Écrites dans le vague souvenir des romans d’apprentissage du début de l’ère industrielle, les œuvres de Marcel Proust, Osman Lins, Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, Joyce Carol Oates et Roberto Bolaño reviennent avec mélancolie à une question qui marque la modernité : comment tracer l’histoire de l’arrivée dans une grande ville ? À la Recherche du temps perdu et Blonde examinent des rituels mondains au sein des capitales transformées par la guerre. L’absence d’ordre produit des fils énigmatiques, à l’image du kaléidoscope, de la spirale, du labyrinthe et de la cité de sable, ces dispositions s’appliquant à l’écriture de l’espace urbain et du récit qui y conduit. L’Énigme de l’arrivée les relie aux problématiques de la migration, de la langue mondiale et de l’empire multiculturel qui se consolide dans la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. L’œuvre de Lins fait converger l’urbanité, l’ésotérisme et des mondanités intellectuelles : l’imitation, la citation, la bibliographie. L’urbain devient une satire chez Bolaño : ses arrivistes et ses carriéristes, qui sont des poètes et des professeurs de littérature, appartiennent à la famille des meurtriers de masse. La nostalgie du roman d’apprentissage urbain, désormais sous le signe du regret, demande une réévaluation intégrale. Alors que la métaphore végétale indique des processus stylistiques de décomposition qui joignent la désurbanisation et l’émergence de la vie de l’esprit, l’écriture des plantes peut conduire plus largement à de nouvelles possibilités d’individuation, moins motivées par la pulsion mondaine qui caractérise les récits capitalistes, et plus discrètement marquées par l’inscription non instrumentale et involontaire, autrement violente, dans la nature. / Written with the vague memory of the novels of formation of the beginning of the industrial era, the novels of Marcel Proust, Osman Lins, Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, Joyce Carol Oates and Roberto Bolaño return with melancholy to a question that has marked modernity: how do we record the story of the arrival in a big city? In Search of Lost Time and Blonde examine the worldly rituals at the heart of the capitals transformed by war. The absence of order produces enigmatic forms: in the image of the kaleidoscope, the spiral, the labyrinth and the city of sand, these forms arrange the writing of the urban space and the narrative that leads into it. The Enigma of Arrival links those processes to the problematics of migration, global language and the multicultural empire that has taken shape during the second half of the twentieth century. The work of Lins brings together urbanity, esoterism and elements of intellectual worldliness: imitation, quotation, bibliography. The urban becomes a satire in Bolaño: his arrivistes and his careerists, who are poets and teachers of literature, belong to the family of mass murderers. The novel of urban formation, now available only as a lost object, a target for nostalgia under the sign of regret, merits thorough reevaluation. Seeing that the vegetal metaphor points to stylistic processes of decomposition that bring together de-urbanization and the emergence of the life of the mind, the writing of plants may lead to new possibilities of individuation, less motivated by the worldly pulsion that characterizes capitalistic narratives, and bearing more discreet traces of the non-instrumental and involuntary, more violent inscription into nature.

En nous fondant sur un corpus de six romans, dont deux de Abdelkébir Khatibi (La mémoire tatouée, 1971, et Amour bilingue, 1983), deux de Patrick Chamoiseau (Écrire en pays dominé, 1997, et Un dimanche au cachot, 2007), et deux de V.Y. Mudimbe (Entre les eaux, 1973, et L'écart, 1979), notre recherche doctorale voudrait interroger la densité et la diversité des textes romanesques de ces écrivains polymorphes au point de contenir en eux tous les genres. Le roman, chez Khatibi, Chamoiseau et Mudimbe, se veut essai, tout comme les essais peuvent aménager en leur sein de la fiction. Dans les séquences ou segments essayistiques, les personnages s'analysent, évaluent les discours, les idées émises dans et sur les romans qu'ils sont en train d'écrire. Khatibi thématise le langage, l'écriture, le personnage écrivain qui médite, pense, rêve et doute en intellectuel, en philosophe, en artiste, en amoureux. Le roman invite à interroger le fréquent vertige qui saisit les personnages, la dérive de la diégèse vers des séquences métatextuelles qui brisent la linéarité du récit, et contribuent à « multiplier la conscience » dans une tentative de déchiffrement des signes. Sous le couvert des jeux de langage, Chamoiseau revisite les préoccupations obsédantes des écrivains antillais : l'histoire, la mémoire, l'oubli, la quête de soi, et l'exploration des possibilités d'écriture. Par le métatexte qu'il dissémine dans les romans, il traduit sa maîtrise des règles du jeu et des enjeux. Jouant avec le thème et la position de dominé dans le champ, la scénographie de l'écrivain qui se fait "Marqueur de paroles" et "Guerrier de l'imaginaire" montre un écart entre énonciation et énoncé, Chamoiseau asseyant sa position de dominant au sein de l'institution et s'affiliant à toutes les grandes célébrités de la littérature mondiale, dont Aimé Césaire, Saint-John Perse, Edouard Glissant, William Faulkner. Chez Mudimbe, le métatexte transforme le roman en objet de discussion sur l'altérité, les paradoxes des sciences humaines en Afrique, la libération de l'Afrique, le tiraillement identitaire du sujet, les stéréotypes du regard occidental de l'Afrique. L'essai dans le roman génère une duplicité énonciative, à la fois quête d'un miroir et histoire de la quête se réfléchissant.

This dissertation examines Breyten Breytenbach‟s memoir Dog Heart, and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong‟o‟s novel Matigari, with particular attention to the use of a mother tongue or another language in the texts, and whether these reflect or impact on the writers‟ sense of personal, cultural and political identity. It compares and contrasts the authors‟ views on, and experiences of, culture, language, translation and exile, and whether these aspects appear in the two primary works. Dilemmas associated with the authors‟ choice of language in their creative works, preferred audiences, and affiliations to their mother tongue speech communities are also explored. By drawing on Breytenbach‟s and Ngũgĩ‟s diverse stances on these issues, and following their respective publishing decisions, it is hoped an interesting conversation is created between these significant political activists and their writing. / English Studies / M.A. (English literature)

Thesis (MPhil (Philosophy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study seeks to give a philosophical account of, and justification for the intuition that subjectivity is not a stable “Archimedean point” on the basis of which an intersubjective relation can be founded, but is instead profoundly affected by each different “Other” with which it enters into a relation. As a preliminary to the positive philosophical account of how this might work in Part II of the thesis, there is an attempt to critique certain of the classical accounts of intersubjectivity found in phenomenology, in order to show that these positions cannot give a satisfactory account of the type of intersubjective relation which gives rise to the abovementioned intuition. The thesis therefore starts off by examining the account of intersubjectivity in Husserl’s Cartesian Meditations (especially the Fifth Meditation). Husserl is there engaged in an attempt to overcome the charge of solipsism that might be levelled at phenomenology, since phenomenology is concerned with experience as, by definition, the experience of the subject. We try to show that Husserl cannot give a satisfactory account of the Other because he tries to derive it from the Subject, and hence reduces the Other to the Same. We then turn to two other phenomenological thinkers – Merleau-Ponty and Levinas, both of whom are themselves critical of Husserl – to examine whether they provide a better account, but conclude that (although each represents a certain advance over Husserl), neither are able to provide a decisively better account, since each is still too caught up in phenomenology and its focus on consciousness. In Part II of the thesis, we then turn to a non- (or even anti-) phenomenological thinker, namely Gilles Deleuze, to try and find an alternative theory that would be able to provide the account we seek. Our contention is that Deleuze, by seeking to give an account of the constitution of the subject itself, simultaneously provides an account of the constitution of the Other as arising at the same time as the Subject. Crucial to this account is the inversion of priority between the poles of a relation and the relation itself. Deleuze argues that a relation is “external to its terms”, and precedes these terms. Hence, by returning to a level which precedes consciousness and the order of knowledge – that is, by returning to the level of the virtual multiplicities and singular events that underlie and precede the actualization of these events and multiplicities in distinct subjects and objects – we argue that Deleuze shows that, contra phenomenology, there is in fact no primordial separation between subject and Other. The contention is therefore that the problem of intersubjectivity as posed by phenomenology is a false one that can be eluded by means of Deleuze’s philosophy. This philosophy is not based on the subject, but instead shows the subject to be the product of an underlying network of relations. Finally, we turn to Deleuze’s appropriation of Nietzsche to trace out the transformation of “ethics” that result from adopting a position like that of Deleuze.

<p>The aim is to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of social categorization and discrimination, as well as the connection between them. This has been accomplished by examining Swedish refugee policy towards Jewish refugees during the Second World War and the Holocaust, as conducted by The Foreigner’s Bureau of the National Board of Health and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during 1938−1944. The study also compares the Swedish refugee policy with that of Denmark, Switzerland, Great Britain and the United States. The investigation is guided by such concepts as social categorization, discrimination, antisemitism, organizational culture and established practice. The primary sources are documents, minutes and personal dossiers; <i>Svensk författningssamling</i> (legislation) and articles in <i>Sociala Meddelanden</i> (the National Board’s official journal).</p><p>The main conclusions are that Sweden was not perceived as a country of immigration, based partly of the widespread fear that too many Jewish refugees would create a “Jewish Question”. Swedish authorities discriminated against Jewish refugees on grounds of “race” through a process of categorization. This process began already in the 1920’s, and gradually transformed the definition of “Jew” from a religious to a “racial” definition, based on the Nuremberg Laws. The differentiation of Jewish refugees in official statistics ceased in September 1943, yet it continued secretly until February 1944, encompassing the Norwegian and Danish Jews as well. One important result shows that the shift in policy – from discrimination to large scale reception – was a slow process where this differentiating practice and antisemitic perceptions remained operative. What is defined as an antisemitic background bustle is used to explain how moderate antisemitic expressions were perceived as “unbiased” and “normal” within the Swedish society. Though Sweden’s refugee policy seems similar to that of other countries surveyed, the shift in policy stands out as unique in comparison.</p>

The aim is to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of social categorization and discrimination, as well as the connection between them. This has been accomplished by examining Swedish refugee policy towards Jewish refugees during the Second World War and the Holocaust, as conducted by The Foreigner’s Bureau of the National Board of Health and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during 1938−1944. The study also compares the Swedish refugee policy with that of Denmark, Switzerland, Great Britain and the United States. The investigation is guided by such concepts as social categorization, discrimination, antisemitism, organizational culture and established practice. The primary sources are documents, minutes and personal dossiers; Svensk författningssamling (legislation) and articles in Sociala Meddelanden (the National Board’s official journal). The main conclusions are that Sweden was not perceived as a country of immigration, based partly of the widespread fear that too many Jewish refugees would create a “Jewish Question”. Swedish authorities discriminated against Jewish refugees on grounds of “race” through a process of categorization. This process began already in the 1920’s, and gradually transformed the definition of “Jew” from a religious to a “racial” definition, based on the Nuremberg Laws. The differentiation of Jewish refugees in official statistics ceased in September 1943, yet it continued secretly until February 1944, encompassing the Norwegian and Danish Jews as well. One important result shows that the shift in policy – from discrimination to large scale reception – was a slow process where this differentiating practice and antisemitic perceptions remained operative. What is defined as an antisemitic background bustle is used to explain how moderate antisemitic expressions were perceived as “unbiased” and “normal” within the Swedish society. Though Sweden’s refugee policy seems similar to that of other countries surveyed, the shift in policy stands out as unique in comparison.

Chapter One introduces the problem that existed in music and logic-psychology at the end of the 19th century. Both music and logic-psychology were in the cul-de-sac of relativism, which had led to obscurity of method and language. Asthetics-criticism is seen to be in the same relativistic position. It is postulated that phenomenological method could aid in music criticism and aesthetic awareness. The second chapter presents a motivic, or Idea, analysis of Schoenberg's second and third string quartets, showing how the twelve-tone method was developed as a way of curing musical composition of the tonal obscurity of late Romanticism. The third chapter is a short exposition of Husserl's development of phenomenological method from his initial work in logic and mathematics to transcendental phenomenology. Chapter Four discusses some of the methodological parallels between Schoenberg and Husserl. Parallels are drawn from all creative periods of their respective work. Chapter Five focuses on similar problems raised in contemporary aesthetic-criticism and their relationship to the methods of Husserl and Schoenberg. Showing how both men solved their problems, a solution is projected for aesthetics-criticism.

AAbbssttrraakktt This diploma thesis deals with historical development of village Solopysky situated 12 kilometers from Kutná Hora in Central Bohemia. In the paper is reflected interwar period from 1918 to 1938 which brought a lot of turning points. There is described influence of those milestones on local inhabitants (e.g. establishment of first Czechoslovakia republic, Munich Agreement). Administrative area of this thesis is focused on mechanisms of operation, organization, structure, personnel management, power and municipal governments' activities. Attention is paid to the then legislation and its introduction into practice. The author tries to clarify tendencies of the municipal economy including municipal budget and dealing with the municipal property. Cultural area of this thesis is focused on school environment, activities of local associations and on the political activities including municipal elections. There is also mentioned description of daily life and atmosphere of the village according to the memories of the local old resident - Mr. Václav Sova. The aim of this thesis is confrontation of narrative sources with sources of the official provenance. Particularly thematic viewpoint was taken in consideration during writing this paper. KKeeyywwoorrddss The municipality, self - goverment, federal...

This graduation thesis is focused on the children's magazine "Mladý hlasatel", which was published by "Melantrich" publishing house during 1935-1941, and his role from September 1937 to September 1938. This thesis would like to analyse principal aspects of its history, especially its influence on readers' interest in issues of active national and state defence. The branches of this analysis are these: current news, belletristic, instructional and educational articles. It also tried to describe the relationship between "Mladý hlasatel" and the other newaspapers and magazines published by "Melantrich", to compile the c. v. of Břetislav Mencák, editor of "Mladý hlasatel". At the same time it found and rebutted many mistakes and inaccuracies, which were unknown. It essentially made visual available this otherwise hard accessible magazine. This thesis would like to be a contribution to the history of "Mladý hlasatel", and to the history of Czech children's magazines and point to the neglected problem of a children's role and potentialities during the Czechoslovak crisis 1938.

Habitat 67 est un complexe résidentiel modulaire de 158 logements, conçu par Moshe Safdie, et construit à Montréal pour l’Exposition universelle de 1967. Sa médiatisation continue fut exceptionnelle par son intensité, son rayonnement et sa durée, en particulier dans la presse spécialisée. Nous avons étudié les publications d’Habitat 67 dans les périodiques d’architecture, une par une et comme un tout, car elles contenaient une énigme en forme de retournement médiatico-historiographique. En effet, Habitat 67 s’imposa d’abord, durant une décennie et sur le mode de l’hypermédiatisation, comme incarnation universelle d’un renouveau salvateur de l’architecture moderne progressiste, une « idée dont le temps est venu » selon la formule canonique de Peter Blake, rédacteur en chef de la revue new-yorkaise Architectural Forum. Puis, sans transition, Habitat 67 servit d’argument essentiel à l’enterrement express du même Mouvement moderne, à titre de fantasmagorie universitaire tardive et déliquescente, « projet de fin d’études construit » selon la sentence du critique et historien d’audience transatlantique Reyner Banham, qui reste prégnante jusqu’à nos jours. L’incohérence apparente laisse entrevoir l’existence d’un objet historique spécifique, Habitat 67 dans la presse architecturale, dans lequel le retournement trouverait origine et explication autonomes. D’où l’idée d’étudier cet objet pour lui-même, par lui-même, et dans son contexte propre. À la croisée des approches d’étude de la réception et d’esthétique de la réception telles que théorisées en histoire de l’art dans les années 1990, notamment par Dario Gamboni et Pierre Vaisse, nous partons à […]. / Habitat 67 is a residential complex of 158 modular apartments, designed by Moshe Safdie, and built in Montreal for the 1967 World Exhibition. Preliminary explorations of its unprecedentedly abundant, widespread and long-lasting coverage in the architectural press had revealed enigmatic synchronicity with the rise and fall of megastructure, ending in death and mourning of the whole Modern Movement. Taking advantage of theories of reception, this study is a methodical and exhaustive survey of the specialised mediatisation of Habitat 67, in itself and in its own context, aiming to establish the autonomy and critical historiographic impact of the phenomenon. After a methodological introduction, the report opens with a prologue unveiling early, academic related, self-training of Safdie as an analyst of editorial policies and their relationship to modern architecture. This portrait of a student pioneering in reception studies by militant commitment is giving brand new and much deeper understanding of the still historiographically vivid «student project that got built» diagnosis emitted in 1967 by critic Reyner Banham. The essay is then structured along the chronological succession of architectural projects and objects to which the media coverage is supposed to refer to, starting with thesis project of 1961. Safdie’s formerly published analysis of editorial policies appears to be fully integrated in the original design as well as in its mediatisation strategy, resulting in lasting and international diffusion as a highly relevant avant-garde feature, providing a progressive dimension to the capitalistic media-favourite «New Montreal Skyline», until 1963. [...]