The public and media are paying more attention to youth offending today and reform proposals that call for more parental responsibility as a means of preventing crime have taken note of this trend. The purpose of the study is to examine discursive descriptions on parenting as they are articulated in relation to parents of young offenders in a selection of publications published by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Based on Foucauldian discourse analysis and Foucault’s theorizations on power, knowledge and subject, the study identifies four discursive representations of parents within the material. We found that parents of young offenders are portrayed as ignorant, immature, morally responsible or risky. It is assumed that the parent is both the cause of unlawful behavior and its solution. The study concludes that in the publications and their underpinning knowledge base, the accountability for societal problems is attributed to the parents. / Allmänheten och media ägnar idag mer uppmärksamhet åt ungdomsbrottsligheten och reformförslag som efterlyser mer föräldraansvar, som ett sätt att förebygga brott, har tagit fasta på denna trend. Syftet med studien är att undersöka diskursiva framställningar om föräldraskap, så som de formuleras i relation till föräldrar till unga lagöverträdare, i ett urval av publikationer utgivna av Socialstyrelsen. Baserat på Foucaults diskursanalys och Foucaults teorier om makt, kunskap och subjekt, identifierar studien fyra diskursiva framställningar av föräldrar i materialet. Vi fann att föräldrar till unga lagöverträdare framställs som okunniga, omogna, moraliskt ansvariga och riskfyllda. Det antas att föräldern är både orsaken till det olagliga beteendet och dess lösning. Inom studien konstateras att publikationerna och deras understödjande kunskapsbas tillskriver föräldrarna ansvaret för samhällsproblem.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur barn som har en omsorgsgivande och ansvarstagande roll i förhållande till sina föräldrar skildras i svenska, statliga texter om barns utsatthet. Utgångspunkten är fenomenet och begreppet young carers/unga omsorgsgivare som har fått stor uppmärksamhet i bland annat England och Australien, men knappt belysts alls i Sverige. Med ett diskursanalytiskt angreppssätt genomförs en näranalys av fyra publikationer utgivna mellan år 1999 och 2013 av Socialstyrelsen. Teorin och metoden som används är en kombination av Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys och diskursteori. Andra teoretiska utgångspunkter är socialkonstruktionism och teori om hur sociala problem konstrueras. Socialstyrelsen har som myndighet stor makt att påverka bilden av sociala problem bland professionella inom bland annat socialtjänst och sjukvård. Den diskursanalytiska genomgången av Socialstyrelsens publikationer fann två diskurser om barns omsorgsgivande och ansvarstagande; en aktörsdiskurs och en objektsdiskurs. Ordet omsorgsgivande återfinns knappt i materialet, men däremot är avsnitt om barns ansvarstagande mer vanligt förekommande. Även familjens och professionellas roll i förhållande till dessa barn och det de gör analyseras. I texterna framträder kärnfamiljen som utgångspunkt vilket problematiseras. Socialsekreterares självuttryckta brist på kompetens gällande barnsamtal diskuteras, samt vad det kan få för effekt för barnen i fråga och på konstruktionen av sociala problem. Unga omsorgsgivare dryftas i förhållande till den svenska välfärdsstaten, då man kan anta att det utbredda sociala skyddsnätet leder till att barn som omsorgsgivare är ett ovanligt fenomen i Sverige. Å andra sidan skulle socialpolitiken kunna osynliggöra unga omsorgsgivare då det blir förgivettaget att barn och föräldrar får det stöd de behöver. Uppsatsens bidrag är att diskutera ett ämne som relativt sällan åskådliggörs i Sverige, men som möjligtvis kommer att bli alltmer uppmärksammat då medvetenheten om barns rätt till delaktighet och aktörskap som omsorgsgivare ökar. / The object of this study is to investigate how Swedish official texts describe children who care for and take responsibility for their parents. The starting point is the term and phenomena young carers which has received a lot of attention in for instance England and Australia, but is yet relatively unknown in Sweden. Through discourse analysis four publications by the National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) are scrutinized. The theory and method used is a combination of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis and discourse theory. Other theoretical points of departure are social constructionism and theory on construction of social problems. Socialstyrelsen has considerable power when it comes to exerting influence on professionals within the institutions of social care and medical services concerning how problems are to be understood and dealt with. The discourse analytical reading of Socialstyrelsen’s publications found two discourses when it comes to young carers: a discourse of agency and a discourse of objectification. The word caring (omsorgsgivande) is hardly to be found in the material, but paragraphs dealing with a taking of responsibility among children occur more frequently. Also the role of the family as well as the role of professionals in relationship to these children and what they do are analyzed. The texts show the conjugal family as a starting point and this fact is problematized. The social worker’s selfexpressed lack of competence in reference to talking to children is discussed, and also what kind of effect this might have on the children in question and in the construction of a social problem. Young carers are mentioned in relation to the Swedish welfare state, since one can assume that the prevailing social safety nets makes young carers an unusual phenomenon in Sweden. Social politics could, on the other hand, make young carers invisible as it becomes a given that children and parents receive all the support they need.  The contribution of the study at hand is to discuss a subject that does not get much visibility in Sweden, but that may attract more attention with greater awareness of children’s right to participate and agency as contributors.

In 1999, Sweden was the first country in the world to criminalize the buying, but not the selling, of sexual services. This law is based on the ideological stance that transactional sex is to be understood as men’s violence against women. Since 1999, however, various studies have shown that not only women sell sex, but that a large number of sex workers are men and transgender. The aim of this study is to investigate how Sweden’s national board of health and welfare (Socialstyrelsen) constructs and presents the gender and sexuality of individuals who are engaged in transactional sex. Educational materials on transactional sex, created by Socialstyrelsen and aimed at health care professionals who work with said individuals, have been processed using critical discourse analysis as elaborated by Fairclough. In this educational material, individuals who engage in transactional sex are portrayed primarily as victims; as such, they lack agency to represent themselves and their situation to the various authorities. Furthermore, professionals who work in this field have asked for methods to talk about transactional sex with their clients, but the material does not supply any such methods or vocabulary. Instead, it is mainly focused on the clients’ need for therapy.

I problemdiskussionen lyfts att litteraturen och forskningen utgår från att en controller är en ekonom som arbetar med ekonomistyrning. Enligt min erfarenhet stämmer inte detta för verksamhetscontrollers i statliga myndigheter. Syftet med uppsatsen är att öka kunskapen om rollen som verksamhetscontroller i statliga myndigheter. Forskningsfrågorna är vilka krav ställer myndigheterna vid rekrytering av verksamhetscontrollers och hur beskriver de arbetsuppgifterna? Vad innehåller tertialuppföljningarna? Metoden har varit att genom en diskursanalys studera innehållet i tertialuppföljning på Socialstyrelsen, Statens institutionsstyrelse och Tullverket. Dessutom har myndigheternas rekryteringsannonser som avser verksamhetscontroller analyserats. Slutsatsen är att arbetsuppgifterna för verksamhetcontrollers på myndighetsnivå är likartade och det ingår inte ekonomiska arbetsuppgifter. De förefaller dock ha olika mandat. Arbetsuppgifterna på avdelnings-/ kompetenscenternivå skiljer sig mellan och inom myndigheterna och inte heller dessa verksamhetscontrollers har ekonomiska arbetsuppgifter. Kraven som ställs på utbildning och erfarenhet har stor spännvidd och ibland har man krav på att den sökande ska ha ekonomisk bakgrund. Min slutsats är att rollen som verksamhetscontroller på avdelnings-/ kompetenscenternivå är under utveckling och att rollen på myndighetsnivå är tydligare. / In literature and research the definition of a controller is an economist working with financial control. According to my knowledge this is not correct for controllers focused on operations management in government agencies The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge of the role as a controller focused on operations management in state agencies. The questions to be answered are what demands does government agencies have when they recruit operations management controllers and how do they describe the  assignments? What is included in the four month follow ups? The method has been by discourse analysis study the content in the four month follow ups at the National Board of Health and Welfare, the National Board of Institutional Care and the Swedish Customs. In the thesis the agencies recruitment ads for controllers focused on operations management is also analyzed. The conclusion is that the assignments for controllers focused on operational management on the agency-wide level is similar between the agencies and few financial assignments are included. The assignments for the lower levels differ within and between the agencies and financial assignment are not included. The controllers at the agency-wide level seem to have different mandates between the agencies. The agencies demands for education and experience varies widely and some of the ads have demands for a background in  finances. My conclusion is that the controller at the department level is under development and the role at the agency-wide level is more distinct.

Bakgrund: Endometrios definieras som närvaro av livmoderslemhinnans vävnad utanför livmodern och är en inflammatorisk, östrogen-relaterad sjukdom som drabbar personer i fertil ålder. En individens fysiska och mentala hälsa påverkas negativt till följd av endometrios-relaterad smärta. Alla personer rekommenderas att vara fysisk aktiva eftersom det ger hälsofördelar.    Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka fysisk aktivitet, fysisk träning och vardagsmotion, och upplevd hälsorelaterad livskvalitet hos personer med endometrios, samt att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och upplevd hälsorelaterad livskvalitet.    Metod: Studien var en kvantitativ icke-experimentell tvärsnittsstudie med deskriptiv design.  Konstaterad endometiosdiagos, minst 15 års ålder samt medlem i någon av de större Facebookgrupperna kring endometrios i Sverige var inklusionskriterier för studien. Fysisk aktivitet studerades med hjälp av socialstyrelsens indikatorfrågor. Fysisk aktivitet räknades om till index 3-19, höga värden visar hög fysisk aktivitet. Hälsorelaterad livskvalitet mättes med EHP-30. Index på EHP-30 räknades om till 0-100, där låga värden indikerar god livskvalitet. Korrelation studerades med hjälp av Spearmans rangkorrelationstest.   Resultat: Av 261 deltagare var resultatet för medianen för fysisk aktivitet 10, vilket är under 150 minuter fysisk aktivitet/vecka. Avseende hälsorelaterad livskvalitet var median 55,8, vilket påvisade en påverkad hälsorelaterad livskvalitet.  Det fanns ett svagt samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet (r=-0,3 och p <0,001).  Slutsats: Det var ett svagt samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet hos personer med endometrios. / Background: Endometriosis is defined as uterine lining tissue outside the uterus and is an inflammatory, estrogen-related disease that affects people of fertile age. An individual's physical and mental health is negatively affected by endometriosis-related pain. All people should be physically active because of the health- benefits.    Objective: The purpose was to examine physical activity, physical exercise and everyday exercise, and perceived health-related quality of life in people with endometriosis, also to investigate the correlation between physical activity and health-related quality of life.   Methods: The study was a quantitative non-experimental cross-sectional study with descriptive design.  Endometriosis diagnosis, a minimum of 15 years and a member of one of the large Facebookgroups about endometriosis in Sweden were the inclusion criteria. Physical activity was studied using the National Board of Health and Welfare's physical activity questions. The index was converted to 3-19, high scores show high physical activity. Health-related quality of life was measured with EHP-30. The index was converted to 0-100, low scores indicate good quality of life. Correlation was studied with Spearman's rank correlation test.    Results: Of 261 participants, the median result for physical activity was 10, less than 150 minutes/week of physical activity. In Health-related quality of life the median results were 55,8, an affected health related quality of life. There was a weak correlation between physical activity and health related quality of life (r = -0.3 and p <0.001).    Conclusion: There was a weak correlation between physical activity and health related quality of life.

Den polariserade debatten om hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck i Sverige har karaktäriserats av å ena sidan en feministisk förklaringsmodell, å andra sidan en kulturspecifik förståelse av problemet. Debatten har sipprat ner till det sociala arbetet och orsakat osäkerhet hos socialarbetare i arbetet med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Socialstyrelsen, som utgör den primära kunskapskällan för socialtjänstensarbete, bidrar inte med tillräckligt stöd för professionella i denna fråga. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur problemrepresentationer av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck produceras genom diskurser i ett urval av Socialstyrelsens kunskapsstöd. Med hjälp av en postkolonial feministisk ansats och diskursanalytisk metod med utgångspunkt i Bacchis angreppssätt ”What’s the problem represented to be?” identifierades och analyserades tre olika diskurser. Vi fann att hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck och patriarkalt förtryck framställdes som ett ”osvenskt” problem, liksom motsägelser mellan problemframställningar och föreslagna insatser. Begreppet ”hederskontext” är centralt i Socialstyrelsens inramning av problemet, men begreppet definieras aldrig utan används snarare för att dölja Andrefiering av våldsutsatta. / The debate on honor-related violence and abuse in Sweden has been characterized by two polarized understandings of the issue, one being feminist and the other a culture-based understanding. This has affected social workers who work with these issues to a point of uncertainty. The National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW), the Swedish authority responsible for producing guidelines for social workers, has not contributed with enough support in this matter. The aim of this study is to analyze how problem representations of honor-related violence and abuse are produced through discourses in a selection of guidelines published by NBHW. The study takes a postcolonial feminist approach and uses Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be?” approach for analyzing policy. The discourses found seem to be contradicting one another and after reviewing the material, we found that NBHW uses the concept of "honor context" to frame the problem. However, this concept is never properly defined or explained, but is rather used to disguise an Othering of victims of honor-related violence and abuse.

Researchers agree that young transgender individuals are at higher risk of mental illness and suicide problems compared to the general population. Through a literature review, the purpose of this study has been to investigate how young transgender people's mental illness can be affected by the National Board of Health and Welfare's new recommendations to limit hormone treatments for transgender people under the age of eighteen.  Since the National Board of Health and Welfare first started to recommend hormone treatment the access to the medication has now been severely limited. The literature review has been conducted through an analysis of 26 scientific articles and the results has been analyzed on the basis of Goffman's theory of stigma and Meyer, minority stress model. The results of this analysis shows that young transgender people pay a high price of stigma and mental illness for living outside of societal norms. As a transgender person, it is important to be seen for who you are and to be able to freely express your gender identity. Being addressed with the right name and pronoun is part of this. The possibility to undergo hormone treatment is thus of great importance for many individuals. At the same time there are risks linked to this treatment. Good relations with and access to health care is therefore crucial. Nevertheless, according to the results in this study young transgender people’s relationship to health care is in fact both complicated and limited.  Based on the identified themes, the conclusion of this study is that the National Board of Health and Welfare's new recommendations increase the risk mental illness for young transgender people, which consequently also may risk costing the lives of these young people.

<p>The aim is to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of social categorization and discrimination, as well as the connection between them. This has been accomplished by examining Swedish refugee policy towards Jewish refugees during the Second World War and the Holocaust, as conducted by The Foreigner’s Bureau of the National Board of Health and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during 1938−1944. The study also compares the Swedish refugee policy with that of Denmark, Switzerland, Great Britain and the United States. The investigation is guided by such concepts as social categorization, discrimination, antisemitism, organizational culture and established practice. The primary sources are documents, minutes and personal dossiers; <i>Svensk författningssamling</i> (legislation) and articles in <i>Sociala Meddelanden</i> (the National Board’s official journal).</p><p>The main conclusions are that Sweden was not perceived as a country of immigration, based partly of the widespread fear that too many Jewish refugees would create a “Jewish Question”. Swedish authorities discriminated against Jewish refugees on grounds of “race” through a process of categorization. This process began already in the 1920’s, and gradually transformed the definition of “Jew” from a religious to a “racial” definition, based on the Nuremberg Laws. The differentiation of Jewish refugees in official statistics ceased in September 1943, yet it continued secretly until February 1944, encompassing the Norwegian and Danish Jews as well. One important result shows that the shift in policy – from discrimination to large scale reception – was a slow process where this differentiating practice and antisemitic perceptions remained operative. What is defined as an antisemitic background bustle is used to explain how moderate antisemitic expressions were perceived as “unbiased” and “normal” within the Swedish society. Though Sweden’s refugee policy seems similar to that of other countries surveyed, the shift in policy stands out as unique in comparison.</p>

The aim is to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of social categorization and discrimination, as well as the connection between them. This has been accomplished by examining Swedish refugee policy towards Jewish refugees during the Second World War and the Holocaust, as conducted by The Foreigner’s Bureau of the National Board of Health and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during 1938−1944. The study also compares the Swedish refugee policy with that of Denmark, Switzerland, Great Britain and the United States. The investigation is guided by such concepts as social categorization, discrimination, antisemitism, organizational culture and established practice. The primary sources are documents, minutes and personal dossiers; Svensk författningssamling (legislation) and articles in Sociala Meddelanden (the National Board’s official journal). The main conclusions are that Sweden was not perceived as a country of immigration, based partly of the widespread fear that too many Jewish refugees would create a “Jewish Question”. Swedish authorities discriminated against Jewish refugees on grounds of “race” through a process of categorization. This process began already in the 1920’s, and gradually transformed the definition of “Jew” from a religious to a “racial” definition, based on the Nuremberg Laws. The differentiation of Jewish refugees in official statistics ceased in September 1943, yet it continued secretly until February 1944, encompassing the Norwegian and Danish Jews as well. One important result shows that the shift in policy – from discrimination to large scale reception – was a slow process where this differentiating practice and antisemitic perceptions remained operative. What is defined as an antisemitic background bustle is used to explain how moderate antisemitic expressions were perceived as “unbiased” and “normal” within the Swedish society. Though Sweden’s refugee policy seems similar to that of other countries surveyed, the shift in policy stands out as unique in comparison.

Den här studien utgår ifrån en dokumentanalys med syftet att undersöka på vilket sätt socialpedagogik tar sig uttryck i Socialstyrelsens rapport om utredningssystemet BBIC, Barns behov i centrum. Centrala begrepp för studien är socialisation och inklusion och det är även utifrån dessa vår frågeställning utgår ifrån. Undersökningen är gjord med hjälp av en riktad kvalitativ innehållsanalys med ett socialpedagogiskt perspektiv som tolkningsram. I vårt material fann vi två kategorier för inklusion och två för socialisation. Kategorierna för inklusion är Med barnet i fokus, där vikten av barnet som en central del i allt som rör barnet betonas, och Delaktighet, där innehållet tar upp vikten av människors deltagande i barnavårdsärenden och i samhällets olika system. Kategorierna för socialisation är Utveckling i interaktion, där man betonar vikten av barnet som ett aktivt subjekt, och Inträde till gemenskapen, vilken uttrycker att människor i socialisationsprocessen behöver ha vissa kunskaper och kompetenser för att uppnå en lyckad socialisation. Vår tolkning av materialet är att innehållet i våra kategorier uttrycker ett socialpedagogiskt förhållningssätt genom målet att arbeta inkluderande samt genom medvetenheten om barns utveckling och socialiseringsprocess.