The purpose of this thesis is to examine the media bias of the selected Czech newspapers. The study is conducted through a modified method for the measurement of the media bias, introduced by Gentzkow and Shapiro (2010). The media bias here means the use of the politically loaded language in the newspapers. The method is based on the comparison between the partisan language of the political parties represented in Parliament and language of the selected newspapers. This is carried out by comparing the phrases frequencies in the parliamentary speeches assigned to a coalition or an opposition and in the newspaper content. The analysis of the statistical dependence of newspaper's language and the partisan speech provides the evidence that Hospodářské noviny and Lidové noviny use language more similar to a coalition. Content of Mladá fronta Dnes, Blesk, Právo a Haló appear to be closer to an opposition parties.

A informação e o acesso a ela agregam valor ao processo de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico gerando conhecimentos que produzem mais informações e, consequentemente, mais conhecimento, estabelecendo-se um ciclo que proporciona uma interação entre os saberes. Organizar a informação e estabelecer procedimentos para a categorização conceitual, na elaboração de linguagens documentárias utilizadas para a sua representação, possibilitam ao usuário o acesso a respostas para solucionar questões pertinentes à sua pesquisa. Delimitamos a área do Direito como domínio a ser trabalhado com o objetivo de identificar princípios para a categorização conceitual da informação jurídica que contribuam para elaborar instrumentos de representação e controle terminológico, ou seja, elaborar linguagens documentárias mais eficientes para a indexação da sua produção documental e que preservem o contexto em que o termo jurídico é empregado. O referencial teórico utilizado para a definição do termo \"categorização\", o qual inclui autores como Aristóteles, Kant, Wittgenstein e Rosch, aliado à Teoria do Conceito de Dahlberg e à Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia de Cabré, assim como a análise de linguagens documentárias utilizadas para a indexação no âmbito do Direito, permitiram a identificação de alguns princípios que devem ser considerados na elaboração desses instrumentos de representação e controle terminológico para a recuperação da informação. Verifica-se que a categorização conceitual pode ser considerada como pedra fundamental na estruturação de uma linguagem documentária, pois possibilita a relação entre os conceitos, representados por termos, dentro de um domínio específico do conhecimento, tornando mais eficaz a recuperação da informação. / Information and access to it add value to the scientific and technological development process generating knowledge that produces more information and, therefore, more knowledge, establishing a cycle which provides an interaction between the different kinds of knowledge. Organizing information and establishing procedures for the conceptual categorization in the development of indexing languages used for such representation allows the user to access the answers for solving issues relevant to his or her search. The area of Law was delimited as the subject area to be worked purposing to identify principles for the conceptual categorization of legal information which will contribute to the elaboration of instruments of representation and terminology control, that means, to produce indexing languages that are more efficient for the indexing of document production and which preserve the context in which the legal term is employed. The theoretical framework used for the definition of the term \"categorization\", which includes authors such as Aristotle, Kant, Wittgenstein and Rosch, allied to the Theory of Concept by Dahlberg and to the Communicative Theory of Terminology by Cabré, as well as the analysis of indexing languages used for indexation in the scope of Law, allowed the identification of some principles which should be considered in the preparation of these instruments of representation and terminology control for the retrieval of information. It can be seen that the conceptual categorization can be considered a cornerstone in the structuring of an indexing language, since it enables the relation between the concepts represented by terms within a specific area of knowledge making the information retrieval more effective.

Esta pesquisa investiga como os participantes da fala-em-interação de uma sala de aula de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) se orientam sequencialmente para o gerenciamento de categorias de pertencimento institucionais (professor, aluno) assim como para outras categorias emergentes na realização do trabalho de avaliação pedagógica coletiva. O exame sustenta-se na perspectiva dos estudos da Análise da Conversa e da Etnometodologia e busca analisar e articular o entendimento de como os participantes demonstram uns aos outros suas orientações no que tange aos dispositivos de categorização de pertencimento na produção e manutenção sequencial e local da realidade social do evento. Os dados consistem em 50 minutos de registros audiovisuais gerados no início do ano letivo de 2009 em uma turma do quinto ciclo de ensino da Educação de Jovens e Adultos de uma escola municipal de Porto Alegre, os quais foram segmentados, posteriormente transcritos e submetidos à análise sequencial. O tratamento procedimental interpretativo dado aos segmentos sob análise revela a orientação dos participantes na tentativa de restaurar a normalidade dos cursos de ação, de acordo com as suas expectativas, informadas pelo conhecimento de senso comum e demonstradas situadamente no que se refere aos direitos e obrigações moralmente aceitáveis ligados às categorias onirrelevantes no evento (professor e aluno). Diante do entendimento partilhado e situado de que avaliar consiste em atribuir uma nota e de que esta ação está ligada às obrigações da categoria de professor, os participantes resistem à implementação da ação de avaliar formalmente, destacando as obrigações dos participantes e desenvolvendo sequências de responsabilização. Por fim, este trabalho posiciona-se diante da divergência metodológica de Análise de Categorização de Pertencimento (MCA), apontando para o caráter sequencial, local, ordenado, emergente, intersubjetivo e dinâmico do trabalho de categorização, e propondo uma distinção entre projeção de um item categorial e trabalho de categorização. Além disso, aponta para o caráter potencialmente conflituoso e delicado da ação de avaliar sendo implementada por outros participantes que não o professor, mas ao mesmo tempo para a relevância da atividade de avaliação pedagógica coletiva, na medida em que, se tratando de uma atividade que abarca o gerenciamento de categorias relacionadas ao saber, ao conhecimento, e à experiência, se repete em outras esferas de atuação social e se reflete nas decisões práticas dos cidadãos na sociedade. / This research investigates how participants of an EJA classroom talk-and-interaction are sequentially oriented to the management of institutional membership categories (teacher, student) such as other emergent categories in the accomplishment of the collective pedagogical assessment work. Analysis is grounded on Conversation Analysis and Ethnomethodology studies and attempts to understand how participants orient to each other through membership categorization device sequentially and locally producing and maintaining the social reality of the event. The data consists of 50 minutes of audiovisual recorded interactions generated in early 2009 in a fifth period classroom of EJA in a public school in Porto Alegre, which were segmented, transcribed and sequentially analysed. The procedural and interpretative treatment of data displays the participants orientations in an attempt to restore the normal courses of actions according to their expectations, informed by the common sense knowledge and manifested here and now regarding the morally accountable rights and obligations bounded to the omnirelevant categories in the event (teacher and student). In face of the shared and situated understanding that assess consists in to ascribe a grade and that this action is bounded to the teacher category obligations, participants resist to implement this action, highlighting the participants obligations and developing accountability sequences. At last, this research stands with respect to the methodological divergence in MCA studies, pointing to the sequential, local, orderly, emergent, intersubjective and dynamic character of categorization work, and offering a distinction between the projection of a categorical item and the categorization work. Moreover, it points to the potentially conflictual and delicate character of the action of assess being implemented by other participants than the teacher, but at the same time to the relevance of the collective pedagogical assessment activity, as being an activity that includes the management of categories related to knowledge and to experience, it repeats in other social action spheres and reflects on the practical decisions of the citizens in society.

In order for assistive robots to collaborate effectively with humans for completing everyday tasks, they must be endowed with the ability to effectively perceive scenes and more importantly, recognize human intentions. As a result, we present in this dissertation a novel scene-dependent human-robot collaborative system capable of recognizing and learning human intentions based on scene objects, the actions that can be performed on them, and human interaction history. The aim of this system is to reduce the amount of human interactions necessary for communicating tasks to a robot. Accordingly, the system is partitioned into scene understanding and intention recognition modules. For scene understanding, the system is responsible for segmenting objects from captured RGB-D data, determining their positions and orientations in space, and acquiring their category labels. This information is fed into our intention recognition component where the most likely object and action pair that the user desires is determined. Our contributions to the state of the art are manifold. We propose an intention recognition framework that is appropriate for persons with limited physical capabilities, whereby we do not observe human physical actions for inferring intentions as is commonplace, but rather we only observe the scene. At the core of this framework is our novel probabilistic graphical model formulation entitled Object-Action Intention Networks. These networks are undirected graphical models where the nodes are comprised of object, action, and object feature variables, and the links between them indicate some form of direct probabilistic interaction. This setup, in tandem with a recursive Bayesian learning paradigm, enables our system to adapt to a user's preferences. We also propose an algorithm for the rapid estimation of position and orientation values of scene objects from single-view 3D point cloud data using a multi-scale superquadric fitting approach. Additionally, we leverage recent advances in computer vision for an RGB-D object categorization procedure that balances discrimination and generalization as well as a depth segmentation procedure that acquires candidate objects from tabletops. We demonstrate the feasibility of the collaborative system presented herein by conducting evaluations on multiple scenes comprised of objects from 11 categories, along with 7 possible actions, and 36 possible intentions. We achieve approximately 81% reduction in interactions overall after learning despite changes to scene structure.

Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée à un sujet de recherche très porteur : la Catégorisation générique d’objets Visuels (VOC). En effet, les applications possibles sont très nombreuses, incluant l’indexation d’images et de vidéos, la vidéo surveillance, le contrôle d’accès de sécurité, le soutien à la conduite automobile, etc. En raison de ses nombreux verrous scientifiques, ce sujet est encore considéré comme l’un des problèmes les plus difficiles en vision par ordinateur et en reconnaissance de formes. Dans ce contexte, nous avons proposé dans ce travail de thèse plusieurs contributions, en particulier concernant les deux principaux éléments des méthodes résolvant les problèmes de VOC, notamment la sélection des descripteurs et la représentation d’images. Premièrement, un algorithme nomme "Embedded Sequential Forward feature Selection"(ESFS) a été proposé pour VOC. Son but est de sélectionner les descripteurs les plus discriminants afin d’obtenir une bonne performance pour la catégorisation. Il est principalement basé sur la méthode de recherche sous-optimale couramment utilisée "Sequential Forward Selection" (SFS), qui repose sur le principe simple d’ajouter progressivement les descripteurs les plus pertinents. Cependant, ESFS non seulement ajoute progressivement les descripteurs les plus pertinents à chaque étape mais de plus les fusionne d’une manière intégrée grâce à la notion de fonctions de masses combinées empruntée à la théorie de l’évidence qui offre également l’avantage d’obtenir un coût de calcul beaucoup plus faible que celui de SFS original. Deuxièmement, nous avons proposé deux nouvelles représentations d’images pour modéliser le contenu visuel d’une image : la Représentation d’Image basée sur la Modélisation Polynomiale et les Mesures Statistiques, appelées respectivement PMIR et SMIR. Elles permettent de surmonter l’inconvénient principal de la méthode populaire "bag of features" qui est la difficulté de fixer la taille optimale du vocabulaire visuel. Elles ont été testées avec nos descripteurs bases région ainsi que les descripteurs SIFT. Deux stratégies différentes de fusion, précoce et tardive, ont également été considérées afin de fusionner les informations venant des "canaux «différents représentés par les différents types de descripteurs. Troisièmement, nous avons proposé deux approches pour VOC en s’appuyant sur la représentation sparse. La première méthode est reconstructive (R_SROC) alors que la deuxième est reconstructive et discriminative (RD_SROC). En effet, le modèle de représentation sparse a été utilisé originalement dans le domaine du traitement du signal comme un outil puissant pour acquérir, représenter et compresser des signaux de grande dimension. Ainsi, nous avons proposé une adaptation de ces principes intéressants au problème de VOC. R_SROC repose sur l’hypothèse intuitive que l’image peut être représentée par une combinaison linéaire des images d’apprentissage de la même catégorie. [...] / This thesis is dedicated to the active research topic of generic Visual Object Categorization(VOC), which can be widely used in many applications such as videoindexation and retrieval, video monitoring, security access control, automobile drivingsupport etc. Due to many realistic difficulties, it is still considered to be one ofthe most challenging problems in computer vision and pattern recognition. In thiscontext, we have proposed in this thesis our contributions, especially concerning thetwo main components of the methods addressing VOC problems, namely featureselection and image representation.Firstly, an Embedded Sequential Forward feature Selection algorithm (ESFS)has been proposed for VOC. Its aim is to select the most discriminant features forobtaining a good performance for the categorization. It is mainly based on thecommonly used sub-optimal search method Sequential Forward Selection (SFS),which relies on the simple principle to add incrementally most relevant features.However, ESFS not only adds incrementally most relevant features in each stepbut also merges them in an embedded way thanks to the concept of combinedmass functions from the evidence theory which also offers the benefit of obtaining acomputational cost much lower than the one of original SFS.Secondly, we have proposed novel image representations to model the visualcontent of an image, namely Polynomial Modeling and Statistical Measures basedImage Representation, called PMIR and SMIR respectively. They allow to overcomethe main drawback of the popular "bag of features" method which is the difficultyto fix the optimal size of the visual vocabulary. They have been tested along withour proposed region based features and SIFT. Two different fusion strategies, earlyand late, have also been considered to merge information from different "channels"represented by the different types of features.Thirdly, we have proposed two approaches for VOC relying on sparse representation,including a reconstructive method (R_SROC) as well as a reconstructiveand discriminative one (RD_SROC). Indeed, sparse representation model has beenoriginally used in signal processing as a powerful tool for acquiring, representingand compressing the high-dimensional signals. Thus, we have proposed to adaptthese interesting principles to the VOC problem. R_SROC relies on the intuitiveassumption that an image can be represented by a linear combination of trainingimages from the same category. Therefore, the sparse representations of images arefirst computed through solving the ℓ1 norm minimization problem and then usedas new feature vectors for images to be classified by traditional classifiers such asSVM. To improve the discrimination ability of the sparse representation to betterfit the classification problem, we have also proposed RD_SROC which includes adiscrimination term, such as Fisher discrimination measure or the output of a SVMclassifier, to the standard sparse representation objective function in order to learna reconstructive and discriminative dictionary. Moreover, we have also proposedChapter 0. Abstractto combine the reconstructive and discriminative dictionary and the adapted purereconstructive dictionary for a given category so that the discrimination power canfurther be increased.The efficiency of all the methods proposed in this thesis has been evaluated onpopular image datasets including SIMPLIcity, Caltech101 and Pascal2007.

<p>Användning av Informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) är idag ett naturligt inslag i många människors vardag. Samtidigt uppmärksammas risken med digitala klyftor av flera samhällsinstanser. I detta sammanhang nämns äldre som en av de grupper som riskerar att hamna efter, vilket i förlängningen kan leda till ett utanförskap från den demokratiska processen på grund av bristande tillgång till eller kunskap om datorer och Internet. Studiens syfte är att belysa äldres upplevelser och erfarenheter av datorer och IT och sin delaktighet i IT-samhället idag. Studien är inspirerad av etnografisk metod och har ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv där ålder kan förstås som en skapad social kategori. Empirin baseras på sex intervjuer med äldre som börjat på en datorkurs, samt av deltagande observationer som genomfördes under datorkursen. I resultatet framkommer det att ett tvång upplevs gällande att hänga med i den tekniska utvecklingen, vilket kan vara stressande och frustrerande. Samtidigt känner informanterna att det är viktigt att ”hänga med” i samhället, och de uttrycker en nyfikenhet inför tekniken. Informanterna tar sig an datorn på ett aktivt sätt. Betydelse för att lära sig är vinningar man ser i vardagen som att hålla kontakt med barnbarn, söka information och klara sig själv. Samtidigt finns en underliggande tanke om sig själv och andra, där ålder ges betydelse i fråga om att det är svårare att lära sig som gammal, eller att äldre lärare är att föredra då de har mer förståelse. I motsats till detta uttrycks att en god lärare inte är avhängigt ålder, och de personer som finns som stöd i informanternas omgivning oftast är yngre.</p> / <p>The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a natural part of many people's everyday life today. At the same time the risk of digital divides are highlighted by several community agencies in society. One of the risk groups mentioned here are elderly people, risking of falling behind and also to be left out the whole democratic process, because of lack of access to or knowledge of computers and the Internet. The aim of this study is to highlight elderly people's experiences of computers and IT and their participation and involvement in the IT society of today. The study is inspired by the ethnographic method and has a perspective of Social constructionism in which age can be understood as a social created category. The empirical material is based on six interviews with elderly people taking a computer course for beginners, as well as participant observations carried out during the computer course. It appears in the result, that a feeling of being forced is connected to keeping up with the technological development in our society, which can be stressful and frustrating. At the same time the informants feels that it is important to “keep up” with the society, and a curiosity is expressed towards technology. Informants learn computers in an active way. Meaningfulness in learning the computer is seen in everyday life as to maintain contact with grandchildren, search for information and to manage on your own. At the time, an underlying view of themselves and others exist, where the age is given importance in that it is harder to learn when you are old, or that older teachers are preferred since they have more understanding. In contrast to this it is expressed that good teachers will not depend on age, and those in the informants surroundings that supports them are usually young.</p>

<p>Despite the many researches made on emergent strategies and project portfolio management, one can hardly find studies on the link between them. It can easily be assumed that emergent strategies and market dynamics have considerable effect on the portfolio of projects in organizations and, supposedly, give rise to emergent projects. We defined emergent projects to be untypical or irregular projects for the organization which are at the borderline or even outside the mainstream of the current portfolio of projects. These types of projects impact the company’s strategy with the aim to increase the organizations competitiveness. This study will try to find out the possible distinct characteristics and strategic impact of emergent projects on large organizations so that these kinds of projects can be properly recognized for what they really are and managed effectively.</p><p> </p><p>We used a semi-structured interview method to collect data from six international companies in four countries. The countries are Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, and Taiwan. Using template analysis method, we analyzed the collected data. The analysis confirmed our assumption that there is a correlation between emergent strategies and project portfolio management. Moreover, we found out some of the characteristics and strategic impacts of emergent projects. The results of the study, therefore, shows that emergent projects are kinds of strategic projects which have bigger significance and bring a higher sense of urgency to organizations than the normal projects in their portfolio. Furthermore, the study indicated that emergent projects do not need any different project management methodology than typical projects do. Nonetheless, emergent projects are characterized by rarity, disrupting routine operations, enhancing company-customer relationship, causing resource reallocation, bringing profit, demanding higher budget, opening both internal and external new opportunities, posing risk due to shorter planning phase and limited implementation time, and capturing higher attention from top management. The major result we have found out in the research about the strategic impact of emergent projects is that they have a higher potential to bring profit and new business opportunities which in total make organizations more competitive in their respective markets.</p><p>The theoretical and managerial implications of our research have a common idea that emergent projects should be recognized and categorized as strategic projects of organizations. Further studies should be carried out on how the dynamic situations of business environments and emergent strategies affect the project portfolio of organizations. Moreover, it is worth researching on how the idea of emergent projects are dealt in the studies of strategic project management and project categorization both in the academic and practitioners world. Overall, the study has brought the linkage between emergent strategies and project portfolio management into light through the discussion on emergent projects.</p>

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Detta sker med en kombination av analytiska verktyg från narrativ metod, kategoriseringsanalys och diskursiv psykologi vilka appliceras på data i form av företagande kvinnors blogginlägg. Resultatet visar att respondenterna tenderar att berätta om sig själva genom tre generella berättelser: <em>berättelsen om företagsamheten, berättelsen om familjen</em> och <em>självbekännelseberättelsen</em> och där gör de framför allt tre kategorier relevanta för den egna identiteten: <em>den framgångsrika företagerskan, den goda modern</em> och <em>den moderna kvinnan</em>. Berättelser och kategorier kan mötas och understödja varandra men framför allt kan de också konkurrera med varandra. Den spänning som skapas när berättelserna krockar och när de diskursiva stereotyper som styr kategorierna inte samstämmer kräver en retorisk finkänslighet och ett skickligt balanserande. När det diskursiva trovärdighetsarbete som respondenterna ägnar sig åt, beroende på vilken berättelse de för närvarande berättar, havererar så används kategorin <em>den ofullkomliga människan</em> som verktyg för att upprätthålla den värdighet och koherens som krävs för att upprätthålla bilden av ett komplett och trovärdigt liv. Att bidra med kompletterande perspektiv till existerande entreprenörskapsforskning är studiens vidare syfte. Genom att öka förståelsen för de diskursiva förutsättningar som dessa kvinnor förhåller sig till och arbetar med, samt vilka strategier de funnit fruktbara i det arbetet, skapas möjligheter till nya sätt att förstå, studera och stimulera kvinnors företagande och entreprenörskap.</p>

Användning av Informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) är idag ett naturligt inslag i många människors vardag. Samtidigt uppmärksammas risken med digitala klyftor av flera samhällsinstanser. I detta sammanhang nämns äldre som en av de grupper som riskerar att hamna efter, vilket i förlängningen kan leda till ett utanförskap från den demokratiska processen på grund av bristande tillgång till eller kunskap om datorer och Internet. Studiens syfte är att belysa äldres upplevelser och erfarenheter av datorer och IT och sin delaktighet i IT-samhället idag. Studien är inspirerad av etnografisk metod och har ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv där ålder kan förstås som en skapad social kategori. Empirin baseras på sex intervjuer med äldre som börjat på en datorkurs, samt av deltagande observationer som genomfördes under datorkursen. I resultatet framkommer det att ett tvång upplevs gällande att hänga med i den tekniska utvecklingen, vilket kan vara stressande och frustrerande. Samtidigt känner informanterna att det är viktigt att ”hänga med” i samhället, och de uttrycker en nyfikenhet inför tekniken. Informanterna tar sig an datorn på ett aktivt sätt. Betydelse för att lära sig är vinningar man ser i vardagen som att hålla kontakt med barnbarn, söka information och klara sig själv. Samtidigt finns en underliggande tanke om sig själv och andra, där ålder ges betydelse i fråga om att det är svårare att lära sig som gammal, eller att äldre lärare är att föredra då de har mer förståelse. I motsats till detta uttrycks att en god lärare inte är avhängigt ålder, och de personer som finns som stöd i informanternas omgivning oftast är yngre. / The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a natural part of many people's everyday life today. At the same time the risk of digital divides are highlighted by several community agencies in society. One of the risk groups mentioned here are elderly people, risking of falling behind and also to be left out the whole democratic process, because of lack of access to or knowledge of computers and the Internet. The aim of this study is to highlight elderly people's experiences of computers and IT and their participation and involvement in the IT society of today. The study is inspired by the ethnographic method and has a perspective of Social constructionism in which age can be understood as a social created category. The empirical material is based on six interviews with elderly people taking a computer course for beginners, as well as participant observations carried out during the computer course. It appears in the result, that a feeling of being forced is connected to keeping up with the technological development in our society, which can be stressful and frustrating. At the same time the informants feels that it is important to “keep up” with the society, and a curiosity is expressed towards technology. Informants learn computers in an active way. Meaningfulness in learning the computer is seen in everyday life as to maintain contact with grandchildren, search for information and to manage on your own. At the time, an underlying view of themselves and others exist, where the age is given importance in that it is harder to learn when you are old, or that older teachers are preferred since they have more understanding. In contrast to this it is expressed that good teachers will not depend on age, and those in the informants surroundings that supports them are usually young.

This thesis investigates the cognitive processes and representations underlying human judgment in a multiple-cue judgment task. Several recent models as-sume that people have several qualitatively distinct and competing levels of knowledge representations (Ashby, Alfonso-Reese, Turken, &amp; Waldron, 1998; Erickson &amp; Kruschke, 1998; Nosofsky, Palmeri, &amp; McKinley, 1994; Sloman, 1996). The most successful cognitive models in categorization and multiple-cue judgment are, respectively, exemplar-based models and cue abstraction models. The models are different in the computations and processes implied, but the structure of the task is similar. Study 1 investigated if the different theoretical conclusions in categorization and multiple-cue judgment derive from genuine differences in the processes, or are accidental to the different research methods. In Study 2, we expected learning in dyads to promote explicit cue abstraction as a consequence of verbalization (a social abstraction effect) and performance to improve due to the larger joint exemplar knowledge base (an exemplar pooling effect). In Study 3 we used the generalized model Sigma to illustrate how change in task environments (linear vs. nonlinear) can shape the knowledge representation that is used. We expected that people are not able to use cue ab-straction when judging objects with a non-linear structure between the visual cues (features) of the objects and the criterion, and therefore they are forced to use exemplar-based processes. Taken together, the results of these studies indicate that differences that characterize typical categorization and multiple-cue judgment tasks are conducive of qualitatively different cognitive processes, and that the task environment plays an important role for which cognitive processes are used in multiple cue judgments.