本研究的目的是探討青少年涉足電動遊樂場打電動玩具的原因及了解青少年打電動玩具所獲得的心理體驗，並希望從這些結果中找出可以替代打電動玩具的其他休閒活動。本研究以３０名台北市國民中學二年級男性學生為研究對象，利用半結構式問卷進行面對面的訪談，然後把受試者的訪談資料根據質的分析的方法分析結果。結果發現青少年涉足電動遊樂場打電動玩具的主要原因是受到人格因素、情境因素及打電玩的心理體驗三方面的影響，而最可能的替代性方案是利用視訊為媒介進行電腦教學，並依據結論提出對結果的討論及對學校、家長的建議。

本研究之目的是以個人與環境契合理論探討青少年的能力與外在要求是否契合，以及其需求與外在資源問的契合，由契合狀態顯示青少年的適應。而父母教養態度又與青少年的適應有關聯，因此，研究目的又欲呈現在青少年與外在環境的互動中，其所知覺之父母教養態度對其個人與環境之契合有何影響，如何影響，而此一影響結果是否會改變孩子對父母教養態度的知覺，父母教養態度在孩子的適應上扮演什麼角色。 　　首先根據父母管教態度問卷將受訪者區分為正向父母管教態度組以及負向父母管教態度組，再利用深度訪談收集資料。從十個個案分析結果發現，父母教養態度係經由孩子的主觀知覺影響孩子的契合狀態，亦即，當孩子面對一環境事件，他對此事件的知覺與對自己的知覺決定其個人與環境是否契合，契合狀態以及對事件、對自己的知覺影響孩子選擇之因應或防衛方式，因應或防衛的結果，可能會改變孩子的契合狀態；而父母親對於此事的態度，孩子對父母親態度的知覺，亦如同一環境事件，形成外在要求或外在資源，影響孩子在此事件上的契合。其中孩子知覺之父母教養態度、孩子對事件與對個人的知覺以及因應與防衛均會相互影響，又共同作用於孩子的契合。 　　父母教養態度經由上述歷程影響孩子的適應，而不同的父母教養態度也會對孩子的適應造成不同影響。研究結果顯示，當孩子知覺父母的教養態度是關懷、寬嚴適中、適中限制、民主、協助、建議、愛護、誘導、獎勵、一致、親子認同等積極性教養態度，會促使孩子之個人與環境契合，有利於孩子的適應；當孩子知覺父母的教養態度是嚴格、控制、忽視、矛盾、獎懲無常、期待、紛歧等消極性教養態度時，會擴大孩子的不契合，不利於孩子的適應。正向父母管教態度組之個案知覺到較多積極性父母教養態度，負向父母教養態度組知覺到較多消極性父母教養態度。 　　整體而言，本研究累積十位個案的資料，藉以呈現父母教養態度對青少年期孩子生活適應影響之面貌，其中以正向與負向父母管教態度組相對照，有助於了解那種父母教養態度有利於孩子的適應，那些父母教養態度不利於孩子的適應，同時顯現其作用歷程。

本研究旨在探討「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」對感化教育少年「增強權能」的成效，並根據研究結果提出「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」作為犯罪問題行為少年處遇策略之適用性。 　　本研究採「不等質控制組」準實驗設計，以「誠正中學」中受感化教育的少年為對象。其中，實驗組成員23名，實驗期間接受九次的「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」；四組對照組成員共81名，接受一般輔導課程。 本研究使用量化工具－「增強權能量表」，分別進行前測、後測與追蹤測，並以「無母數檢定(Mann-Whitney U統計量檢定、Wilcoxon符號等級檢定)」作為統計方法，檢驗分析實驗處遇的立即效果與延續效果。本研究同時使用質化工具－「反思札記」，藉由個別成員活動反思紀錄的整理與分析結果，提出成員在團體中的「學習收穫」與「增強權能」的展現，以作為實驗效果之補充。 本研究的主要發現如下： 一、「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」對感化教育少年「增強權能」有正向顯著影響，且效果能延續加乘。 二、一般矯正教育措施對「增強權能」也可以帶來正向影響，但效果卻未能持續。 三、成員的「增強權能」會隨著「團體歷程」呈現「階段性」發展。 四、「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」適用於受感化教育少年，也可為少年犯罪問題行為矯治之有效策略。 根據研究發現，提出下列幾點建議： 一、對於青少年犯罪矯治實務 (一)建議可將「優勢觀點為基礎的探索教育團體」安排於新生入校階段實施。 (二)建議可將「增強權能」程度作為矯正學校成效評估指標之一。 (三)建議矯正學校內可以增設「低空繩索設施」。 (四)建議校內舉辦探索教育訓練，讓工作人員都具備探索活動帶領能力。 二、對於未來從事相關研究者 (一)先深入瞭解「矯正學校機關特性」以利預先克服執行面之可能干擾 (二)須格外注意保密相關的「研究倫理」 (三)團體人數掌握在8-12人，或是安排協同領導者 參、對於未來計畫運用「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」的實務工作者 (一)領導者在團體過程中與成員互動要積極落實「優勢觀點」實務要素。 (二)在方案執行中持續進行「過程評估」。 (三)在團體方案結束後「持續輔導」。 / This research is to investigate “The Effects of Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” on “Empowerment” for juvenile inmates and according to the research results to bring up the application of “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” on treatment strategy of juvenile delinquents. The nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental design was utilized in this study. And the subjects of this research were Juvenile Inmates in Chengjheng High School. There were 23 members in experiment group and during experiment period, they accepted 9 times of “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group”; at the same time, there were 4 control groups (total 81 members) who accepted usual student counseling courses to compare. The study employed “Empowerment Scale” to conduct pretest, posttest, and long-term measures. Then the data were analyzed by nonparametric (Mann-Whitney U Test and Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test) as statistics method to examine and analyze instant and long-term effects on experiment treatment. And the researcher also used qualitative tool “introspection notes” to collect and analyze the consequences from self-observation records on individual member’s activities and addressed the performances of members on “Learning Gains” and “Empowerment” in groups as supplementary of experiment effects. And the main findings of this research are as below: 1. “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” has positive and obvious influences on “Empowerment” of juvenile delinquents and the effects can be synergistic continuously. 2. Usual student counseling courses can create positive influences on “Empowerment” as well but the effects cannot be continuous. 3. The “Empowerment” of members can develop “Stage by Stage” along with “the Progress of Groups”. 4. “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” is suitable for juvenile delinquents and efficient strategy to correct their criminal problems and activities. Based on the findings of this research, the researcher has suggestions below. 1. For the practices on correction of juvenile delinquents: a. “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” can be implemented when new students just enter schools. b. The degree of “Empowerment” can be as one of criteria on outcomes evaluation of correction schools. c. Correction schools can add “the Facilities of Low Ropes Course”. d. Correction schools can hold Project Adventure education training to let all workers have leading abilities of adventure activities. 2. For future researchers who focus on related topics: a. Understand “Characteristics of Correction Schools and Institutions” deeply first in order to avoid any possible interference on the aspect of application in advance. b. Should pay particular attention to privacy-related "Research Ethics". c. Group members should be controlled 8-12 people or arrange collaborative leaders. 3. For practitioners who plan to adopt “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” in the future: 1. Leaders must implement practical essentials of “Strengths Perspective” in the progress of groups and between the interactions with members. 2. Keep proceeding with “Evaluation of Progress” when the project is carried out. 3. Maintain student counseling after the project is finished.

本研究目的是欲探討青少年處理認同議題的方式（即訊息取向、規範取向、散漫-逃避取向等三種認同策略）與適應問題之關係。青少年採用之認同策略與適應問題之關係為何？過去的研究未能獲得一致的結論。本研究認為主要的理由有二：一是測量工具的問題，過去常被研究者採用的測量工具—認同風格量表，僅能測得個體對於認同策略的「偏好」，而忽略了在不同的認同範疇下，青少年可能會採用不同的認同策略，進而影響認同策略與適應的關係；一是理論觀點的問題，過去這方面的研究多是從西方文化的角度切入，而未考量文化差異之影響。這兩點理由反映出，並非某一種認同策略必然對應於特定的適應結果，而是受到「脈絡」的影響。為此，本研究首先界定出青少年階段較為重要的兩種認同範疇：學習範疇與日常活動範疇，並將三種認同策略放在此兩種特定的認同範疇下，以編製新的測量工具—青少年認同策略量表；進而探討在台灣社會文化下，不同認同範疇之認同策略與青少年適應問題之關係。此外，本研究進一步探討青少年的個別差異（包括性別差異與發展階段之不同）如何調節認同策略與適應問題之關係。 本研究選取946位台北地區的國、高中在學生為研究受試，以自陳量表的方式填答背景資料、青少年認同策略量表，與青少年自陳量表（含內、外化問題行為）。男女人數分別為487與459人；國、高中生人數分別為456與490人。研究結果顯示，就整體青少年而言，隨著脈絡之不同，三種認同策略與青少年適應問題之關聯也有所不同。不同於西方文化強調訊息取向的適應價值，在台灣社會文化下，規範取向較有利於青少年適應，訊息取向次之，散漫-逃避取向則不利於青少年適應。認同範疇的不同決定了訊息取向對於適應的影響方向：學習範疇的訊息取向可些微降低適應問題，日常活動範疇的訊息取向則增加適應問題。 青少年在性別與發展階段的異質性則調節了認同策略與適應問題之關係。在性別方面，無論男女，規範取向皆可降低受試的適應問題，散漫-逃避取向則增加適應問題；但只有對男生而言，訊息取向才會顯著影響其適應問題。在發展階段方面，對國中生來說，只有學習範疇的規範取向與散漫-逃避取向影響其適應問題，日常活動範疇的認同策略並不具有影響力。在高中階段，兩種認同範疇的認同策略皆對於適應問題有影響，訊息取向對於適應問題的影響力到高中階段才被凸顯。 本研究結果說明了，有關認青少年同策略之使用與適應問題之關係，需放在脈絡下來探討；不同脈絡下，認同策略可能帶來不同的適應結果。而在特定脈絡下，青少年的個別差異則可調節認同策略與適應問題之關係。根據研究結果，我們進一步從研究者與實務者的角度來討論三種認同策略對於青少年之功能。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the ways in which adolescents approach identity issues (i.e. the three identity strategies: information-oriented, norm-oriented, and diffuse/avoidant-oriented) and adjustment problems. The relationship between identity strategies and adolescents adjustment problems has not been consistently replicated. Two reasons were considered: one was the limit of the Identity Style Inventory (ISI), which was extensively used to measure identity strategies. However, ISI could only measure the individuals’ “preference” of specific identity strategy, it ignored that people may use different identity strategies in different contexts. The other reason was the limit of theoretical view. In the past, such research issue was executed by the Western researchers; they didn’t consider the effects of culture differences. Our assumption was that one specific identity strategy will not necessary bring a specific adjustment outcome, but be influenced by “contexts”. For testing this assumption, we first identified two important identity domains in adolescence: learning domain and life-activity domain. Then, the new measurement tool named the Identity Strategy Inventory for Adolescence (ISI-A) was developed which measure three identity strategies in the two identity domains. Then, we used ISI-A to explore the relationship between adolescents’ identity strategies and adjustment problems in Taiwan. Furthermore, we explore how the individual differences (gender difference and different developmental stage) moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adolescent’s adjustment problems. 946 students (487 males, 456 junior high school students) in junior and senior high schools in Taipei were recruited. All students completed questionnaires on personal and family background, ISI-A, and Youth Self-Report Checklist (YSR) which measured externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. Results indicated that the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems is different in different context. Information-oriented was considered the beneficial identity strategy in Western culture, but we found norm-oriented was more beneficial to adolescents’ adjustment than information-oriented. Like the findings in Western culture, we found diffuse/avoidant-oriented was detrimental to adolescents’ adjustment. Different identity domains determine the values of information-oriented. In learning domain, information-oriented was somewhat beneficial to adjustment, but in life-activity domain, information-oriented was detrimental to adjustment. Gender differences and developmental stages in adolescence moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems. In the two identity domains, norm-oriented reduce and diffuse/avoidant-oriented increase adolescents’ adjustment problems across different genders, but information-oriented influence only male’s adjustment problems. For junior high school’s students, adjustment problem was influenced by norm- and diffuse/avoidant-oriented in learning domain, but wasn’t by any identity strategies in life-activity domain. For senior high school’s students, however, identity strategies in the two identity domains have effect on adjustment problems. Furthermore, the influence of information-oriented was highlighted in senior high school students. These findings indicate that it’s necessary to consider the relationship between adolescents’ identity strategies and adjustment problems in “contexts”. A specific identity strategy brings to different adjustment outcomes in different context. In a specific context, individual differences in adolescence moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems. Based on these findings, we further discussed the three identity strategies’ function from the viewpoint of researcher and practitioner.

本研究目的探討：（一）家庭社經地位、父親參與、母親參與對學習成就結構的關係模式；（二）運用多群組樣本測量模式，比較不同家庭社經地位（高、中、低三群組）學生其父親、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式。 本研究採用「結構方程模式」建立上述模式，並採用TEPS 2001「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」中9,141位國一學生（只以親生父母親同住子女）及其父親、母親為研究樣本。 本研究歸納出以下結論茲分述如下： 一、 結構方程模式考驗結果顯示「家庭社經地位、父親、母親參與和學習成就模式」與TEPS次級資料達到良好適配，表示家庭社經地位對學習成就具有正相關直接影響效果，同時父親間接參與對學習成就無顯著影響，而母親間接參與則有達到正向顯著影響。 二、 不同社經地位學生，其父親參與對子女學習成就無顯著影響，但母親參與對子女學習成就則呈正相關顯著差異。 三、 「高家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」為良好適配指標，但是父親參與未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關顯著水準。 四、 「中家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」亦為良好適配指標，其中父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關且顯著水準。 五、 「低家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」適配度指標最佳，但是父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與則依然呈正相關顯著。 最後，依據上述研究發現，就研究結果與研究方法兩方面，將提出相關研究建議以供教育實務上及未來研究之參考。 / The purposes of this study are to explore the effects of mother and father involvement between socioeconomic status（SES）and their children academic achievement. The data of the public released core panel data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey（TEPS）in 2001 was used. The sample was drawn from TEPS and was constituted by 9,141 adolescents who were seventh graders and lived with their birth parents in 2001. This study explores that what role parental involvement plays between SES and academic achievement, and uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to create a mother and father involvement model that affects academic achievement. In addition, the multi-groups model was used to analyze how the SES affects mother and father involvement and children academic achievement. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The test result of SEM suggested that the proposed “Model of effects of SES/parental involvement on children academic achievement” fit the core panel data well. This showed SES had direct effect on academic achievement and had indirect effect through mother and father involvement. 2. Among all the SES groups, father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly. Mother involvement showed positive correlation and significantly. 3. The model of effect of parental involvement in higher SES family fits the data well, but father involvements positively correlated with children academic achievement and not significantly. Mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 4. The model of effect of parental involvement in middle SES family fits the data well. Father involvement still positively but not significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement; mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 5. The model of effect of parental involvement in low SES family fits the data best. Father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly; mother involvement also positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. Finally, the study discusses the implications of parental involvement and suggests directions for future research.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education