Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Jose Rocha da Silva.pdf: 11685449 bytes, checksum: 499e0dc41d0630c401f4fb88b7b109ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-13 / This research has its focus on the São Francisco River Diversion Project. This megaproject can be classified as the biggest development project in Brazil and follows other megaprojects that promised to develop the Northeast of Brazil. The methodology used in the work was the analysis of the justifications for other megaprojects in the Northeast in the last century and how those projects were appropriated by a few economic and political groups from that region in order to take advantage of public money. We believe that the discourse of "drought victims" used by those groups was successful in demanding money from the federal government to build water reservoirs and irrigation projects along with the creation of many governmental institutions, such as the SUDENE, to develop the Northeast. This discourse collaborated to benefit the Northeastern political elite and some economic groups from other parts of Brazil which profited with the construction of those projects. Our conclusion is that the model of development that has been in place in the last decades does not respect the social and environmental characteristics of the Northeast by creating a distance between the government megaprojects and the local population, in contrast with the actions developed by some non-governmental organizations since the eighties that prioritize the local environment with its limits and potentialities. The São Francisco River Diversion Project, publicized by the government as a Project that will provide water for more than 12 million people, reproduces the historical way to deal with the problems in the Northeast by affirming a model of development that degrades the environment and does not respect the reality of those who live in the Northeast. This project impacts the São Francisco River, which already suffers from many human actions of exploitation of its resources. It also impacts many indigenous and afro-descendants communities, fisher peoples and peasants who survive from the abundance of the river. In sum, we conclude that the São Francisco River Diversion Project will be added to a long list of megaprojects that brought benefits to a few while the majority will continue disadvantaged land and water concentrations, the real cause of the social inequality in the Northeast of Brazil / Este trabalho de pesquisa tem o seu foco no Projeto de Transposição das Águas do Rio São Francisco PTARSF para os estados do Nordeste Setentrional. O objeto pesquisado pode ser classificado como a maior obra hídrica já realizada no Brasil e está inserida no campo das grandes obras que prometem levar o desenvolvimento para o Nordeste brasileiro. Nossa apreciação metodológica pautou-se primeiramente pela análise das justificativas para os outros grandes projetos naquela mesma região no último século e de como estes foram apropriados por grupos econômicos e/ou políticos locais e de outras partes do país. Para isso, corroborou o discurso de vítimas da seca amplificado pela elite nordestina com o intuito de reivindicar verbas para a açudagem, os perímetros de irrigação, além da criação de vários órgãos que supostamente trariam o desenvolvimento para o Nordeste e principalmente para o Semiárido, a exemplo da SUDENE. Diante de tantas tentativas ao longo de mais de cem anos, o que teria dado errado? A nossa conclusão é que o modelo de desenvolvimento vendido como o propulsor de melhorias para aquela área do país não respeita as características do meio ambiente local, criando uma dissonância entre os megaprojetos e os habitantes daquele lugar, diferentemente dos vários projetos de convivência com o Semiárido, que surgiram a partir dos anos 1980. O PTARSF, vendido pela propaganda governamental como uma obra que levará água para 12 milhões de pessoas e o desenvolvimento para os estados que receberão as águas do São Francisco, está reproduzindo a lógica secular das grandes obras com gastos públicos para lucros privados, além de reproduzir e ampliar um padrão de desenvolvimento em desacordo com a realidade dos que habitam a área de sua realização. Ele afeta sobremaneira o Rio São Francisco, um manancial que já enfrenta problemas por causa de várias ações antrópicas. O PTARSF também atinge várias comunidades de povos indígenas, remanescentes quilombolas, vazanteiros, pescadores artesanais, etc. Em suma, concluímos que esta é mais uma grande obra para entrar na lista daquelas cuja existência trará benefícios para uns poucos em detrimento da grande maioria da população nordestina sem lidar com as estruturas de concentração agrária e hídrica, verdadeiras causas das desigualdades socioeconômicas do Nordeste

O presente trabalho consiste num estudo analítico sobre a prescrição tributária com a finalidade de, didaticamente, buscar identificar um subsistema jurídico próprio, dotado de normas e valores próprios, que permita o estudo destacado do tema dentro do sistema do direito positivo, a partir de uma análise lógico-sintática da expressão prescrição tal qual referido na alínea b do inciso III do art. 146 da Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88)2, que outorga competência ao legislador complementar para fixar normas gerais sobre a prescrição tributária, para construir uma significação possível para tal expressão, identificando sua acepção de base3, não se admitindo que se diga que o seu conteúdo seja vazio, a fim de que se possa identificar o regime jurídico aplicável à prescrição tributária, com a completa compreensão dos limites da competência do legislador complementar e ordinário nesse âmbito, de modo que se possa perceber a existência de uma tríplice4 perspectiva pragmática do uso dessa expressão no discurso do direito positivo, no qual por vezes é tomado como norma prescricional, ou como fato prescricional (hipotético), ou ainda como relação jurídica prescricional, o que já foi anteriormente investigado por outros autores, mas não sob o rótulo aqui sugerido, apesar de pouco explorada, daí porque merecendo melhor atenção, compreensão e aplicação na solução de casos da pragmática jurídica, para, ao final, identificar os eventuais acertos e/ou vacilos da jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) e do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) no julgamento dos casos e problemas aqui apresentados. / The present paper consists of an analytical study on tax statute of limitations with the aim of identifying, didactically, a special legal subsystem, endowed with its own normative values and rules, allowing the aforementioned study within the system of positive law, from a logical syntactic analysis of the phrase Statute of Limitations pursuant to as mentioned in Article 146, III, b, of the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution5, which grants to the supplementary law competence concerning establishing general rules with regard to the tax limitation, to constitute a possible meaning to such a phrase, identifying its basic acceptation6, not considering to say that its content is hollow, in order to identify the legal regime applicable to tax limitation, with the comprehensive understanding of the supplementary and ordinary laws competence limits herein, in order to realize the existence of a triple7 pragmatic perspective of using such phrase in the utterance of the positive law, in which is sometimes taken as statute of limitations, or statute of limitations fact (hypothetical), or even as Legal Relationship of Limitations, which has previously been investigated by other authors, but not under the approach suggested hereto, though little investigated, hence why deserves better attention, understanding and application in solving cases of Legal pragmatism, to, in the end, identify any adjustments and/or wanderings of the jurisprudence of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) and the Federal Supreme Court (STF) in judging cases and claims presented herein.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Jose Rocha da Silva.pdf: 11685449 bytes, checksum: 499e0dc41d0630c401f4fb88b7b109ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-13 / This research has its focus on the São Francisco River Diversion Project. This megaproject can be classified as the biggest development project in Brazil and follows other megaprojects that promised to develop the Northeast of Brazil. The methodology used in the work was the analysis of the justifications for other megaprojects in the Northeast in the last century and how those projects were appropriated by a few economic and political groups from that region in order to take advantage of public money. We believe that the discourse of "drought victims" used by those groups was successful in demanding money from the federal government to build water reservoirs and irrigation projects along with the creation of many governmental institutions, such as the SUDENE, to develop the Northeast. This discourse collaborated to benefit the Northeastern political elite and some economic groups from other parts of Brazil which profited with the construction of those projects. Our conclusion is that the model of development that has been in place in the last decades does not respect the social and environmental characteristics of the Northeast by creating a distance between the government megaprojects and the local population, in contrast with the actions developed by some non-governmental organizations since the eighties that prioritize the local environment with its limits and potentialities. The São Francisco River Diversion Project, publicized by the government as a Project that will provide water for more than 12 million people, reproduces the historical way to deal with the problems in the Northeast by affirming a model of development that degrades the environment and does not respect the reality of those who live in the Northeast. This project impacts the São Francisco River, which already suffers from many human actions of exploitation of its resources. It also impacts many indigenous and afro-descendants communities, fisher peoples and peasants who survive from the abundance of the river. In sum, we conclude that the São Francisco River Diversion Project will be added to a long list of megaprojects that brought benefits to a few while the majority will continue disadvantaged land and water concentrations, the real cause of the social inequality in the Northeast of Brazil / Este trabalho de pesquisa tem o seu foco no Projeto de Transposição das Águas do Rio São Francisco PTARSF para os estados do Nordeste Setentrional. O objeto pesquisado pode ser classificado como a maior obra hídrica já realizada no Brasil e está inserida no campo das grandes obras que prometem levar o desenvolvimento para o Nordeste brasileiro. Nossa apreciação metodológica pautou-se primeiramente pela análise das justificativas para os outros grandes projetos naquela mesma região no último século e de como estes foram apropriados por grupos econômicos e/ou políticos locais e de outras partes do país. Para isso, corroborou o discurso de vítimas da seca amplificado pela elite nordestina com o intuito de reivindicar verbas para a açudagem, os perímetros de irrigação, além da criação de vários órgãos que supostamente trariam o desenvolvimento para o Nordeste e principalmente para o Semiárido, a exemplo da SUDENE. Diante de tantas tentativas ao longo de mais de cem anos, o que teria dado errado? A nossa conclusão é que o modelo de desenvolvimento vendido como o propulsor de melhorias para aquela área do país não respeita as características do meio ambiente local, criando uma dissonância entre os megaprojetos e os habitantes daquele lugar, diferentemente dos vários projetos de convivência com o Semiárido, que surgiram a partir dos anos 1980. O PTARSF, vendido pela propaganda governamental como uma obra que levará água para 12 milhões de pessoas e o desenvolvimento para os estados que receberão as águas do São Francisco, está reproduzindo a lógica secular das grandes obras com gastos públicos para lucros privados, além de reproduzir e ampliar um padrão de desenvolvimento em desacordo com a realidade dos que habitam a área de sua realização. Ele afeta sobremaneira o Rio São Francisco, um manancial que já enfrenta problemas por causa de várias ações antrópicas. O PTARSF também atinge várias comunidades de povos indígenas, remanescentes quilombolas, vazanteiros, pescadores artesanais, etc. Em suma, concluímos que esta é mais uma grande obra para entrar na lista daquelas cuja existência trará benefícios para uns poucos em detrimento da grande maioria da população nordestina sem lidar com as estruturas de concentração agrária e hídrica, verdadeiras causas das desigualdades socioeconômicas do Nordeste

L’objectif de ce travail était d’analyser de manière conjointe différents indicateurs d’abus, de dépendance et de détournement de médicaments psychoactifs en conditions réelles d’utilisation issus de sources de données hétérogènes afin d’en présenter une vision synthétique. Les sources de données utilisées dans ce travail sont issues des outils et programmes des Centres d’Evaluation et d’Information sur la Pharmacodépendance – Addictovigilance (CEIP-A). Elles permettent de mesurer directement l’abus auprès de populations spécifiques de patients dépendants ou sous traitement de substitution par l’enquête OPPIDUM (Observation des Produits Psychotropes Illicites ou Détournés de leur Utilisation Médicamenteuse). Ces outils permettent aussi de mesurer le détournement via la mesure du nombre d’ordonnances falsifiées par l’enquête OSIAP (Ordonnances Suspectes, Indicateur d’Abus Possible) ainsi que la mesure du phénomène de « Doctor Shopping » (chevauchement d’ordonnances) et la mesure du nombre de patients présentant des comportements déviants (issu d’une analyse de classification) à partir de bases de données de remboursement de l’assurance maladie. Cette approche multi-sources a d’abord été appliquée à l’analyse de l’importance du détournement d’usage du clonazépam (Publication n°1). Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence le détournement émergent du clonazépam et a surtout permis d’illustrer les difficultés à faire émerger cette information de manière cohérente et standardisée au travers des différentes sources de données. Ensuite, l’un des pré-requis d’un système de surveillance de l’abus et du détournement de médicaments étant de permettre d’étudier des tendances évolutives, nous avons proposé la méthode de classification visant à établir des profils de sujets déviants de manière à analyser l’évolution de détournement d’usage de méthyphénidate sur quatre années (Publication n°2). Cette méthode de classification a par la suite, été appliquée de manière conjointe à une méthode de mesure du « Doctor Shopping » pour étudier le détournement d’usage de la Buprenorphine Haut Dosage (BHD) dans la région PACA-Corse (Publication n°3). Cette étude nous a non seulement permis de mettre en évidence un problème important de détournement d’usage de la BHD mais elle nous a permis aussi de montrer la concordance entre ces deux méthodes (mesure du « Doctor Shopping » et méthode de classification) et d’évaluer leurs apports respectifs pour la surveillance de l’abus des médicaments. Ces deux méthodes ont par la suite été analysées de manière conjointe aux données issues des enquêtes OPPPIDUM et OSIAP pour permettre d’étudier et de comparer le détournement d’usage des médicaments de la famille des benzodiazépines (Publication n°4) et des opioïdes (Publication n°5). Cette approche multi-sources permet de limiter les biais inhérents à chaque méthode ou source prise isolément. L’ensemble de nos travaux met en exergue la pertinence d’un tel système pour évaluer l’abus d’un médicament mais aussi pour le comparer à d’autres substances. Néanmoins, le développement d’un tel système appliqué au domaine de la pharmacodépendance est relativement nouveau, et nécessite des améliorations tant dans l’intégration d’autres sources de données, que dans la méthodologie employée pour intégrer et synthétiser l’information ainsi obtenue. Finalement, cette thèse a montré que les CEIP-A avaient le potentiel pour mettre en œuvre un système multi-sources pouvant apporter une réelle contribution à l’étude de la pharmacodépendance en France. / The objective of this work was to analyze abuse, dependence and diversion of psychoactive medicines in real settings using jointly different indicators issued from mixed datasources in order to present a synthetic vision. The datasources used in this work are issued from the tools developed by the Centres for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependency (CEIP). They allow to measure directly drug abuse with specific populations of dependent patients or under opiate treatment (OPPIDUM (Observation of the Illicit Psychotropic Products or Diverted from their Medicinal Use) survey)). These tools also allow to measure the diversion via the measure of the phenomenon of “doctor shopping” (overlapping of prescriptions) and the measure of the number of patients presenting a deviant behaviour from general health insurance databases; then they measure diversion through falsified prescriptions presented at pharmacies (the OSIAP (Forged prescriptions indicating potential abuse) survey).This multisources approach has been firstly applied to analyse abuse and diversion of clonazepam (1st publication). This study has highlighted the emerging problem of diversion of clonazepam, after flunitrazepam and has also illustrated the difficulty of analysing with consistency the information gathered by these different datasources. A good system for controlling drug diversion and abuse has to allow analysing trends. We have so proposed a classification method aiming at revealing profile of subjects with deviant behaviour to use it on an evolutive manner so as to study diversion of methylphenidate on a four year period (2nd publication). This classification method has then been applied jointly with a method measuring the “doctor shopping” to analyse diversion of High Dosage Buprenorphine (HDB) (3rd publication). This study has revealed an important problem of diversion of HDB, has also demonstrated that the two methods were globally concordant and has allowed to evaluate their advantages for the controlling of the abuse and diversion of prescription drugs. These two last methods have then been analysed jointly with data from the OPPIDUM and OSIAP surveys to allow to study and compare diversion of benzodiazepine drugs (4th publication) and opioids drugs (5th publication). This multisource approach allows to limit biases linked to each method seen individually. Our work points out the relevance of such a multisources system to estimate the abuse of a prescription drug and to compare it with the other substances. Nevertheless, the development of such a system applied to the domain of the drug dependency is relatively new, and requires improvements concerning the integration of the other sources of data and the methodology used to join and synthetize the information obtained. Finally, such a system "multi-sources” has the potential to exist and to make a real contribution to the domain of the drug dependency in France.

L'essor de la médiation pénale est soutenu par des théories qui en vantent les qualités : nouveau processus de résolution des conflits, nouveaux objectifs pour l'intervention étatique, nouvelles performances organisationnelles. Il en ressort l'image d'une médiation soutenue par un discours reposant en bonne partie sur la figure du réseau et correspondant fortement à la cité par projets théorisée par L. Boltanski et E. Chiapello. Le travail entrepris dans cette thèse de doctorat vise à confronter la médiation pénale à ses idéaux fondateurs. Plus spécifiquement, en se basant sur une étude sociologique qualitative de la médiation pénale belge, l'auteur cherche à tirer au clair la question de l'autorité et du pouvoir : est-il vrai que, comme l'affirment de nombreux auteurs, la médiation ne recourt pas – ou très peu – à l'autorité et au pouvoir ? Au travers de l'analyse des discours tenus dans le bureau-même du médiateur, les enjeux, les ressources et les stratégies des protagonistes sont mis au jour. Au-delà de la question de la conformité aux idéaux fondateurs, la médiation est interrogée en tant que modèle de justice. Quel modèle pour quel projet... et pour quelle place dans le discours actuel sur la pénalité ? Où il apparaît que les pratiques relèvent en bonne partie de l'improvisation et que la médiation pénale a une utilité discursive qui apparaît plus clairement que son éventuelle utilité pratique. La figure de la médiation pénale s'insère en effet harmonieusement dans un discours en quête de légitimations pour la répression.

All life forms require the nutrient phosphorus and it cannot be substituted by any other element. The global cycle of phosphorus is special among the major biogeochemical cycles, since it has no significant gaseous compounds and only closes every 10-100 million years. However, human activities, as application of mineral fertilizers, conversion of natural ecosystems to arable land and releases of untreated waste, intensify remarkably thephosphorus flows. The problems with linear flows of a limited resource leading to eutrophication of aquaticenvironments, for instance, have generated national environmental quality objectives for phosphorus in Sweden. The main objective of this master thesis is to get a holistic overview of how phosphorus is moving through Gothenburg today, using Material Flow Analysis as method. The spatial system boundary is the municipality of Gothenburg and the temporal system boundary is the year of 2009. One way of dealing with the linear flows ofphosphorus might be to develop the wastewater systems used in Gothenburg today. Possible changes in phosphorus flows, if kitchen grinders or urine-diverting toilets were installed in Gothenburg, are evaluated. In order to make the phosphorus management more sustainable, the linear flows have to be closed to a larger extent than today. One way towards this ambition is to emphasize other fertilizers than the mineral ones, like urine and low-contaminated sludge. The MFA shows that the absolutely largest input of phosphorus to Gothenburg is via the food. The two large outputs of the same magnitude are the digested sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of Rya and the ashes from the waste-fuelled district heating power plant of Sävenäs. About 7% of the phosphorus input to Gothenburg continues into the aquatic environment. According to this study, urine diversion and separate collection of food seem prospective in order to decrease the phosphorus flows in digested sludge from the wastewater treatment plant, ashes and aquatic deposition. An additional advantage would be generation of recycled fertilizing products with good quality. / Näringsämnet fosfor är nödvändigt för alla levande organismer och kan inte ersättas av något annat grundämne. Den globala fosforcykeln är speciell då den inte innehåller några gasformiga föreningar och sluts var 10-100 miljonte år. Användning av konstgödsel, omvandling av tidigare orörda ekosystem till odlingsmark och utsläppav förorenat avfall är exempel på mänskliga aktiviteter som intensifierar fosforflöden. Problemet med att linjäraflöden av denna begränsade resurs leder till övergödning av vattenmiljöer har genererat nationella miljömål i Sverige för fosfor. Det huvudsakliga målet med detta examensarbete är att få en översikt av hur fosfor rör sig genom Göteborg idag med hjälp av substansflödesanalys. Den rumsliga systemgränsen är kommungränsen för Göteborg och den tidsmässiga avgränsningen är året 2009. Ett sätt att förbättra de linjära fosforflödena kan vara att utveckla deavloppssystem som idag används i Göteborg. Förändringarna som uppstår i fosforflödena vid installation av urinsorterande toaletter alternativt köksavfallskvarnar undersöks. Linjära flöden måste bli återcirkulerade i en högre utsträckning än idag ifall fosforhushållningen ska gå mot hållbarhet. Ett sätt att nå denna ambition är att lyfta fram andra gödselprodukter än konstgödsel, exempelvis urin och renare slam. Flödesanalysen visar att det definitivt största inflödet av fosfor till Göteborg är via livsmedel. De två största fosforutflödena, båda i samma storleksordning, är rötat slam från Ryaverket och aska från sopförbränningsanläggningen Sävenäs. Cirka 7% av den fosfor som flödar in i Göteborg fortsätter vidare ut i vattenmiljön. Enligt denna studie verkar urinsortering och separat insamling av matavfall vara goda lösningar för en framtid med mindre fosfor i slammet från Rya och i aska samt till vattenmiljön. En ytterligare fördel skulle vara erhållandet av hållbara gödselprodukter med god kvalitet. / <p>This master thesis has also been published as a technical report at Chalmers with Report No. 2011:124.</p>

There are many different types of non-alcoholic beverages (NAB) available in the United States today compared to a decade ago. Additionally, the needs of beverage consumers have evolved over the years centering attention on functionality and health dimensions. These trends in volume of consumption are a testament to the growth in the NAB industry. Our study pertains to ten NAB categories. We developed and employed a unique cross-sectional and time-series data set based on Nielsen Homescan data associated with household purchases of NAB from 1998 through 2003. First, we considered demographic and economic profiling of the consumption of NAB in a two-stage model. Race, region, age and presence of children and gender of household head were the most important factors affecting the choice and level of consumption. Second, we used expectation-prediction success tables, calibration, resolution, the Brier score and the Yates partition of the Brier score to measure the accuracy of predictions generated from qualitative choice models used to model the purchase decision of NAB by U.S. households. The Yates partition of the Brier score outperformed all other measures. Third, we modeled demand interrelationships, dynamics and habits of NAB consumption estimating own-price, cross-price and expenditure elasticities. The Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System, the synthetic Barten model and the State Adjustment Model were used. Soft drinks were substitutes and fruit juices were complements for most of non-alcoholic beverages. Investigation of a proposed tax on sugar-sweetened beverages revealed the importance of centering attention not only to direct effects but also to indirect effects of taxes on beverage consumption. Finally, we investigated factors affecting nutritional contributions derived from consumption of NAB. Also, we ascertained the impact of the USDA year 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans associated with the consumption of NAB. Significant factors affecting caloric and nutrient intake from NAB were price, employment status of household head, region, race, presence of children and the gender of household food manager. Furthermore, we found that USDA nutrition intervention program was successful in reducing caloric and caffeine intake from consumption of NAB. The away-from-home intake of beverages and potential impacts of NAB advertising are not captured in our work. In future work, we plan to address these limitations.

Incarceration of offenders has been relied upon as the dominant sentence option through the years to address the objectives of punishment. Research has shown that the above-mentioned approach does not match the current lifestyle anymore. Correctional centres (prisons) not only in South Africa, but across the board are faced with the same challenge. This is of course not a problem of the Department of Correctional Services alone, but that of the entire justice system. It is therefore obligatory for Justice to join hands with society in accordance with the White Paper on Corrections in South Africa (2005:63-68). Playing a major role in all above-mentioned bodies is Parliament, without which the whole justice system would not exist, let alone functioning. The victims of crime would most probably not condone any soft approach towards treating offenders, worse with alleviating overpopulation by releasing inmates from correctional centres. It is the researcher's submission that the effects of overpopulation coupled with inmate's human rights, as entrenched in the Constitution becomes the major driving force to address overcrowding in our correctional centres. / Penelogy / (M.A. (Penelogy))

« Il faut prendre cela dans un sens ironique » affirmait Bernard-Marie Koltès face à l’incertitude de la réception exprimée dans Der Spiegel : « on ne sait pas vraiment jusqu’à quel point vos sentences philosophiques sont à prendre au sérieux ». Nous proposons d’explorer l’efficacité « séductrice » dont semble emprunte l'écriture koltésienne – notamment à partir de 1977 – si l'on en juge par l'intérêt qu'elle suscite très tôt et continue à susciter, par le fil tendu de l'ironie. Le concept ancien et moderne d’ironie offre à la lecture un outil opérant lorsqu’il s’agit de suivre les lignes de fuite de l’écriture koltésienne. Le concept d’ironie tel que Kierkegaard nous offre de le percevoir se fonde sur la tension insurmontable d’un « ou bien / ou bien » (aut-aut). Tensions entre les contraires, dissonances, sabotages, disparitions, masques, secret gardé par l’écriture, mentions des stratégies du mensonge et des apparences, paradoxes faits d’alliances inextricables entre comique et tragique, violence et sacré, sont autant de procédés d’écriture repérables qui semblent viser la possibilité d’une « vraie » rencontre, bien qu’intenable, entre le monde, l’auteur et son destinataire. Au carrefour de questionnements multiples, d'ordre pragmatique, esthétique, dramaturgique, philosophique, cette recherche littéraire interroge le « pacte » d’écriture d’un auteur avec l’autre, avec le monde, en quête d’un espace « vrai » à partager, dont la vérité tiendrait précisément de son impossible affirmation. Un théâtre qui dit une chose pour en faire entendre une autre. / "We must take this in an ironic sense," said Bernard-Marie Koltès faced to the uncertainty of the reception expressed in Der Spiegel : "one never knows how far your philosophical sentences must be taken seriously." We suggest to explore the "seductive" effectiveness which seems to belong to Koltesian writing - especially from 1977 - judging by the interest it arouses very early and continues to suggest, through the tight wire of irony. The ancient and modern concept of irony offers an operative tool to reading, when it comes to following the lines of escape of Koltesian writing. The concept of irony such as developped by Kierkegaard, is based on the insurmountable tension of a « something /or else" (aut-aut). Tensions between opposites, dissonances, sabotage, disappearance, masks, secret kept by writing, mentions of the strategies of lies and appearances, paradoxes made of inextricable alliances between comic and tragic, violence and sacred, are different ways of writing ; they seem to aim the possibility of a "real" meeting, although inalienable, between the world, the author and his recipient. At the crossroads of multiple pragmatic, aesthetic, dramaturgical, philosophical matters, this literary search questions the "pact" of writing from an author towards everyone, towards the world, looking for a "true" space to be shared and whose truth would precisely be the result of its impossible affirmation. A theater that says something to whisper something else.

This study explores and describes the professional role of the Criminologist in South Africa. National and international research and personal practice are used to demonstrate the role of the South African Criminologist. A qualitative research design supports the exploratory nature of this study. The areas of focus are veracity assessing, criminogenesis, assessment of juveniles, assisting victims of crime through debriefing and compiling victim impact statements and compiling pre-sentence reports. Each of these areas rely on the expert knowledge of the Criminologist and is accompanied by real life case study which is preceded by theoretical explanations and research findings. The research also highlights the quest for professionalising Criminology in South Africa by presenting and analysing the formal application for recognition. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)