boundary),正是這些被社群成員認為”重要”、”可區辨”不同族群的重要象徵符號,構成集體認同之基礎,提供族裔認同之來源。澳籍台裔離散認同是一個「混雜的想像共同體」,其中的族裔認同「想像共同體」是透過傳播互動中社群成員認為重要可區辨不同族裔的「重要象徵符號」實踐形成之邊界所構成,族裔邊界維持與變遷之機制,來自於對母國原生情感或宗主國情感的強弱、族裔評價之抉擇、家鄉情懷的強弱、宗主國溝通能力之具備與否以及在社會互動中自我與他者關係之多重匯聚。 台裔離散的族裔認同是由人際傳播與大眾傳播共同建構的,傳播科技連結了”根”與”路徑”,藉由個人對於母國強烈的原生情感和家鄉情懷作為觸媒,使得族裔媒介透過解鄉愁、更新家鄉記憶、增進母國和同族裔親友間交流而喚起族裔認同;對年幼移民後裔而言,由於自小離鄉或在澳洲出世,對於原鄉的記憶與感情變得遙遠模糊,族裔中重要他人的文化傳承以及對於媒介中母國風土民情的解釋互動,搭起了族裔媒介建構認同的橋。同樣的,宗主國的主流媒介建構跨界認同,是移民積極運用媒介內容作為和澳洲人建立友誼和相互交流的工具,在與宗主國人際互動中,跨界的認同在一來一往的認肯中逐漸形成。 本文認為,在應用Anderson「想像共同體」觀點解釋媒介內容建構或凝聚集體認同之推論應有所保留。形成族裔認同感的傳播機制,在Anderson那裡,是將現代時間觀念的改變與印刷資本主義和統一方言使用做了扣連,廣大的讀者同胞因而產生共時性的連結,形成想像共同體的胚胎(Anderson, 1991),在Mead這裡,形成共同體的語言過程,是一種「重要象徵符號」的溝通(Mead, 1934),個人即使沒有和共同體中的所有成員碰面,但認同也不可能在真空中產生,沒有社會互動,自我和共同體都不可能生成,是「重要象徵符號」構連了許許多多未曾謀面的共同體成員。象徵符號原本是具有多義性的,但「重要象徵符號」卻能在彼此之間形成共同的態度與反應,以致形成一個「想像共同體」。本研究發現族裔媒介引發族裔情感的方式其實還有「原生情感」、「濃烈鄉愁」、「同族裔同胞或母國親友交流」作為觸媒;主流媒介建構「澳洲人」認同也是透過人際傳播中介,受到互動中澳洲人的認肯,才引發「澳洲人」的認同感。因此,大眾媒介或許只是強化原有的族裔情感或是作為人際互動中促使認同更容易產生之內容來源,是和人際傳播互動共同建構了族裔認同,而非單一造就。 澳籍台裔的離散認同由三種族裔想像共同體組成:「Chinese共同體」、「台灣人共同體」與「澳洲人共同體」,源自三種共同體的自我認同有八種樣貌:「在澳洲的台灣人」、「也(不)是台灣人也(不)是澳洲人,或是不同比例的兩種組合」、「台裔澳洲人」、「華裔澳洲人」、「中國人 or Chinese from Taiwan」、「在哪裡就是哪裡人」、「國際人」與「亞澳居間人」。三個族裔想像共同體擁有各自分享的評價標準與重要象徵符號,形成族裔認同邊界:台灣人共同體主要是以「和來自中國大陸予人負面印象的Chinese不同」為核心評價;Chinese共同體多以策略性本質主義定義「Chinese」為「中華文化」、「華裔血緣」,作為提升己身認同以對抗環境中多數認為「Chinese=來自中國大陸」之意含;澳洲人共同體則多欣賞澳洲的價值觀和生活形態,如:平等、守法、輕鬆隨和、熱愛戶外運動、注重隱私、獨立自主、友善親切等。 台裔離散認同流動的大方向為:「中國人」的認同如同母國的流動方向一般,當面對真實而非課本上虛幻的中國人時,大部分會轉向「台灣人」;第一代移民大多停滯於「在澳洲的台灣人」;1.5世代認同以「半個澳洲人半個台灣人或也是澳洲人也是台灣人」居多,會逐漸流向「澳洲人」,但不會出現純粹的「澳洲人」認同;而中、英語流利且和多國人接觸的移民最終會流向「國際人」;在澳洲出生或三、四歲就移民澳洲的1.5代移民,其認同會從原本自以為是「澳洲人」回流為「台裔澳洲人」或「華裔澳洲人」。就台裔離散而言,「離散」有另一種新的詮釋,離散認同的邊界不盡然維持,也不盡然腐蝕,有的只是邊界的跨越、衝突、矛盾與協商。 過去離散研究強調離散族裔有共同鄉愁以及「母國導向」的論點並不適用於澳籍台裔離散。雖然對第一代台灣移民而言,台灣家鄉和原生情感以及族裔認同分不開,「出生地」、「成長地」、「父母家人都在台灣」、「台灣是我的國家」是其家鄉歸屬感之來源,但即使「家鄉」是台灣,由於這群移民當初選擇的是澳洲優質的生活環境,因此大多數仍會選擇在澳洲定居,回歸母國或落葉歸根的比例並不高,第一代僅18%表達會回台灣長住,後裔更僅有9%有此意願。雖然大部分1.5代高中以上年齡移民仍和第一代一樣,覺得「親情」、「家鄉」和「成長地」的構連形成強烈的台灣歸屬感,但傳播科技的發達以及大眾交通之便捷,打破了時空界線,使得「多重的家」、「跨國的家」逐漸取代單一「台灣是家鄉」的意義,「家鄉」象徵”多重的地方”,「台灣、澳洲都是家鄉」使得「家鄉」與「母國地域」的關係開始鬆動,「家鄉」成為一個連結母國和宗主國的空間;更年幼移民澳洲的1.5代,或是「澳洲人」認同感較多的移民後裔,大多會認為「家人在澳洲,澳洲就是我的家」,甚至直接稱澳洲是自己的家鄉,原本第一代「家鄉」、「母國親人」和「母國地域」三者構連的家鄉歸屬感開始解構,轉為「在澳洲親人」和「去母國地域」的家鄉。台裔離散的「家鄉」意義,已從第一代與「母國」、「出生地」、「成長地」、「國家」、「親人所在地」緊緊扣連,提供族裔認同重要來源,逐漸在後裔於澳洲久居生根之後,意義變遷為「多重的地方」、「跨國的家」,使得移民後裔的認同也有了多元的變貌,「從何處來」與「身在何處」兩者間的抉擇,在「台灣出生地」與「久居澳洲」、「家人在澳洲」兩方的牽引中,後裔逐漸選擇在澳洲的親情和經歷成長已習慣的澳洲生活作為「家鄉」意義之來源,「日久他鄉是故鄉」是離散後裔「澳洲人」認同漸多時家鄉意義的變貌,「台灣」對年幼移民後裔而言,漸漸只剩下「好吃、好玩、度假、買便宜東西的地方」。 / This dissertation aims to explore the relations among identity, communication and imagined community. Mead’s symbolic interactionism and Barth’s theory of ‘ethnic boundary’ have been employed as the main theoretical frames in this study. Furthermore, extended from Mead’s and Barth’s theory in assist with ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews with 65 Taiwanese immigrants in Brisbane, I argue that ethnic identity of diaspora is constructed by the symbolic ethnic boundary which is formed with identical ( primordialism ) and different ( boundary interactions ) significant symbols. The boundaries between ethnic groups are constructed through the internalized and externalized practice of these significant symbols. The results revealed from this research show that the Australian-Taiwanese diasporic identity is a ‘hybrid imagined community’ being constituted by Chinese, Taiwanese and Australian imagined communities. The transitional mechanism of ethnic boundary is driven by the convergence of attachments to homeland or host country, the choices of ethnic appraisals, the possession of the host communication competences, and the self-other relations within social interactions. The ethnic identities of Taiwanese diaspora are constructed by both interpersonal communication and mass media. This finding is complementary to Anderson’s stance that mass communication is central to the construction of the imagined communities in capitalism. Namely, only mass media isn’t sufficient enough for constructing the imagined community. Interpersonal communication is another concerned factor. Taiwanese diaspora cannot be simply viewed as a homeland-orientated ethnic group. The meaning of homeland has been changed among different generations. After staying longer in a place far away from home, gradually, young generations will identify this place as their homeland. For Taiwanese descendants who immigrated to Australia at their young age, when they grow up in Australia and become more Australian, they will feel Australia is their homeland.

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