Le mos maiorum est fondé sur la mémoire et a une nature orale. Le droit Quiritaire était essentiellement fondé sur les mores. Ceux-ci règlent les vies des familiae et des gentes patriciennes. Jusqu’à la rédaction des Douze Tables, le droit était oral et la connaissance et l’interprétation du droit étaient les prérogatives des pontifes. La nature orale de la tradition rend possible sa manipulation politique de la part des patriciens et, dans un deuxième temps, de la noblesse patricio-plébéienne. Ensuite, nous éclairons le passage du droit pontifical à la iurisprudentia laïque qui apparaît vers le IIIe siècle. Nous étudions aussi l’évolution des rapports entre l’auctoritas de la classe dirigeante et la revendication d’équité dans le domaine juridique adressée par le peuple. Nous mettons en lumière la crise de la tradition à l’époque tardo-républicaine. L’appel au mos maiorum par Cicéron et Salluste s’inscrit dans le projet de mettre en œuvre un renouvellement politique de la res publica sur un fondement moral. Le mos maiorum est évoqué dans l’espoir de revenir à la res publica des maiores. Toutefois, à cette époque, l’État s’est effondré et les citoyens ne sont pas à la hauteur de leurs ancêtres. Aussi bien Cicéron que Salluste sont conscients que la tradition ne peut pas constituer un modèle à leur époque. En effet, cette dernière a profondément changé au fil du temps. D’ailleurs, l’évocation du mos maiorum, est mise place aussi bien par les optimates que par les populares dans des buts politiques opposés. La tendance à l’individualisme répandue dans la société tardo-républicaine est la cause de l’effondrement de la res publica. / Mos maiorum is based on memory and it has an oral nature. The Quiritary Law was primarily based on mores. They regulated the the way of living both of familiae and patrician gentes. Prior to the writing of Twelve Tables, the law was oral and the knowledge as well as the interpretation of the law were the prerogatives of the pontiffs. The oral nature of the tradition makes it possible for the patricians and, then, for the patrician-plebeian nobility to provoke its political manipulation. Thereafter, we will enlighten the transition from the Pontifical Law to secular iurisprudentia, which appears approximately at the 3rd century BC. We will also clarify the evolution of relations between the auctoritas of the ruling class and the claim for equity in the legal area appealed by the people. We will shed light on the crisis of tradition in the late republican era. The calling to the mos maiorum by Cicero and Sallust is a part of the project to implement a political renewal of the res publica on a moral basis. Mos maiorum is mentioned in the hope of returning to the res publica of maiores. However, at that time, the state collapses and citizens are not equal to their ancestors. Both Cicero and Sallust are aware that tradition can not be a model in their time. Indeed, the latter has changed profoundly over time. Moreover, the evocation of the mos maiorum is put both by the optimates and by the populares for opposite political purposes. A tendency to widespread individualism in the late-republican society is the cause of the collapse of the res publica.

梁德華. / "2007年8月" / "附錄1: 《漢紀》、《漢書》、《史記》三書比勘表"--P. 1-873 (2nd group). / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(leaves 197-209). / "2007 nian 8 yue" / "Fu lu 1: 'Han ji', 'Han shu', 'Shi ji' san shu bi kan biao"--P. 1-873 (2nd group). / Abstract also in English. / Liang Dehua. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 197-209). / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Chapter 第一章： --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章： --- 荀悦生平及其學術背景 --- p.2 / Chapter 第一節： --- 荀悦的生平 --- p.2 / Chapter 第二節： --- 《漢紀》、《申鑒》引書硏究 --- p.5 / Chapter 第三節： --- 「荀悦曰」與儒家典籍之關係 --- p.35 / Chapter 第三章： --- 《漢紀》用《史記》考 --- p.48 / Chapter 第一節： --- 前人硏究《漢紀》史源槪況 --- p.48 / Chapter 第二節： --- 《漢紀》用《史記》集證 --- p.53 / Chapter i. --- 《漢紀》用《史記》官名、數字及人物例 --- p.54 / Chapter ii. --- 《漢紀》據《史記》補充史料及文句例 --- p.61 / Chapter iii. --- 《漢紀》直用《史記》文辭例 --- p.69 / Chapter iv. --- 《漢紀》據《史記》改寫文辭例 --- p.77 / Chapter V. --- 《漢紀》與徐廣所見古本《史記》相合例 --- p.88 / Chapter 第三節： --- 結語 --- p.91 / Chapter 第四章： --- 《漢紀》用《漢書》考 --- p.100 / Chapter 第一節： --- 化紀傳體爲編年體 --- p.100 / Chapter 第二節： --- 通比其事 --- p.104 / Chapter 第三節： --- 《漢紀》、《資治通鑑》比事硏究 --- p.106 / Chapter i. --- 取材問題. --- p.109 / Chapter a. --- 《漢紀》弓懺《漢´書Ø志》、〈表〉之文句不見於《通鑑》例 --- p.110 / Chapter b. --- 《漢紀》引錄《漢´書Ø傳》之內容不見於《通鑑》例 --- p.118 / Chapter ii. --- 紀年問題 --- p.125 / Chapter a. --- 論《漢紀》記事以人物爲中心而《通鑑》以時間爲中心 --- p.127 / Chapter b. --- 論《漢紀》記事連類相及而《通鑑》繫年於確實年份 --- p.131 / Chapter 第四節： --- 《漢紀》整理《漢書》之方法 --- p.133 / Chapter i. --- 《漢紀》迻錄《漢書》原文例 --- p.133 / Chapter ii. --- 《漢紀》以通假、同義、近義詞改易《漢書》文句例 --- p.135 / Chapter iii. --- 《漢紀》删削《漢書》人物對白例 --- p.139 / Chapter iv. --- 《漢紀》删削《漢書》情節例 --- p.145 / Chapter v. --- 《漢紀》因删削而失《漢書》原文文意例 --- p.152 / Chapter vi. --- 《漢紀》槪括《漢書》文句例 --- p.156 / Chapter vii. --- 《漢紀》修飾《漢書》文辭例 --- p.160 / Chapter viii. --- 《漢紀》改寫《漢書》文句例 --- p.165 / Chapter ix. --- 《漢紀》補充《漢書》例 --- p.172 / Chapter X. --- 《漢紀》倂合《漢書》不同篇章例 --- p.178 / Chapter Xi. --- 《漢紀》據其他古籍改易《漢書》文句例 --- p.186 / Chapter 第四節： --- 結語 --- p.192 / Chapter 第五章： --- 結論 --- p.195 / 參考書目 --- p.197 / Chapter 附錄一： --- 《漢紀》、《漢書》、《史記》三書比勘表 --- p.1-837

I samband med fastighetsaffärer har ansvaret mellan parterna delats upp så att köparen ansvarar för faktiska fel medan säljaren svarar för andra typer av fel. Köparen har dessutom en långtgående undersökningsplikt för fel som denne inte har möjlighet att senare påkalla mot säljaren. Säljaren har å sin sida en upplysningsplikt som dock inte är generell utan omfattar endast vissa fall. I samband med domen i NJA 2007 s 86 kom frågan om felets väsentliga betydelse för köparen och själva köpet som sådant upp. Tyvärr gjorde HD ingen utförligare utredning av vad som skulle bedömas eller omfattas av begreppet. Till följd av att rättpraxis saknar en utförlig förklaring kring vad som ska omfattas av begreppet väsentlig betydelse trots att det vid flera tillfällen använts i både rättspraxis och doktrinen har detta utgjort grunden för den här uppsatsen. Uppsatsen är framförallt baserad på uppgifter från aktuella rättsfall och doktrin för att genomföra en utredning kring begreppet, dess omfång och kriterier för att begreppet ska kunna vara tillämpligt. Efter den genomförda utredningen står det klart att det finns vissa kriterier som omfattas i bedömningen om felet är av väsentlig betydelse för köparen. Inget av kriterierna som kommit fram kan på egen hand användas för att bedöma begreppet utan dem är beroende av varandra. Dessa kriterier är inte absoluta utan varierar beroende av köparens och fastighetens unika karaktärer. Några av kriterierna är av mer objektiv karaktär och kan bedömas utifrån fastigheten medan andra kriterier är ytterst beroende av den specifika köparen och dennes krav gällande standarden på fastigheten och blir därav av en mer subjektiv karaktär / In connection with a property transaction there are some responsibilities that have been split up between the parties. The buyer of the property has a responsibility to investigate the property before to find out factual errors in the property. On the other side the seller has a kind of responsibility to inform the buyer and the seller is also responsible for other kinds of errors in the property. The buyer of the property do by law not have the right to refer a factual error against the seller that the buyer is supposed to find during the examination of the property at hand. Due to the ruling by the Swedish supreme court in the case NJA 2007 s 86 have the question about an errors essential reason for the transaction and the specific buyer occurred. The Swedish Supreme Court does not investigate further into this why this is the subject of this thesis. The investigation in this thesis have been done by looking into case law from the Swedish courts since there is not much information about the subject to find in the Swedish legislation. The investigations finds out that there are some criteria that need to be evaluated in connection to if a factual error is of essential reason for the buyer and the transaction. There are some criteria that are of a more objective level close to the actual property. On the other side there are also some criteria that are of a more subject material and closely linked to the actual buyer of the property. According to the investigation it is not possible to give an exact ruling about the subject due to the fact that every property and potential buyer is unique.

Denna uppsats är gjord på uppdrag av Tarbit Shipping som år 2011 konverterade sin tankbåt M/T Bit Viking från konventionell drift på tjockolja till LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas).Uppdraget som gavs var att upprätta en tränings manual till fartyget då det är ett krav från IMO (International Maritime Organization). Manualen skrevs i 3 st huvuddelar Kategori A, B och C. Kategori A är till för att manskap ombord ska få en kännedom om gasen och säkerhet runt den, Kategori B är skriven till däcksbefäl där det krävs en större kännedom om gasen och Kategori C är till för maskinbefäl. Manualen finns nu ombord på fartyget och på rederi kontoret för utbildning av nypåmönstrad personal och fortlöpande utbildning av ordinarie personal. Manualen är ett resultat på tolkning av IMO´s IGF kod (ANNEX11. RESOLUTION MSC.285(86)) där det står riktlinjer för säkerheten ombord på fartyg med maskiner som drivs på naturgas. / This paper has been produced as a result of an assignment set by Tarbit Shipping which 2011converted one of their product tanker ships from M/T Bit Viking its original heavy fuel oil toLNG (Liquefied Natural Gas). The assignment was to establish a training manual to the shipaccording to IMO´s (International Maritime Organization) IGF code. The manual is written inthree main parts Category A, Category B and Category C. Category A is directed at ratingsand cadets and focuses on gas and safety procedures, Category B is directed at deck officersand focuses on gas, whilst Category C is directed at engine officers and, similar to Category Baims at increasing knowledge levels for engineers. The manual is now located onboard theship and at the company’s office for education of new personnel and for continued educationfor personnel onboard. The manual is a result on an interpretation of IMO´s IGF code(ANNEX11. RESOLUTION MSC.285(86)), in which guidelines are laid out for vesselsfueled by natural gas.

The political career of Gaius Marius (ca. 157-86 BC}, which spans the years between 120 and 86 BC, was memorable not only for its unprecedented personal and public triumphs, but was also of momentous significance in the whole history of the Roman Republic. At precisely the time that Marius achieved a supreme position in the state, the military might of the Romans, hitherto invincible at least in fairly recent times (second century}, had been dealt a series of humiliating setbacks abroad. Firstly, in North Africa by a rather minor despot, Jugurtha the king of Numidia. Secondly, much closer to home in Illyria and in southern Gaul by the migrating Germanic tribes, the Cimbri and the Teutones. Against this background of quite unremitting disaster, Marius obtained a place in republican political life which had not been witnessed before. In his pursuit of senatorial offices, Marius initially experienced both victories and disappointments (success in the tribunician elections but failure in elections for the aedileship) before finally winning the prestigious consulship in the elections held in 108. Thereafter, he was consul a further six times, and five of these consulships were held in successive years between 104 and 100. Just as he was dominant on the field of battle against the Numidians and the Germanic tribes, so, too, did he control the politics of the city during the decade from 108 to 99: The chapters which follow below set out to trace Marius' long rise to preeminence, his contribution to the intricate tribunician legislation of the period in which he flourished and, moreover, his involvement with other senior political figures who were his contemporaries. Furthermore, this biographical study seeks to fully expose the fact that, as a result of his participation in the politics of the time, Marius' career became an obvious example which other equally ambitious politicians (for instance, Sulla, Pompey, Crassus, Caesar and Octavian) sought to emulate or even to surpass. Consequently, Marius may not have realised the extent of the dangers which he bequeathed to the res publica but, inadvertently or not, he caused the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic. / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ancient History) / History

Neste trabalho são apresentados dois modelos para o ensaio de destilação ASTM D-86, desenvolvidos no simulador EMSO e validados por dados experimentais de frações de petróleo disponíveis na literatura. Estes modelos apresentam índice algébrico-diferencial igual a um, diferentemente do primeiro modelo proposto na literatura que apresentava índice algébrico-diferencial igual a 2, o qual não possibilitava ser resolvido pelos simuladores atuais. As predições obtidas com os modelos propostos geraram resultados com desvio médio em torno de 0,6 % em relação aos dados experimentais da literatura. Em seguida, foi estudado o método proposto para determinação de mistura substituta de componentes reais e foram propostas algumas alterações. Esta metodologia pode ser dividida em duas etapas consecutivas. A primeira etapa determina um conjunto de componentes reais e a segunda calcula a composição da mistura substituta de componentes reais de modo a caracterizar misturas complexas de composição desconhecida, como frações de petróleo, substituindo o conceito de pseudo-componentes. Para isso, o algoritmo se baseia em dados experimentais tais como a curva PEV, o °API, a massa molar média da mistura e outras propriedades globais disponíveis. Foram obtidos resultados que se mostraram satisfatórios. Para finalizar este trabalho, foi proposto um novo método para determinação da mistura substituta que utiliza a primeira etapa do algoritmo de determinação de mistura substituta e modificado por este trabalho. Em seguida, é realizada uma estimação dinâmica de parâmetros de condição inicial utilizando um dos modelos desenvolvidos neste trabalho para o ensaio de destilação ASTM D-86. A estimação é baseada principalmente na curva experimental da destilação ASTM D-86 e na densidade à 60°F (ou °API). Os resultados desta nova metodologia foram comparados com outros métodos de determinação de mistura substituta e constatou-se uma melhora na aproximação das suas propriedades quando comparadas com a mistura original de composição desconhecida. / This work presents two models for the assay of distillation ASTM D-86, developed in the EMSO Simulator and validated using experimental data of petroleum fractions available in the literature. These models showed differential-algebraic index equal to one, differently from the first model proposed in the literature that showed differential-algebraic index equal to two. Problems with an index higher than one are usually impossible to solve by modern simulators. The predictions obtained with the proposed models generated results with average deviation of about 0,6% in relation to those in the literature. After this, a method proposed in the literature to determinate the substitute mixture of real compounds for petroleum fractions was studied and slightly modified. This methodology can be divided in the two following steps. The first one determines a group of real components and the second one calculates the composition of the substitute mixture of the real components in order to characterize a complex mixture of unknown composition, as petroleum fractions. This methodology aims at replace the pseudo-components concept. To make this, the algorithm is based in experimental data as the TBP curve, the °API, the average molar mass of the mixture and others global properties available. The obtained results showed to be suitable. Finally, this work proposes a new method to determine the substitute mixture that uses the first step of the algorithm of determination of substitute mixture and modified in this work. Next, it was used a dynamic estimation of parameters in initial conditions using one of the models proposed in this work for the distillation assay ASTM D-86. The estimation is mainly based on distillation experimental curve ASTM D-86 and the density at 60°F (or °API). The results of this new methodology were com pared to other methods of determination of substitute mixture and it was found an evolution in the similarity of its properties when compared to the original mixture with unknown composition.

Η προγεννητική έκθεση στον καπνό του τσιγάρου προκαλεί χρόνια εμβρυϊκή υποξία, απορρύθμιση της ομαλής λειτρουγίας του ενδοκρινικού συστήματος, και διαταραχή της νευροανάπτυξης του εμβρύου, η οποία σχετίζεται με εγκεφαλική δυσλειτουργία, τα οποία δυνητικά θα μπορούσαν να προκαλέσουν ευαλωτότητα για σχιζοφρένεια.. Συνολικά 212 ασθενείς με σχιζοφρένεια ηλικίας 14-30 ετών, και 212 αντίστοιχοι μάρτυρες μελετήθηκαν. Η προγεννητική έκθεση στον καπνό του τσιγάρου των ασθενών με σχιζοφρένεια συγκρίθηκε με εκείνη των μαρτύρων εφαρμόζοντας ανάλυση λογιστικής παλινδρόμησης και έλεγχο για διάφορους παράγοντες που αλληλεπιδρούν και συμβάλλουν στην έκβαση της επίδρασης. Εστίες ενδιαφέροντος ήταν η σύγκριση της συχνότητας καπνίσματος της μητέρας και του πατέρα μεταξύ ασθενών και μαρτύρων, καθώς επίσης και η σοβαρότητα των θετικών και αρνητικών συμπτωμάτων μεταξύ των απογόνων καπνιζόντων και μη καπνιζόντων γονέων. Επιπλέον, διερευνήθηκε η σχετική συχνότητα των υποτύπων σχιζοφρένειας μεταξύ των ασθενών καπνιστών και μη καπνιστών γονέων. Μεταξύ των μητέρων των ασθενών με σχιζοφρένεια και των μαρτύρων, 92 (43,4%) και 46 (21,7%) κάπνιζαν, αντίστοιχα. Το κάπνισμα της μητέρας κατά την εγκυμοσύνη είχε μια σημαντικά μοναδική συνεισφορά στην αύξηση του κινδύνου για την ανάπτυξη της σχιζοφρένειας (p = 0,001), καθώς και μεγαλύτερη σοβαρότητα των αρνητικών συμπτωμάτων (p = 0,023). Ταυτόχρονα, λογιστική ανάλυση παλινδρόμησης έδειξε ότι το κάπνισμα της μητέρας κατά την εγκυμοσύνη είχε σημαντικά μοναδική συνεισφορά στην αύξηση κινδύνου για την ανάπτυξη της σχιζοφρένειας με πιθανή αναλογία=2.32, 95%CI=1.41-3.81, p=0.001 και τη συχνότητα των μη-παρανοϊκών υποτύπων με πιθανή αναλογία= 2.94,95%CI=1.50-5.76, p=0.002. Το κάπνισμα του πατέρα δεν είχε σημαντική επίδραση στον κίνδυνο εκδήλωσης σχιζοφρένειας, ούτε στη σοβαρότητα των αρνητικών συμπτωμάτων. Τα ευρήματα υποδεικνύουν ότι το κάπνισμα της μητέρας κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης θέτει τους απογόνους σε αυξημένο κίνδυνο για σχιζοφρένεια μετέπειτα στη ζωη τους, με αυξημένη σοβαρότητα των αρνητικών συμπτωμάτων. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την ευρεία πρακτική του καπνίσματος κατά την εγκυμοσύνη, η έκθεση του εμβρύου στον καπνό θα μπορούσε να είναι ένας σημαντικός αποτρέψιμος τροποποιήσιμος νευροαναπτυξιακός παράγοντας που αυξάνει την ευαλωτότητα για την εκδήλωση σχιζοφρένειας. / Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke causes chronic fetal hypoxia, dysregulation of endocrine equilibrium, and disruption of fetal neurodevelopment associated with brain malfunction, all of which potentially could induce vulnerability to schizophrenia. A total of 212 schizophrenia patients aged 14-30 years, and 212 matched controls were studied. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure of the schizophrenia patients was compared to that of the normal controls by applying logistic regression analysis and controlling for several confounding factors The outcomes of interest were comparison of the frequency of maternal and paternal smoking between patients and controls as well as the severity of positive and negative symptoms between the offspring of smoking and nonsmoking parents. Furthermore, we investigated the relative frequency of subtypes of schizophrenia among offspring of smoking and non-smoking parent. Among the mothers of schizophrenia patients and controls, 92 (43.4%) and 46 (21.7%) smoked, respectively. Maternal smoking during pregnancy had a significant unique contribution on increasing the risk for development of schizophrenia (p=0.001), and a greater severity of negative symptoms (p=0.023). Simultaneously, logistic regression analysis showed that maternal smoking during pregnancy had significantly unique contribution to increased risk for the development of schizophrenia with possible ratio = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.41-3.81, p = 0.001 and frequency of non-paranoid subtypes as potential ratio = 2.94,95% CI = 1.50-5.76, p = 0.002. Paternal smoking did not have a significant effect on the risk of schizophrenia, or severity of negative symptoms. The findings suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy puts offspring at an increased risk for later schizophrenia, with increased severity of negative symptoms. Given the wide practice of smoking during pregnancy, fetal exposure to tobacco smoke could be a major preventable neurodevelopmental factor that increases vulnerability to schizophrenia.

Ο πολυπολιτισμικός χαρακτήρας των κοινωνιών αντανακλάται έντονα και στον εκπαιδευτικό χώρο. Συγκεκριμένα, στα ελληνικά σχολεία η συνύπαρξη των ντόπιων μαθητών με μαθητές που προέρχονται από διαφορετικές, πολιτισμικά, χώρες αποτελεί πλέον μια συνηθισμένη εικόνα της νέας σχολικής πραγματικότητας. Λαμβάνοντας, λοιπόν, υπόψη την εκπαιδευτική πραγματικότητα, όπου η πολιτισμική ετερότητα αποτελεί βασικό της στοιχείο και αφορμή για την εκδήλωση ποικίλων φαινομένων, στην παρούσα εργασία θα επιχειρήσουμε να περιγράψουμε τις ενδοομαδικές και διομαδικές σχέσεις που δημιουργούνται σε ομάδες πολιτισμικά διαφορετικές, υπό συγκεκριμένες πειραματικές συνθήκες. Ο πληθυσμός της έρευνας αποτελείτο από τριάντα έξι (36) Έλληνες και αλλοδαπούς μαθητές, οι οποίοι φοιτούσαν σε τρία (3) Ολοήμερα Δημοτικά Σχολεία της Αρκαδίας. Σε κάθε σχολείο δημιουργήθηκε ένα δείγμα δώδεκα (12) μαθητών, εκ των οποίων οι έξι (6) ήταν ελληνικής καταγωγής και οι υπόλοιποι έξι αλλοεθνείς. Για τη συλλογή των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως ερευνητικό εργαλείο η μη-συμμετοχική παρατήρηση, η οποία διενεργήθηκε με τη βοήθεια ειδικών εντύπων, των ονομαζόμενων « Σχεδίων Παρατήρησης και Καταγραφής της Συμπεριφοράς». Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνάς μου μπορούν να συνοψιστούν στα εξής κύρια σημεία : 1. Σε συνθήκες ανταγωνισμού, τα μέλη της ομάδας των Ελλήνων μαθητών συνεργάστηκαν μεταξύ τους, με στόχο την καλύτερη επίδοση από την ομάδα των αλλοδαπών μαθητών. Η εκδήλωση ενδοομαδικών συνεργατικών τάσεων και η αύξηση της συνοχής δεν μπορεί να θεωρηθεί ανεξάρτητη από την αντίληψη της κοινής καταγωγής και γλώσσας των μελών. 2. Σε συνθήκες ανταγωνισμού, τα μέλη της ομάδας των αλλοδαπών μαθητών, σε μικρό ποσοστό, εκδήλωσαν τάσεις ενδοομαδικής συμμετοχής και συνεργασίας με τα υπόλοιπα μέλη. Το γεγονός ότι προτίμησαν να εργαστούν ατομικά ο καθένας, ίσως οφείλεται στο ότι δεν έχουν εξοικειωθεί με τον ομαδικό τρόπο εργασίας. Η δεύτερη πιθανότητα ίσως είχε σχέση με τη διαφορετικότητα των μαθητών, η οποία αφορούσε πολιτισμικά και εθνικά χαρακτηριστικά τους. 3. Όσον αφορά τη διομαδική διάσταση, δηλαδή τις σχέσεις μεταξύ των δυο ομάδων παρατηρήθηκε ότι αυτές επηρεάστηκαν από την ύπαρξη ανταγωνιστικών στόχων, οι οποίοι είχαν ως αποτέλεσμα την εκδήλωση αρνητικών διομαδικών συμπεριφορών. 4. Τέλος, παρατηρήθηκε ότι η ύπαρξη ενός κοινού στόχου δεν ήταν ικανός παράγοντας για να οδηγηθούν οι δυο διαφορετικές ομάδες, όσον αφορά την εθνική προέλευση των μελών τους, σε συνεργασία και στην ανάπτυξη θετικών σχέσεων. Οι προϋπάρχουσες αρνητικές στάσεις και στερεοτυπικές πεποιθήσεις της μιας ομάδας για την άλλη, σίγουρα αποτέλεσαν ανασταλτικό παράγοντα στην υιοθέτηση ενός ομαδικού τρόπου σκέψης και δράσης από τα μέλη των δυο ομάδων. / The multicultural character of societies reflects in the educational field. Specific, in Greek schools the coexistence of native students with students who come from different cultural societies portrays the new educational reality. Consider the educational reality, in which multiculturalism is a major element and the main reason for the manifestation of various phenomena, in the present research I will attempt to describe the in group and between group relations that form cultural different perspectives, under certain experimental conditions. The sample of the research consisted of thirty-six Greek and foreign students who attend three all-day elementary schools located in Arcadia, Greece. In each school a sample of twelve students was formed in which six of them were Greek students and the six were foreign students. For the collection of the data I used observational note-taking techniques with a checklist that contained various behavioral features (Behavioral checklist). The results of the research can be summarized on the following main points: 1. In competitive conditions the members of the Greek group cooperated and performed on a higher level than the foreign group. The demonstration of in-group cooperative tendency and the increase of cohesion can’t be considered independent from the perception of common origin and language of the members of the group. 2. In competitive conditions, the members of the group of foreign students demonstrate low level in-group cooperative tendencies with the rest of the members. The fact that they prefer to work individually, maybe so because the students were not familiar with working in groups. A second possibility that the students of the foreign group may not have progressed as the Greek student group maybe because of cultural and ethnic differences. 3. According to the relationship between the two groups, it was observed that the relationship between the students was affected because of the existence of competitive goals that resulted in the demonstration of negative between-group behavior. 4. Finally, it was observed that the existence of common goals was not the major factor that guided the two cultural diverse groups of students to cooperate and to create a positive relationship among the two groups of students. The preconceived and stereotypical notions of each group affected their ability to develop a common way of thinking, to interchange ideas and to focus on a common goal.

SammanfattningVid en fastighetsöverlåtelse är det mångt och mycket som skall regleras så som köpe-kontrakt med alla dess skriftliga krav. Gällande regleringen av fel i fastighet har lag-stiftaren valt att dela upp ansvaret mellan säljare och köpare för att underlätta an-svarsbördan. Faktiska fel i fastighet tillhör köparens ansvarsområde och denne har en undersökningsplikt som fastställer att denne inte äger rätt att gentemot säljaren åbe-ropa de fel denne bort upptäcka vid sin undersökning. Denna ansvarsfördelning har dock ställts på sin spets efter domslutet i NJA 2007 s. 86 då HD ålade en säljare an-svaret kring faktiska fel i form av en upplysningsplikt.Då HD inte lämnat någon vägledning för hur en liknande upplysningsplikt kan ak-tualiseras är rättsläget idag något oklart gällande faktiska fel och vem som bör stå an-svarig. Efter den i uppsatsen utförda utredningen av rättspraxis på området menar författaren att en upplysningsplikt endast bör aktualiseras i de fall där säljaren inte upplyst om ett fel denne haft kännedom om, men även förstått att köparen saknat kännedom om det aktuella felet. Vidare är det av vikt huruvida felet i sig är av en all-varligare karaktär.Därmed har brännpunkten i utredningen fastnat kring säljarens och köparens känne-dom kring felet och även hur allvarligt felets karaktär är. Dock kvarstår viss osäkerhet i rättsläget då HD inte avgjort fler rättsfall kring frågan efter NJA 2007 s. 86. Därmed kommer det bli tämligen intressant att följa framtida mål kring frågan och se hur HD argumenterar för upplysningsplikten och vilka faktorer som de finner avgörande för att upplysningsplikten kring faktiska fel aktualiseras. / AbstractWhen selling a property many matters need to be taken in account for, such as the contract between the parties with all the forms prescribed by law. When settling which party that should carry the liability regarding upcoming errors on the property the legislator has chosen to facilitate the burden of liability between the parties, a delegation that is a quite complicated matter. The buyer is obligated to examine the property for errors that are factual; it is laid down by law that a buyer does not pos-sess the right to refer to factual errors on the property that the buyer would have found while examining.Delegation of liability was subject of matter when the Swedish Supreme Court made the rulings in case NJA 2007 s. 86 public. The property owner was signed a general liability re-garding errors that are factual. The legal position is somewhat indecisive on this liability due to lack of reasoning from the Swedish Supreme Court on how to implement this new liabil-ity. When analyzing relevant case law the author is of the conclusion that, the property owner’s liability to inform the buyer regarding errors that are factual only should be imple-mented when he has not informed the buyer about the errors he has knowledge about. Furthermore the factual errors have to be of a severe nature and the property owner must have understood that the buyer was without knowledge of the errors. The focal point re-gards the knowledge of the property owner regarding the factual errors and the severity of the same. The author is of the conclusion that liability can be signed the property owner only in those cases where the errors is of a severe nature. However uncertainty remains pending rulings from the Swedish Supreme Court on the question. Thus, following the Swedish Supreme Court regarding further case law to see how they interprets the liability will most certainly be of interest.

Neste trabalho são apresentados dois modelos para o ensaio de destilação ASTM D-86, desenvolvidos no simulador EMSO e validados por dados experimentais de frações de petróleo disponíveis na literatura. Estes modelos apresentam índice algébrico-diferencial igual a um, diferentemente do primeiro modelo proposto na literatura que apresentava índice algébrico-diferencial igual a 2, o qual não possibilitava ser resolvido pelos simuladores atuais. As predições obtidas com os modelos propostos geraram resultados com desvio médio em torno de 0,6 % em relação aos dados experimentais da literatura. Em seguida, foi estudado o método proposto para determinação de mistura substituta de componentes reais e foram propostas algumas alterações. Esta metodologia pode ser dividida em duas etapas consecutivas. A primeira etapa determina um conjunto de componentes reais e a segunda calcula a composição da mistura substituta de componentes reais de modo a caracterizar misturas complexas de composição desconhecida, como frações de petróleo, substituindo o conceito de pseudo-componentes. Para isso, o algoritmo se baseia em dados experimentais tais como a curva PEV, o °API, a massa molar média da mistura e outras propriedades globais disponíveis. Foram obtidos resultados que se mostraram satisfatórios. Para finalizar este trabalho, foi proposto um novo método para determinação da mistura substituta que utiliza a primeira etapa do algoritmo de determinação de mistura substituta e modificado por este trabalho. Em seguida, é realizada uma estimação dinâmica de parâmetros de condição inicial utilizando um dos modelos desenvolvidos neste trabalho para o ensaio de destilação ASTM D-86. A estimação é baseada principalmente na curva experimental da destilação ASTM D-86 e na densidade à 60°F (ou °API). Os resultados desta nova metodologia foram comparados com outros métodos de determinação de mistura substituta e constatou-se uma melhora na aproximação das suas propriedades quando comparadas com a mistura original de composição desconhecida. / This work presents two models for the assay of distillation ASTM D-86, developed in the EMSO Simulator and validated using experimental data of petroleum fractions available in the literature. These models showed differential-algebraic index equal to one, differently from the first model proposed in the literature that showed differential-algebraic index equal to two. Problems with an index higher than one are usually impossible to solve by modern simulators. The predictions obtained with the proposed models generated results with average deviation of about 0,6% in relation to those in the literature. After this, a method proposed in the literature to determinate the substitute mixture of real compounds for petroleum fractions was studied and slightly modified. This methodology can be divided in the two following steps. The first one determines a group of real components and the second one calculates the composition of the substitute mixture of the real components in order to characterize a complex mixture of unknown composition, as petroleum fractions. This methodology aims at replace the pseudo-components concept. To make this, the algorithm is based in experimental data as the TBP curve, the °API, the average molar mass of the mixture and others global properties available. The obtained results showed to be suitable. Finally, this work proposes a new method to determine the substitute mixture that uses the first step of the algorithm of determination of substitute mixture and modified in this work. Next, it was used a dynamic estimation of parameters in initial conditions using one of the models proposed in this work for the distillation assay ASTM D-86. The estimation is mainly based on distillation experimental curve ASTM D-86 and the density at 60°F (or °API). The results of this new methodology were com pared to other methods of determination of substitute mixture and it was found an evolution in the similarity of its properties when compared to the original mixture with unknown composition.