本研究旨在瞭解新住民家庭青少年台灣族群認同、母親原生國族群認同與自尊在不同人口背景變項上的差異，並探討三者間的關係。 本研究採取問卷調查法，以新北市板橋區、新莊區、三重區為範圍，共抽取八所公立國中之全數新住民家庭青少年為研究對象，最後獲得496名有效樣本。研究者以「台灣族群認同量表」、「母親原生國族群認同量表」、「自尊量表」等為研究工具，經資料分析後本研究之結果如下： 一、新住民家庭青少年對於台灣的族群認同與母親原生國的族群認同感，以及在自尊的表現上皆達到中上程度。 二、新住民家庭青少年對台灣的族群認同顯著高於對母親原生國家的族群認同。 三、新住民家庭青少年的台灣族群認同與人口變項有密切關係： （一）「是否與母親同住」會影響整體的台灣族群認同感、台灣族群歸屬感與台灣族群態度。未與母親同住者的整體台灣族群認同感、台灣族群歸屬感與台灣族群態度顯著高於有與母親同住者。 （二）「母親教育程度」、「父母親總收入」會影響台灣族群知覺。母親教育程度高中以上者的台灣族群知覺程度顯著高於母親教育程度國中以下者；父母親總收入高於四萬元者，其台灣族群知覺程度顯著高於父母親總收入四萬元以下者。 （三）「父親教育程度」會影響台灣族群歸屬感。父親教育程度高中以上者對台灣的族群歸屬感顯著高於父親教育程度國中以下者。 四、新住民家庭青少年的母親原生國族群認同與人口變項有密切關係： （一）「年級」會影響整體母親原生國族群認同、族群歸屬感、族群態度與族群投入。就讀於七年級與八年級者在整體母親原生國族群認同、族群歸屬感、族群態度與族群投入的程度皆顯著高於就讀九年級者。 （二）「是否與母親同住」會影響整體母親原生國族群認同、族群知覺、族群態度以及族群投入。有與母親同住者，其整體母親原生國族群認同、族群知覺、族群態度以及族群投入的程度皆顯著高於未與母親同住者。 （三）「父、母親教育程度」皆會影響對母親原生國的族群知覺。父、母親教育程度為高中以上者，其母親原生國族群知覺的表現顯著高於教育程度國中以下者。 （四）「自覺家庭經濟條件」會影響母親原生國的族群投入。自認為家中經濟條件與其他家庭差不多者在母親原生國的族群投入上顯著高於自覺家中經濟低於其他家庭者。 五、新住民家庭青少年的自尊與人口變項有密切關係：「是否與母親同住」、「父母親總收入」，以及「自覺家庭經濟條件」會影響自尊。有與母親同住者、父母親總收入高於四萬元者、自覺家庭經濟優於其他家庭以及自覺與其他家庭差不多者，其自尊會比未與母親同住、父母親總收入四萬元以下者、自覺家中經濟劣於其他家庭的新住民家庭青少年顯著更高。 六、新住民家庭青少年之「台灣族群認同」、「母親原生國族群認同」、以及「台灣與母親原生國族群認同間的落差」皆與自尊達到顯著相關。 七、新住民家庭青少年「自覺家庭經濟條件」、「台灣族群認同」、「母親原生國族群認同」對自尊具有解釋力。 　　最後，根據本研究之研究結果，提出對教育策略、政策規劃、實務工作者以及未來相關研究之具體建議。 / The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among ethnic identity and self-esteem of the adolescents from new immigrant families in Taiwan. Three questionnaires -“Ethnic Identity toward Taiwan Scale”, “Ethnic Identity toward Nation of Immigrant Mother Scale”, and “Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale”- were applied for data collection. There were 496 subjects selected from 8 junior high school in Banqiao, Xinzhuang, Sanchong District in New Taipei City. The findings of this study were as follow: 1. For the adolescents from new immigrant families, the ethnic identity toward Taiwan and their immigrant mother’s nation and the self-esteem were all above the average. 2. For the adolescents from new immigrant families, the ethnic identity toward Taiwan were higher than ethnic identity toward their immigrant mother’s nation. 3. There were significant relationship between ethnic identity toward Taiwan and demographic variables in the adolescents from new immigrant families as follow: (1) “Residence with immigrant mother” had significant relationship with the ethnic identity toward Taiwan, ethnic sense of belonging toward Taiwan, and ethnic attitude toward Taiwan. (2) “Educational level of immigrant mother” and “Total income of parents” had significant relationship with the ethnic awareness of Taiwan. (3) “Educational level of father” had significant relationship with the ethnic sense of belonging toward Taiwan. 4. There were significant relationship between ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother and demographic variables in the adolescents from new immigrant families as follow: (1) “Grade of adolescents” had significant relationship with the ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother, ethnic sense of belonging toward nation of immigrant mother, ethnic attitude toward nation of immigrant mother, and ethnic involvement of nation of immigrant mother. (2) “Residence with immigrant mother” had significant relationship with the ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother, ethnic awareness of nation of immigrant mother, ethnic attitude toward nation of immigrant mother, and ethnic involvement of nation of immigrant mother. (3) “Educational level of father and immigrant mother” had significant relationship with the ethnic awareness of nation of immigrant mother. (4) “Economical condition of family” had significant relationship with the ethnic involvement of nation of immigrant mother. 5. There were significant relationship between self-esteem and demographic variables in the adolescents from new immigrant families. “Residence with immigrant mother”, “Total income of parents”, and “Economical condition of family” had significant relationship with their self-esteem. 6. There were significant correlation between “ethnic identity toward Taiwan”, “ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother”, and “difference of ethnic identity toward Taiwan and nation of immigrant mother” and their self-esteem. 7. “Economical condition of family”, “ethnic identity toward Taiwan”, and “ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother” were elements significantly affected self-esteem. According to above findings, I offered some suggestions to education, policy, and social work administration and other researchers in the nearly future.

本研究旨在建構青少年藥物濫用與偏差行為之影響因素模式，並瞭解復原力如何對青少年藥物濫用與偏差行為產生影響。本研究共分為兩組，在一般組青少年的部份，以台灣地區11所國、高中職（含進修學校）1711 位青少年為研究對象;藥物濫用組則是以台灣地區13所矯治機構中，555位藥物濫用青少年為研究對象。研究工具包括衝動性人格量表、父母依附關係量表、師生互動關係量表、同儕關係量表、偏差同儕量表、青少年復原力量表、青少年偏差行為量表與藥物濫用程度量表。本研究採用描述性統計分析、探索性因素分析、驗證性因素分析、單因子多變量變異數分析、Pearson積差相關與結構方程模式進行資料分析。研究主要發現如下： （一） 藥物濫用組青少年之衝動性人格、與父母之間的疏離感、所接觸的偏差同儕及其行為偏差程度顯著高於一般組。 （二） 兩組青少年和父母、教師以及同儕之間均有良好的依附與互動關係。但一般組青少年之師生互動與同儕關係顯著高於藥物濫用組。 （三） 兩組青少年皆有良好的復原力。然一般組青少年在「同理心與人際互動」及「情緒調節」的得分上較高。而藥物濫用組則是在「希望與樂觀」的面向上得分較高。 （四） 整體而言，藥物濫用組青少年之藥物渴求與藥物依賴程度並不高。 （五） 衝動性人格與偏差同儕是直接影響青少年偏差行為的關鍵危險因子，而父母依附關係則是使得青少年偏差行為下降的保護因子。衝動性人格、師生互動關係、同儕關係以及偏差同儕會透過復原力，提高個體行為偏差的程度。僅有父母依附關係會透過復原力降低青少年的偏差行為。 （六） 藥物濫用雙模式驗證結果皆顯示復原力是直接影響青少年藥物濫用的關鍵保護因子；而偏差行為則是對青少年藥物濫用有直接影響的關鍵危險因子。衝動性人格、師生互動關係與偏差同儕都會透過復原力與偏差行為，而提高青少年藥物濫用的程度。而父母依附關係與同儕關係則是會透過復原力及偏差行為降低青少年的藥物濫用。 最後，根據本研究主要發現提出若干意見，以提供相關單位與人員在教育、犯罪矯正與學術研究上之參考。 / The aim of this study was to construct the factor model of drug abuse and delinquency among adolescent and to explore the influence of resilience on the factor model. The participants in this study were 1711 middle school students and 555 youth drug offenders in prisons in Taiwan. Moreover, the employed instruments included the Inventory of Impulsive Personality, the Inventory of Mentoring Function, the Inventory of Meaning Making, the Inventory of Parent Attachment, the Inventory of Teacher-student Interaction, the Peer Subscale of TRICA, the Inventory of peer delinquency, the Inventory of Adolescent Resilience, Juvenile delinquency Questionnaire, and the Inventory of Drug Abuse. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, one-way MANOVA, Pearson correlation, and SEM. The main findings of this study were as follows: (1) Youth drug offenders had high levels impulsivity and engaged in more delinquent behavior than the normal group; they also felt more alienated by their parents; youth drug offenders’ peers engage in more delinquent behaviors than the normal subjects. (2) Both normal subjects and youth drug offenders were perceived high levels of teacher-students interaction, parental attachment, and good peer relationship. Nevertheless, normal subjects had stronger perceived teacher’s influence and better peer relationship than the youth drug offenders. (3) Both normal subjects and youth drug offenders had high levels of resilience; nevertheless, normal subjects outperformed the youth drug offenders on the “empathy and interpersonal interaction” and “emotional regulation”. Youth drug offenders outperformed the normal subjects on the “hope and optimism”. (4) Youth drug offenders didn’t have high levels of drug craving, dependence, and drug abuse. (5) Adolescent impulsive personality and peer delinquency as the risk factors had direct effects on juvenile delinquency; conversely, parental attachment was the protective factors. Moreover, adolescent impulsive personality, teacher-student interaction, peer relationship, and peer delinquency had indirect effect on their delinquent behavior via resilience. (6) According to these two factor models of drug abuse, teacher-student interaction and peer delinquency had direct effect on drug abuse for model 1; and only teacher-student interaction had direct effect on drug abuse for Model 2. Moreover, the results of these two factor models, resilience were the important protective factor against drug abuse; conversely, juvenile delinquency as the risk factor had the direct effect on drug abuse. As the result, impulsive personality, teacher-student interaction, and peer delinquency had indirect positive effect on drug abuse via resilience and juvenile delinquency; moreover, parental attachment and peer relationship had indirect negative effect on drug abuse via resilience and juvenile delinquency. Recommendations for family, school, correctional institution, and future study are discussed.

本研究以復元觀點探討思覺失調症青少年的生活適應，將適應區分初發病、生病後及現況三階段，分析其(1)身、心、社會功能的轉變，以及與環境系統之互動情形；(2)影響生活適應之因素；(3)促進復元之因素；(4)復元結果。本研究採半結構訪談之方式，訪談十位思覺失調症青少年，研究結果如下： 一、思覺失調症青少年之生活適應 疾病初發階段，就罹病青少年而言，疾病因應策略分為五種：「轉移注意力」、「問題解決」、「情緒導向」、「調適」與「無法處理」，並因疾病而從學校撤退，此外，青少年對發病原因傾向自我歸因與內省。家庭系統，在缺少疾病衛教的情形下，家屬與罹病青少年一同經歷混亂與無助，但仍展現出多重求助行為。醫院系統，醫生著重病理症狀控制，缺少疾病衛教與情緒支持，然而，住院經驗並非完全負向，亦具正向影響。 生病後，就罹病青少年而言，疾病對其身、心、社會功能的影響相當廣泛，但也帶給其覺醒與成長的契機。家庭系統，家屬對青少年的互動關係與教養方式會產生正向變化，但家屬之疾病態度與因應策略卻包含正、負向。學校系統，青少年與同儕交往的深淺，易受疾病汙名影響；老師對疾病的態度與因應方式亦可區分為正、負向。復健系統，參與復健可提供罹病青少年場域的轉換，協助其疾病穩定與調適。 青少年與疾病共生的過程，會嘗試運用資源與優勢，與環境達到良好的適配；在疾病因應上發展出更多正向力量，學會使用「問題解決」策略，也從單一因應策略，發展到多重策略。此時青少年仍對未來充滿希望，並展現出他們渴望獨立自主，不讓家人擔心的成熟。 二、影響生活適應之因素 1.個人層面：人格特質與疾病因應策略。 2.家庭及非正式網絡：家人言論、支持、態度與疾病因應策略，以及同 儕互動方式。 3.正式網絡：老師關懷、給予彈性與連結輔導資源、醫護人員互動方式 與疾病衛教、精神復健機構之處遇模式、住院過程。 4.社會汙名：經驗到來自雇主或同學的歧視，影響青少年的自我評價與 疾病接納度。 三、促進復元之因素 1.正式支持：經濟因素、處境改變、參與復健、專業人員協助、穩定就 業。 2.非正式支持：網友支持、休閒娛樂。 3.復元三大基石：症狀減緩、信念與態度、家庭支持。 四、生活適應歷程中的復元 依據復元統合模式之復元指標達成的數量，本研究有五位思覺失調症青少年目前為完全復元型、四位半復元型和一位初學型，分別展現不同的內在力量，呈現出「優遊自在」、「學習與調適」與「挫折與探索」的人生，而激發其改變與成長的轉捩點為「自我覺醒」與「參與復健」。思覺失調症青少年具復元的可能性，不僅是為了克服障礙而發展因應策略，更是超越障礙與追求自主性的展現。 最後，研究者結合上述研究結果，嘗試繪製出思覺失調症青少年之復元統合模式，並提出本研究限制與建議，提供學校、心理衛生醫護人員、服務提供者、青少年病患之家屬與未來研究者參考。 / This study aimed to use perspective of recovery to explore the life adjustment of adolescents with schizophrenia and distinguish the process of life adjustment into the initial, stable and current three stages, discussed (a) the respondents’ bio-psycho-social function changes and the interaction with the environment system；(b) the related factors of life adjustment；(c) the facilitating factors of recovery, and(d)the respondents’ result of recovery. This research adopted a semi-structured interview to interview ten adolescents with schizophrenia. The study results are as follows： 一、The life adjustment of adolescents with schizophrenia In the initial stage, for the respondents, their illness coping strategies can be divided into five types：distraction, problem-focused, emotion-focused, accommodation and unable to handle, and they drop-out of school because of illness. Besides, respondents tend to self-attribution and introspection of the cause of the illness. In the family system, because of the lack of patient education situation, the family experience chaos and helplessness with the respondents either, but also show multiple help-seeking behavior. In the hospital system, doctors focus on the control of symptoms, lack of patient education and emotional support；however, the experience of hospitalization is not completely negative and it also has positive influence. In the stable stage, for the respondents, the illness has a wide range of effects on their bio-psycho-social function, but it also provided them an opportunity to awaken and grow. In the family system, the parenting style and relationship between respondents and their family have a positive change, but the attitudes toward illness and coping strategies of the family included positive and negative types.In the school system, the depth of relationship between respondents and peers are easily influenced by illness stigma, and teachers’ attitudes toward illness and coping strategies also include positive and negative types. Participate in rehabilitation can provide the respondents the conversion of the field to help them stabilize and accommodate illness. For respondents, it is a symbiotic process with illness, respondents will try to use resources and advantages to achieve a good fit with the environment and develop more strength to cope illness. They also learned to use " problem-focused " strategy and from using single strategy changed to use multi-strategies. At this moment, respondents are still hopeful for the future and long for independence, they are mature enough to not let their families worry. 二、There are four types of factors that influenced the life adjustment： 1.Personal factors：characteristics and illness coping strategies. 2.Family and informal network：speech, support, attitude and illness coping strategies from family and peer interaction. 3.Formal network：Teachers provide care, flexibility and connect counseling resources. Interaction with mental health practitioners and patient education. Treatment modes from psychiatric rehabilitation agencies. Hospitalization process/experience. 4.Social stigma：Discrimination from employers or classmates influenced respondents’ self-evaluation and acceptance for illness. 三、There are three types of factors that facilitate recovery： 1.Formal support：financial issue, change for status, participate in rehabilitation, assistance from professionals, employment. 2.Informal support：net-pals support and entertainment. 3.Three cornerstones of recovery：symptom remission, faith /attitude and family support. 四、The recovery from life adjustment of adolescents with schizophrenia According to the recovery target of the unity model of recovery which adolescents with schizophrenia achieved, they were divided into three recovery stages：five are full-recovery, four are semi-recovery, one is novitiate recovery, and they also show different mental strengths respectively which presented " comfort and leisure", "learning and accommodation" and "frustration and exploration" of life. Besides, the turning points which inspired respondents to change and grow are "self-awareness" and "participation in rehabilitation". Adolescents with schizophrenia have the potential for recovery, they not only developed coping strategies to overcome obstacles, but also presented how they transcended obstacles and pursued autonomy. Finally, according to the results, the investigator came up a recovery unity model suited for the adolescents with schizophrenia, and discussed the limitations of this study and the advices for school system, mental health practitioners, service providers, the family and future researchers.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

國內外的犯罪統計都發現青少年犯罪率高峰之現象。本研究擷取一般犯罪理論(A general theory of crime; Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990)與成熟代溝理論(Maturity gap theory; Moffitt, 1993)的觀點來探討青少年犯罪率高峰現象之成因。一般犯罪理論採犯罪成因一元解釋觀點，認為犯罪人皆來自社會化不良所產生之低自我控制(low self-control)特質，低自我控制者具有貪圖眼前享樂，不顧未來後果的特性；一旦遇到適當的犯罪時機就會產生犯罪行為，而青春期正是犯罪能力與動機較強之時期，故青少年犯罪率特高。Moffitt將青少年犯罪分成青少年暫時型反社會行為(Adolescence-limited antisocial behavior)與終生型反社會行為(Life-course-persistent antisocial behavior)兩種，前者源於成熟代溝(maturity gap)，指青少年在青春期生理成熟時產生之成人角色需求，受到法律或親長之限制而引發叛逆犯罪；後者則源於較先天性的神經心理因素。本研究即以「低自我控制」與「成熟問題」兩觀點來探索青少年犯罪率高峰現象的成因。本研究抽取國、高中學生共602人以及矯正機構學生共222人，比較國一到高三共六個年級的偏差行為分數，發現國二到國三是偏差行為的遽增期。階層回歸分析發現「低自我控制」先於社會化而存在，對偏差行為有很強的預測力；但是「成熟問題」的預測力與「低自我控制」相當。將受試者分成小時候即有偏差行為且持續到國中以後的「早發型」，以及直到國中以後才開始有偏差行為的「晚發型」，發現「早發型」無論在「低自我控制」或「成熟問題」，都較「晚發型」來得高分（即自我控制力較低，成熟困擾較高）；訪談二位「早發型」及二位「晚發型」的矯正機構學生，發現「早發型」之自我控制力較低，但成熟困擾與「晚發型」相當。由於青春期發展困擾普遍存在於偏差青少年，使小學階段即有偏差行為的「早發型」產生更多違犯行為，使原先沒有偏差行為的「晚發型」開始從事違犯行為，乃因而產生青少年犯罪率高峰之現象。本研究額外的發現是，親長若對於青少年之官能性成熟需求加以限制，可抑制偏差行為之發生。另外，可預期「早發型」有持續犯罪的可能性，因為除了「低自我控制」的不良特質外，該特質會與惡質環境交互作用而產生進一步的累積結果(cumulative consequences)。 / With regard to the pick-delinquency phenomenon of adolescents, there are two major theories. A General Theory of Crime (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990) attribute the phenomenon to the crime committing opportunity caused by the strengthened motivation and action capacity of low self-control individuals who step into adolescence period. The Maturity-Gap Theory (Moffitt, 1993) emphasizes that the discrepancy between the newly developed needs and the limitation toward the fulfillment of these needs from social agents caused the jump of juvenile delinquency. 606 Students of general schools and 222 custodial adolescents of correction schools were asked to answer a questionnaire of which the variables related to the two theories were constructed. Using deviant behaviors as criterion variables and the measured variables as predicting variables, the regression analyses by sets of variables yield the following results：(1) instant fun seeking, impulsiveness, deviant peer association and sensual needs resulted from maturation are highly significant variables to predict deviant behaviors. Whereas, the inhibition of sensual maturation needs from adults are countering variables to prevent adolescents from doing deviant behavior. In sum, maturity is highly related to juvenile delinquency but not the way explained by the maturity-gap theory at least at Taiwan. Comparing the delinquents of " early onset (of crime)" and "late onset" with "never onset" adolescents, the deviant profiles of the former two groups are similar to each other, but with the "early onset" having higher scores on the measured undesirable variables which may result from cumulative effect of circulating interaction between the adolescent's low self-control characteristics and vicious environment. The same conclusion can be derived from the qualitative data from interviewing four delinquents of correction school.

本研究共壹冊，約七萬字，分成五章十七節。研究的目的有二： （一）探討刺激尋求動機與創造力、偏差行為的關係，以期對青少年問題提供一個合 理的解釋。 （二）根據研究結果，提出結論和建議，以做為今後青少年教育之參考。 研究樣本包括大台北地區（台北市、台北縣）三九八名國中、高中、高職的男性在學 學生以及一一七名台北少年觀護所的男性少年。研究結果發現： （一）一般青少年和犯罪青少年在刺激尋求、創造力及環境支持的分數上有顯著差異 ，犯罪青少年比一般青少年具有較高的刺激尋求動機和創造力，以及具有較少的環境 支持。 （二）高、低刺激尋求者在創造力及偏差行為上有顯著差異。不管是一般青少年或是 犯罪青少年，高刺激尋求者皆比低刺激尋求者具有較多的創造力及偏差行為。 （三）不同環境支持者在偏差行為上有顯著差異。其中以中度環境支持者的偏差行為 最高，並且顯著高於高環境支持者。但在創造力分數上則沒有顯著差異。 根據以上結果，加以討論，並提出建議，以做為今後青少年教育之參考。

本研究旨在探討犯罪青少年在父母婚姻衝突、父母管教方式、親子依附安全感與其外向性行為問題上之關係，是否父母婚姻衝突會透過父母管教方式，影響到親子依附安全感，最後導致孩子外向性行為問題的發生呢？或是父母婚姻衝突只透過親子依附安全感，進而影響到孩子外向性行為問題的發生呢？並探討不同性別的犯罪少年在父母婚姻衝突、父母管教方式、親子依附安全感及外向性行為問題上的差異情形，及犯罪青少年知覺父與母的管教方式、親子依附安全感上的差異情形。本研究採自陳問卷調查法，樣本選取自接受感化教育之「桃園少年輔育院」及「彰化少年輔育院」之犯罪青少年，得有效問卷：男生160份及女生53份，共計213份，將所得資料以描述性統計、t檢定及徑路分析的統計方法來進行分析。 本研究結果顯示：（1）女生知覺其父母婚姻衝突程度較男生為高。女生知覺到母親矛盾的管教程度及父母紛歧的管教程度都較男生為高，但男生知覺到母親期望的管教程度較女生為高。男生知覺到父親的信任、溝通程度及母親信任的程度都較女生為高，但男生知覺到父親的疏離程度較女生為低，且男生知覺到父親整體的依附安全感較女生為高。男生外向性行為問題的程度較女生為高。（2）犯罪青少年知覺父親在拒絕、矛盾、嚴格的管教程度上比母親高。犯罪青少年知覺父親在信任、溝通分量表及整體的依附狀況上都比母親低，但父親在疏離分量表上比母親高。（3）父母婚姻衝突會透過父母管教方式，影響到親子依附安全感，但親子依附安全感並未影響到孩子外向性行為問題的發生。（4）父母婚姻衝突會直接影響到親子依附安全感，但並未透過親子依附安全感，影響到孩子外向性行為問題的發生。 最後，依據研究結果提出討論與未來研究及實務工作上之建議。

本研究採用一項有關青少年成長與發展調適問題的長期貫時性追蹤資料(1996-1999)，試圖突破過去討論青少年憂鬱症狀發展時，所用之横斷式資料的囿限，嘗試應用潛在成長曲線模型(Latent growth curve model, LGC Model)的分析方法，加入歷史時間的縱深，捕捉青少年憂鬱症狀的「起始狀態」、與「個別的成長軌跡發展」。以不扭曲地將所有受試青少年在三年間的內化症狀變化情形，忠實地描述出來。而後，加入「改變」因素的討論，企圖尋找能影響青少年憂鬱症狀發展軌跡的關鍵機制。 此研究主要目的即在「具象化」復原力的理論觀點，企圖加入動態的時間面向，確認負向生活事件與青少年憂鬱症狀發展軌跡之間的因果關聯，並探討來自個人、與環境脈絡中的關係運作，對青少年憂鬱症狀平均數、變化方向與速率的跨時間影響。研究結果明確回答：為什麼有些青少年在受到憂鬱症狀的負向影響之後，尚能有回復機會並「表現地比預期好」的疑問。至於針對一群憂鬱症狀發展呈現改善、或惡化的少數青少年樣本，在性別、自尊、負向生活事件、家庭親子互動、學校好朋友關係等特性上的差異，本研究亦逐一說明。 在理論層次上，本項研究結合適切的研究方法，從「靜態」到「動態」地觀察青少年的身心發展、自「個人」到「家庭系統內外」討論內外在資源對青少年復原的短暫以及長久影響效果，並以一般青少年為研究對象的作法，擴增了復原力理論的推論範疇與解釋深廣。研究顯示，青少年的「改善」或「惡化」憂鬱症狀發展軌跡，確實在環境脈絡的節制之下，存在著個別差異。此外，青少年起始的憂鬱狀態並不影響憂鬱症狀軌跡發展的變化率。家庭經濟不利這項負向生活事件，對於青少年憂鬱症狀的預測，只呈現短暫的初始影響。自尊和好朋友關係皆是青少年可以主動建構與可為之舉，為兩個最重要能影響青少年憂鬱症狀變化的關鍵因素。至於學校脈絡，則可視為在家庭脈絡之外，能提供青少年憂鬱症狀改變效果的新路徑，以及讓青少年可以順利「轉大人」之雙重機會的結構因素。 / Using data derived from a panel study (1996-1999) of long-term Taiwanese adolescent development and adaptation, this study intended to break through the limitations of cross-sectional studies, which plagued past studies of adolescents’ developing depressive symptoms. By employing the Latent Growth Curve Model (LGC Model), this study mainly attempted to feature the individual initial status and the trajectory of every adolescent’s developmental depressive symptoms, which concerned about the important functions of the dynamic historical time and space on youth internalizing symptoms, for the research purpose to reflect the real resilient outcome each adolescent displayed. Besides, in order to understand the key factors that were taken as positive and effective mechanisms to influence the initial status and rates of changes on youth trajectories of depressive symptoms, several latent constructs such as self-esteem and protective factors developed from family and school contexts were taken into accounts. Further, specified characteristics were noted to highlight the basic differences gradually showed between resilient improved adolescents and worsen ones. A positive-psychological stance was taken as the leading research perspective in this study. The results shows that familial economic hardship only affects the initial status of adolescent depressive symptoms, implying that this negative event just had a short-term effect on youth’s psychological well beings. Those who were initially vulnerable to familial negative event had opportunity to become resilient over time. As to the protective factors, self-esteem and cohesive good-friendship were two crucial facets adolescents could actively construct and make efforts for further resilient performances to be better than expected. The analyzing results indicated, interestingly, that parent-child relationship early obtained in family context and adolescent’s satisfaction with parenting merely counted for the initial impact on adolescent trajectories of depressive symptoms. Concerns and cohesive relationships acquired in school contexts, especially in classes, provided dual chances for adolescents to become resilient in a long run.

本研究旨在瞭解青少年的金錢觀、需求滿足與慾望，並以 Alderfer的ＥＲＧ理論探討需求滿足及慾望對青少年金錢觀的影響。 研究樣本係依校級抽樣臺灣地區八百七十四位十三至十八歲的青少年。以自編之自陳式慾望、需求滿足和金錢觀問卷為研就工具。所得資料以次數分配、變異數分析、徑路分析等統計方法處理。 研究結果發現，在青少年的金錢觀方面，整體而言，大部分青少年均有正確的金錢觀，特別是對金錢在人際互動中的效用以及金錢的獲取方式有正確的看法。此外，不同的樣本指出，女生、國中生、居住在鄉村者以及有儲蓄習慣者對金錢有較正確的看法，反之，零用錢愈多對金錢的看法也較偏差。 其次，以徑路分析解釋需求滿足度和慾望對金錢觀之影響的研究結果指出，慾望是需求滿足影響金錢觀的中介變項。此外，影響青少年金錢觀的主要因素是關係需求和關係慾望，亦即，能夠與重要他人有良好的互動關係以及想要與重要他人建立良好關係的青少年對金錢的看法也較正向。而這二個變項在國中生和高中生樣本中有些許的差異：就國中生而言，關係需求滿足度對金錢觀的影響較關係慾望來得大，在高中生樣本中則恰好相反。 針對以上結果，提出研究討論及後續研究在方法以及變項上的建議，並對青少年之金錢教育提出鼓勵儲蓄、建立支持系統的建議。

本研究的目的在了解目前青少年學生從事哪些休閒活動，以及從事休閒活動中產生哪些問題，而這些問題如何導致青少年犯罪？ 本研究係採用研究者自編的六個量表為研究工具.分別是休閒活動量表，交友狀況量表，青少年文化量表，情境機會量表，親子關係量表，犯罪行為量表。本研究的抽樣方法係依臺北都會區 地區 行政區 學校大小 年級等標準進行多階段群集抽樣方法。共選定十二個學校，計回有效樣本數ll40個． 研究結果如下: 一 青少年從事的休閒活動以視聽欣賞活動為最多，其次依序是球類技能，閒意，興趣，娛樂夜遊活動． (一) 青少年從事休閒活動的類型會因性別、年級、居住地區、課餘時間的工作、金錢、家庭等因素而有差異。 (二) 青少年從事娛樂夜遊活動和犯罪行為有相關。 二 根據研究結果，從事休閒活動和犯罪行為並沒有直接的開係，而是透遇一些從事休閒活動中的相關變數，對犯罪行為的發生，才有貢獻。 1.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，結交偏差朋友數愈多，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈大。 2.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，同儕結合度愈高，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈大。 3.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，青少年文化傾向愈高，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈高。 4.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，情境機會的促動程度愈高，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈高。 5.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，親子關係的品質愈佳，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈低。 本研究發現「偏差朋友數」、「同儕結合度」、「情境機會促動」和犯罪行為的發生有關，亦即偏差朋友數愈多、同儕結合程度愈高、情境機會促動程度愈高，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈高。惟「親子關係」和犯罪行為呈負相關，即親子關係愈好，其犯罪行為發生的可能性愈低。 本研究有幾項建設: 一、對於青少年學生本身從事休閒活動的建議：慎選休閒活動性質 二、對於青少年家長的建議：加強親子關係 三、對於青少年福利政策的建教：給予更多的休閒活動空間 四、對於提供青少年休閒福利者的建教：政府也可給一些補助及福利。 五、對於教育單位協助安排青少年休閒活動的建議：兼具活動安排及指導陪伴的角色。 六、對未來研究的建議：進一步研究青少年從事休閒活動發生犯罪的媒介。