L’imagerie à très haute dynamique s’applique à de nombreux domaines de recherche en astronomie et astrophysique. Cette problématique observationnelle est abordée sur plusieurs fronts par de nombreuses techniques complémentaires : coronographie, interferométrie, optique adaptative, controle de front d’onde et discrimination des speckles. La combinaison de celles ci permet d’atteindre un haut contraste avec pour ultime objectif l’imagerie d’exoplanètes et l’étude de l’environnement stellaire. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit se focalise sur la coronographie et plus particulièrement sur l’optimisation active du procedé d’occultation en fonction du contexte observationnel.La première partie de cette recherche traite de l’observation d’objets résolus par le développement d’un masque focal de Lyot de diamètre variable. La deuxième partie s’applique à étendre le concept du masque focal adaptatif au masque de phase de type Roddier pour l’observation de l’environnement proche d’objets non résolus. L’utilisation des propriétés des cristaux liquides permet de réaliser un déphasage par rotation de polarisation et une modulation de transmission à l’extérieur du masque. Cette modulation permet un controle actif d’optimisation de l’interférence pour une adéquation du masque au contexte observationnel : longueur d’onde, morphologie d’image et défauts intrinsèques au masque, agitation atmosphérique. La dernière partie de ce manuscrit ébauche de nouvelles perspectives quant à la possibilité d’une imagerie à haut contraste. La modulation temporelle de phase transmise par un masque focal adaptatif est mise à profit par l’utilisation des méthodes de détection synchrone. / High contrast imaging of extra-solar planets and environments of bright astro- physical objects in general, such as stars, active galactic nuclei or objects of the Solar System is a challenging task. Different approaches are needed if the bright region to occult is optically resolved or not. We present the Adaptive Mask concept, observations on sky and numerical simulations show the usefulness of the proposed methods to optimize the efficiency of the coronagraphs for optically resolved or non resolved objects. Accessing small IWA is considered as an edge as it provides substantial scientific and technical advantages. One of the difficulties of accessing small IWA is that coronagraphs become very sensitive to low-order aberrations such as tip-tilt. Our original approach aims at integrating the small IWA capability and the mitigation of sensitivity to low-order aberrations within the coronagraph itself. Our concept is applicable to both low and high Strehl regimes, corresponding to current and next generation AO systems. The adaptive coronagraph can adapt dynamically, in quasi real time, to adjust to the observing conditions to deliver a stable and optimized contrast at the science image level. The mask adaptability both in size, phase and amplitude also compensates for manufacturing errors of the mask itself, and potentially for chromatic effects. The mask adaptability concept using a local phase modulation in the focal plane allows synchronous modulation for high dynamic range synchronous detection of a faint target immersed in a background. The coherence of the speckles with the central star is used to discriminate them from proper companions.

Le fard est une composition dont l’application sur la peau donne à celle-ci plus d’éclat ou masque un défaut physique. Accusé de tromper, instrument futile ou diabolique auquel fut comparée la peinture, le fard se définit par sa fonction mais ne s’y réduit pas. L’observation de trois vidéos permet d’étudier le fard en tant qu’il est matière colorée et conduit à déterminer ses propriétés spécifiques et les possibilités plastiques qu’elles véhiculent.Cette recherche vise à établir les modalités d’une relation entre le fard, la couleur, et le corps support au travers d’expériences plastiques filmées pour le caractériser ensuite comme médium à partir d’une pratique personnelle. / Makeup is a composition which when applied to the skin gives it more brightness or hides a physical defect. Accused of cheating, a futile or diabolical instrument, which paint has been compared, make-up is defined by its function but has lost nothing through this.The plastic arts experience allows study of make-up because it is colored and this helps determine its specific properties and plastic possibilities.This research aims to establish the details of a relationship between makeup, color and the body, using several videos to characterize it as a medium based on personal practice.

Modern weeding is predominantly carried out by spraying whole fields with toxic pesticides, a process that accomplishes the main goal of eliminating weeds, but at a cost of the local environment. Weed management systems based on AI solutions enable more targeted actions, such as site-specific spraying, which is essential in reducing the need for chemicals. To introduce sustainable weeding in Swedish farmlands, we propose implementing a state-of-the-art Deep Learning (DL) algorithm capable of instance segmentation for remote sensing of weeds, before coupling an automated sprayer vehicle. Cereals have been chosen as the target crop in this study as they are among the most commonly cultivated plants in Northern Europe. We used Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to capture images from several fields and trained a Mask R-CNN computer vision framework to accurately recognize and localize unique instances of weeds among plants. Moreover, we evaluated three different backbones (ResNet-50, ResNet101, ResNeXt-101) pre-trained on the MS COCO dataset and through transfer learning tuned the model towards our classification task. Some well-reported limitations in building an accurate model include occlusion among instances as well as the high similarity between weeds and crops. Our system handles these challenges fairly well. We achieved a precision of 0.82, recall of 0.61, and F1 score of 0.70. Still, improvements can be made in data preparation and pre-processing to further improve the recall rate. All and all, the main outcome of this study is the system pipeline which, together with post-processing using geographical field coordinates, could serve as a detector for half of the weeds in an end-to-end weed removal system. / Site-specific Weed Control in Swedish Agriculture

The goal of this work is to bring automatic defect detection to the manufacturing process of plastic cards. A card is considered defective when it is contaminated with a dust particle or a hair. The main challenges I am facing to accomplish this task are a very few training data samples (214 images), small area of target defects in context of an entire card (average defect area is 0.0068 \% of the card) and also very complex background the detection task is performed on. In order to accomplish the task, I decided to use Mask R-CNN detection algorithm combined with augmentation techniques such as synthetic dataset generation. I trained the model on the synthetic dataset consisting of 20 000 images. This way I was able to create a model performing 0.83 AP at 0.1 IoU on the original data test set.

En el presente trabajo de investigación se analiza la viabilidad de la elaboración y comercialización de mascarillas en crema faciales elaboradas con insumos naturales y orgánicos, envasadas y empaquetadas con productos sostenibles en el medio ambiente bajo la marca Sumaq Skin Care. El presente trabajo, además, cuenta con cuatro capítulos de suma importancia para el correcto análisis. El primero, titulado ‘‘Fundamentos Iniciales’’, incluye el proceso de ideación del modelo de negocio para Sumaq Skin Care. El segundo, titulado ‘‘Validación del Modelo de Negocio’’, incluye el planteamiento del problema a resolver, la segmentación y la solución del problema del presente trabajo debidamente sustentado con experimentos. El tercero, titulado ‘‘Desarrollo del Plan de Negocio’’, incluye el plan estratégico, el plan de operaciones, el plan de recursos humanos, el plan de marketing, el plan de responsabilidad social empresarial y el plan financiero. El cuarto y último capítulo, titulado ‘‘Conclusiones’’, incluye lo evidenciado en el presente trabajo de investigación, los hallazgos más resaltantes y las recomendaciones académicas. / The aim of the following academic investigation is to analyze the viability of the elaboration and commercialization of cream face masks elaborated with natural and organic products with sustainable packaging that won’t harm the environment. This business model has been named Sumaq Skin Care and it bases its sales through the platform created in a web page and the social media Facebook and Instagram. This academic investigation has four important chapters to obtain the correct analysis of the business model. The first, under the title ‘‘Initial basis’’, includes the process to develop the idea of the business model. The second, under the title ‘‘Validation of the Business Model’’, includes the initial problem to solve, the segmentation and the solution to the initial problem. The third, under the title ‘‘Develop of the Business Model’’, includes the strategic plan, the operational plan, the human resources plan, the marketing plan, the corporate social responsibility plan and the financial plan. The fourth and last chapter, under the title ‘‘Conclusions’’, includes the results of the following academic investigation, the most important findings and the academic recommendations. / Trabajo de investigación

En el presente trabajo, se ejecutó un plan de negocios de mascarillas faciales a base de arcillas cosméticas y agar agar, creado por cinco estudiantes de la facultad de Negocios de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC). El proyecto se desarrolló en base a la necesidad que tienen las mujeres en encontrar productos cosméticos con ingredientes naturales que no contengan productos químicos que puedan dañar su piel y que sean amigables con el medio ambiente. Al analizar el mercado de belleza, pudimos apreciar que el crecimiento de este sector es constante y la tendencia a consumir productos de belleza naturales está en proceso de crecimiento. Luego de evaluar las necesidades y requerimientos de nuestro público objetivo, desarrollamos las fórmulas de las tres versiones de mascarillas, usando insumos naturales que cumplen diferentes funciones como purificar, regenerar y limpiar profundamente la piel. El objetivo de este proyecto es poder comercializarlas. Al finalizar nuestro proyecto de ventas, se analizaron los diferentes planes presupuestales del área de RRHH, de operaciones, marketing y de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa, para tener una proyección, en términos monetarios, de lo que necesitamos para llevar a cabo nuestra idea de negocio. Con ello, seremos capaces de saber si es aceptable invertir en él o en todo caso, aprender y crear nuevas ideas de negocio. Los objetivos planteados en este proyecto han sido alcanzados a plenitud, como también los datos encontrados facilitaron el logro de estos. / In the present work, a business plan for facial masks based on clays and agar agar was executed, created by five students from the Business School of the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences (UPC). The project was developed based on the need for women to find cosmetic products with natural ingredients that do not contain chemicals that can damage their skin and that are friendly to the environment. When analysing the beauty market, we could see that the growth of this sector is constant and the trend to consume natural beauty products is growing. After evaluating the needs of our target audience, we developed the formulas for the three versions of masks, using natural inputs that fulfil different functions such as purifying, regenerating and deeply cleansing the skin. The objective of this project is to be able to commercialize them. At the end of our sales project, the different budget plans for the HR, operations, marketing and Corporate Social Responsibility areas will be analysed to have a projection of what we need to carry out our business idea. In addition, to better examine our model, the total project was evaluated to see if it would generate value and if it is profitable. With this, we will be able to know if it is acceptable to invest in it or in any case, learn and create new business ideas. Therefore, the objectives set out in this project have been fully achieved, as well as the data found facilitated their achievement. / Trabajo de investigación

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Bakgrund. Kardiovaskulära sjukdomar är globalt sett den ledande dödsorsaken bland befolkningen. Hälften av dödsfallen beror på plötsligt hjärtstopp. Bakomliggande orsaker kan vara kardiellt eller icke-kardiellt betingat. Optimal luftvägshantering är av avgörande betydelse vid ett hjärtstopp då patienten inte andas själv. Larynxmasken är ett supraglottiskt hjälpmedel och har fått en viktig roll i akuta situationer såsom hjärtstopp där fri luftväg och ventilering snabbt måste upprättas. Syfte. Att beskriva specialistsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att använda larynxmask vid prehospitalt hjärtstopp. Åtta specialistsjuksköterskor vid tre ambulansstationer i norra Sverige deltog i studien. Metod. Data samlades med semi-struktuerade intervjuer och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat. Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier; Att handhavandet är enkelt, att den prehospitala miljön ökar riskerna, att vara i behov av träning för att vara förberedd samt att larynxmasken inte är helt säker. I resultatet framkom att larynxmasken är enkel att använda vid prehospitalt hjärtstopp, men att det finns vissa svårigheter och risker vid applicering till följd av den prehospitala miljön, samt att den inte alltid går att få att sluta tillräckligt tätt för att minska risken för aspiration. Trots detta beskrevs larynxmasken vara ett bra förstahandsval. Slutsats. Vår slutsats är att larynxmasken är ett vitalt hjälpmedel vid prehospitla hjärtstopp men att specialistsjuksköterskor behöver kontinuerlig träning för att känna sig säkra i handhavandet och upprätthålla sin kompetens.

The availability and use of knowledge graphs have become commonplace as a compact storage of information and for lookup of facts. However, the discrete representation makes the knowledge graph unavailable for tasks that need a continuous representation, such as predicting relationships between entities, where the most probable relationship needs to be found. The need for a continuous representation has spurred the development of knowledge graph embeddings. The idea is to position the entities of the graph relative to each other in a continuous low-dimensional vector space, so that their relationships are preserved, and ideally leading to clusters of entities with similar characteristics. Several methods to produce knowledge graph embeddings have been created, from simple models that minimize the distance between related entities to complex neural models. Almost all of these embedding methods attempt to create an accurate static representation of each entity and relation. However, as with words in natural language, both entities and relations in a knowledge graph hold different meanings in different local contexts.  With the recent development of Transformer models, and their success in creating contextual representations of natural language, work has been done to apply them to graphs. Initial results show great promise, but there are significant differences in archi- tecture design across papers. There is no clear direction on how Transformer models can be best applied to create contextual knowledge graph embeddings. Two of the main differences in previous work is how the attention mask is applied in the model and what input graph structures the model is trained on.  This report explores how different attention masking methods and graph inputs affect a Transformer model (in this report, BERT) on a link prediction task for triples. Models are trained with five different attention masking methods, which to varying degrees restrict attention, and on three different input graph structures (triples, paths, and interconnected triples).  The results indicate that a Transformer model trained with a masked language model objective has the strongest performance on the link prediction task when there are no restrictions on how attention is directed, and when it is trained on graph structures that are sequential. This is similar to how models like BERT learn sentence structure after being exposed to a large number of training samples. For more complex graph structures it is beneficial to encode information of the graph structure through how the attention mask is applied. There also seems to be some indications that the input graph structure affects the models’ capabilities to learn underlying characteristics in the knowledge graph that is trained upon.

Bakgrund: Bristande kommunikation är en faktor som påverkar patientsäkerheten negativt inom hälso- och sjukvården. Personlig skyddsutrustning som till exempel skyddsmask 90, används av intensivvårdssjuksköterskor under covid-19 pandemin. Personlig skyddsutrustning såsom skyddsmask 90 har visat sig dämpa ljudnivån på verbal kommunikation, samtidigt som kommunikation genom ansiktsuttryck försvinner helt. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka intensivvårdssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av kommunikation vid användning av skyddsmask 90 i vården av patienter med covid-19. Metod: Denna studie är en kvalitativ intervjustudie, där rekrytering av deltagare genomförts med ett ändamålsenligt urval. Analysen utfördes induktivt med en manifest ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra huvudkategorier. Huvudkategorierna: Att kommunikationen försvåras, att skapa förutsättningar för en bättre kommunikation, att upprätthålla patientsäkerheten, att anpassa sig till arbete i skyddsmask 90. Faktorer som försvårar kommunikationen är att ljudnivån vid samtal blir lägre än normalt. För intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna blir det svårare att lugna och trösta patienterna, då de har svårare att höra och förstå vad som sägs när personalen använder skyddsmask 90. Det som främjar kommunikationen är närhet till patienten, samt en tydlig och strukturerad kommunikation. Patientsäkerheten kan upprätthållas genom att använda vedertagna kommunikationsmodeller vid samtal såsom closed-loop och SBAR, men även genom att fråga för att vara säker på att rätt saker uppfattades. Efter en tillvänjningstid i skyddsmask 90 är det möjligt att upprätthålla en adekvat kommunikation. Slutsatser: För att säkerställa en god kommunikation kan användare av skyddsmask 90 använda sig av kommunikationsverktyg, prata nära, tydligt och endast om relevanta saker. Genom att säkerställa en god kommunikation upprätthålls även en god patientsäkerhet.