Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Verbundverankerung des neuen Verstärkungsmaterials textilbewehrter Beton für Stahlbetonbauteile. Der Detailpunkt der Verankerung mit den Mechanis-men der Kraftübertragung von der textilbewehrten Verstärkungsschicht in den Altbeton wurde auf experimentellem Weg an unterschiedlichen Probekörperformen untersucht. Dazu wurden verschie-dene Haftzug-, Filamentgarnauszug- sowie Schubversuche durchgeführt. Nach der Klärung der grundlegenden Phänomene beim Verbundbruchverhalten von Verstärkungs-schichten wurden zugehörige Versagenskriterien näher beleuchtet. Ein mögliches Versagen des inneren Verbundes wurde durch zusätzlich in das Versuchsprogramm aufgenommene Filamentgar-nauszugsversuche untersucht. Für die Verankerung sind zwei Versagensebenen zu berücksichtigen, die eine getrennte Betrachtung erfordern: der Altbetonuntergrund und die Ebene der textilen Be-wehrung. Mit Hilfe experimenteller Haftzuguntersuchungen wurde ein breit gefächertes Spektrum möglicher Einflussparameter auf die Tragfähigkeit des Verbundes in der Ebene der textilen Bewehrung unter-sucht. Den einzelnen Einflussfaktoren kommt dabei eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung zu. Den aus-schlaggebenden Einfluss auf die Tragfähigkeit des Haftverbundes in der Ebene der textilen Bewehrung liefert die textile Bewehrung selbst. Es wurde ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Ermittlung eines wirksamen Flächenanteiles der textilen Bewehrungsstrukturen entwickelt, welches die Grund-lage für die weiterführenden Betrachtungen zum Verbundversagen durch Delamination in der Ebe-ne der textilen Bewehrung bildet. Das Verbundtragverhalten unter Schubbeanspruchung bildet den Kern der vorliegenden Arbeit. Spezielle Eigenheiten des textilbewehrten Betons werden aufgezeigt und Lösungsvorschläge erar-beitet. Da sich das Verhalten von Verstärkungsschichten aus textilbewehrtem Feinbeton beträcht-lich von bekannten Klebeverbindungen unterscheidet, sind hier völlig neue Wege zu beschreiten. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung wurde ein neues, riss-bildorientiertes Messverfahren entwickelt. Anhand eines Beispielversuchs wird diese neu entwi-ckelte Methode vorgestellt und verbleibende Problempunkte diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Messungen haben gezeigt, dass es mit dem derzeitigen Kenntnisstand nicht möglich ist, für das Verstärkungsmaterial Textilbeton eine Schubspannungs-Schlupf-Beziehung anzugeben. Nach An-sicht der Verfasserin ist die Verwendung einer solchen Modellvorstellung nur für Verstärkungsma-terialien mit linear-elastischem Materialverhalten geeignet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden einige alternative Modellvorschläge für die Beschreibung des Verbundverhaltens angegeben. Separate Modellvorschläge für die Verbundtragfähigkeit unter Haft-zugbeanspruchung und unter Schubbeanspruchung wurden zu einer Interaktion zusammengeführt. Diesem wurden weitere alternative Modellvorschläge wie z. B. die Betrachtung als Stabwerk mit veränderlicher Druckstrebenneigung gegenübergestellt.

I detaljplaneprocessen som regleras enligt plan- och bygglagen, PBL ställs kvar på samråd. Syftet med samrådet är att samla information, önskemål och synpunkter som berör planförslaget och överväga dessa i ett tidigt skede av detaljplanearbetet. Kommunen ska samråda om ett förslag till detaljplan med bland andra länsstyrelsen, lantmäterimyndigheten, kända sakägare och boende som berörs. Kritik riktas mot att gällande lagstiftning medför att samrådet ofta kommer in alltför sent i detaljplaneprocessen, när möjligheten att påverka har begränsats. En tidig dialog i samband med detaljplanering är inte reglerad i PBL. Den genomförs i vissa kommuner som ett verktyg i detaljplaneprocessen. Syftet med examensarbetet är att ur en fastighetsrättslig utgångspunkt undersöka varför, hur och i vilken omfattning som svenska kommuner använder sig av någon form av dialog med medborgare före det lagstadgade samrådet i detaljplaneprocessen. För att besvara den frågan genomförs litteraturstudier av plan- och bygglagstiftningen, med fokus på detaljplaneprocessen, dialog och samråd, tidigare forskning och undersökningar kopplad till dialog och samråd samt deltagar- och delaktighetsmodeller. Efter det följer empiriska studier i form av intervjuer med planchefer och planarkitekter i sju kommuner i Stockholms län och sex kommuner i Västra Götalands län. Utifrån 13 genomförda intervjuer är det tolv av de som intervjuats som företräder kommuner som använder sig av någon form av dialog tidigt i detaljplaneprocessen. • I några få kommuner har medborgarna ett visst inflytande utifrån dialogen. • I flera av kommunerna har medborgarna ett deltagande utifrån dialogen. • I några få kommuner medför inte dialogen att medborgarna får ett deltagande utan mera att de är informerade. • För många kommuner är den tidiga dialogen ett sätt att hämta kunskap och information från de som bor och verkar i ett område inför en detaljplanering. • Flera kommuner har rutiner för att utvärdera en dialog. • Flera kommuner saknar en strategi för dialogen. / In the process with the detailed development plans that is regulated in accordance with the Planning and Building Act, there is a requirement for consultation. The purpose of the consultation is to gather information, wishes and views that concern the plan proposal and consider these at an early stage of the detailed development plans work. The municipality shall consult on a proposal for a detailed development plan with, among others, the county administrative board, affected parties and residents who are affected. Criticism is directed at the fact that current legislation means that the consultation often comes in too late in the detailed development plan process, where the opportunity to influence has been limited. An early dialogue in connection with detailed development plans is not regulated in the Act. It is implemented in some municipalities as a tool in the detailed development plan process. The purpose of the Master thesis is to investigate from a property law point of view why, how and to what extent Swedish municipalities use some form of dialogue with citizens before the statutory consultation in the detailed development plan process. To answer that questions, literature studies of the planning and building legislation are carried out, with a focus on the detailed development plans process, dialogue and consultation, previous research and surveys linked to dialogue and consultation, and participation models. This is followed by empirical studies in the form of interviews with planning managers and planning architects in seven municipalities in Stockholm County and six municipalities in Västra Götaland County. Based on 13 interviews conducted, twelve of those interviewed represent municipalities that use some form of dialogue early in the detailed development plans process. • In a few municipalities, citizens have a certain influence based on dialogue. • In several of the municipalities, citizens have a participation based on dialogue. • In a few municipalities, the dialogue does not mean that the citizens get a participation, but rather that they are informed. • For many municipalities, the early dialogue is a way to gather knowledge and information from those who live and work in an area prior to detailed planning. • Several municipalities have routines for evaluating a dialogue. • Several municipalities lack a strategy for dialogue.

Det existerar ett implementationsgap när det kommer till formulering och implementation av strategi. Detta är något som leder till att företag ofta misslyckas med att realisera strategier. Gapet existerar även för hållbarhetsstrategier, vilka blir allt viktigare som en konsekvens av de hållbarhetsutmaningar som samhället står inför idag. Att förankra en hållbarhetsstrategi är en komplex process. Det involverar många organisatoriska områden och aktiviteter, där olika typer av organisationer har olika förutsättningar. Med detta som utgångspunkt formulerades studiens syfte till att utveckla ett ramverk med huvudområden och nyckelaktiviteter för förankring av hållbarhetsstrategi i teknikkonsultbolag. Hållbarhet är högaktuellt för både konsultbolag och företag inom teknikintensiv industri. Studien ämnar att hjälpa teknikkonsultbolag att minska implementationsgapet och öka den positiva inverkan från deras hållbarhetsstrategier. Med vetenskaplig litteratur som grund togs en analysmodell fram. Analysmodellen innefattar en undersökning och värdering av åtta huvudområden för förankring. Därtill innebär analysmodellen en undersökning och värdering av ett antal nyckelaktiviteter för förankring inom varje huvudområde. Detta lade grunden för det initiala ramverket. De åtta huvudområdena är ledarskap, kommunikation, företagskultur och värderingar, organisatoriskt lärande, resursallokering och planering, organisationsstruktur, formella system samt externa intressenter. Baserat på analysmodellen togs två frågeställningar fram. Den kvalitativa empiriinsamlingen skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuer genomfördes med elva respondenter från tio olika konsultföretag, samt fyra respondenter från studiens uppdragsgivare som är ett teknikkonsultbolag. Syftet med intervjuerna var att undersöka företagens förankringsprocesser av hållbarhetsstrategi för att kunna undersöka och värdera hur viktiga huvudområdena och nyckelaktiviteterna är för förankringen. Analysen resulterade i en slutgiltig version av ramverket med värderade huvudområden samt reviderade och värderade nyckelaktiviteter. Studien resulterade i två slutsatser. Den första slutsatsen är att det finns åtta huvudområden som är relevanta att beakta vid förankring av olika anledningar. De tre viktigaste huvudområdena att fokusera på är ledarskap, kommunikation och företagskultur och värderingar. Däremot får inget huvudområde bortses från helt. Den andra slutsatsen är att det finns flertalet nyckelaktiviteter inom respektive huvudområde att beakta vid förankring, där några konstaterats vara viktigast. Det finns ett överlapp och ömsesidig påverkan mellan huvudområdena. Därtill är hållbarhetsstrategiprocessen iterativ något som kräver ett kontinuerligt arbete med nyckelaktiviteterna. Baserat på slutsatserna togs två rekommendationer fram. Den första rekommendationen är att ta hänsyn till alla åtta huvudområden vid förankring, men prioritera ledarskap, kommunikation och företagskultur och värderingar högst. Däremot får inget huvudområde bortses från helt. Den andra rekommendationen är att vid förankring prioritera de viktigaste nyckelaktiviteterna inom de mest relevanta huvudområdena högst. På grund av överlapp mellan huvudområdena kan positiv förstärkning mellan dem utnyttjas och arbetet bör vara kontinuerligt och anpassas till förändringar. Framtida forskning kan undersöka rekommendationer för vad en organisation bör göra i nästa steg efter att förankringsprocessen påbörjats. Dessutom kan fler intervjuer genomföras, både med fler företag samt fler personer inom samma företag på olika organisatoriska nivåer. Det skulle således kunna stärka ramverket och förståelsen för förankring av hållbarhetsstrategi. Specifikt kan också fler intervjuer med teknikkonsultbolag öka kunskapen om förankring för teknikkonsultbolag. / There is an implementation gap when it comes to strategy formulation and implementation, which leads to companies often failing to realise strategies. This gap also exists for sustainability strategies, which are becoming increasingly important as a consequence of the sustainability challenges facing society today. Embedding a sustainability strategy is a complex process. It involves many organisational areas and activities, with different types of organisations having different requirements. With this as a starting point, the aim of the study was formulated as to develop a framework with main areas and key activities for anchoring sustainability strategy in engineering consulting firms. Sustainability is an important topic for both consultancies and companies in technology-intensive industries. This study aims to help engineering consultancies reduce the implementation gap and increase the positive impact of their sustainability strategies. Based on the scientific literature, an analytical model was developed, consisting of the examination and evaluation of eight main areas for anchoring and the examination and evaluation of a number of key activities for anchoring within each main area. This laid the foundation for the first version of the framework. The eight main areas are leadership, communication, corporate culture and values, organisational learning, resource allocation and planning, organisational structure, formal systems and external stakeholders. Based on the analysis model, two questions were developed. The qualitative empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted with eleven respondents from ten different consulting firms, as well as four respondents from the study’s case company, an engineering consulting firm. The purpose was to investigate the companies’ sustainability strategy anchoring processes in order to examine and evaluate how important the main areas and key activities are for anchoring. The analysis developed a finalised version of the framework with evaluated main areas and revised and evaluated key activities. The analysis resulted in two conclusions. The first conclusion is that there are eight main areas that are relevant to consider when anchoring for different reasons. The three most important main areas to focus on are leadership, communication and corporate culture and values. However, no main area should be completely ignored. The second conclusion is that there are several key activities within each main area to consider for anchoring, but some have been identified as most important. There is an overlap and mutual influence between the main areas. Additionally, the sustainability strategy process is iterative, requiring continuous effort on the key activities. Based on the findings, two recommendations were also developed. The first recommendation is to consider all eight main areas when anchoring, but to prioritise leadership, communication and corporate culture and values the most. However, no main area should be completely ignored. The second recommendation is to prioritise the most important key activities in the most relevant main areas at the top of the anchoring process. Due to overlaps between the main areas, positive reinforcement between them can be utilised, and work should be continuous and adapt to change. Future research could explore recommendations for what an organisation should do in the next steps after the anchoring process has begun. Furthermore, additional interviews could be conducted, both with more companies and more people within the same company at different organisational levels. This could thus strengthen the framework and understanding of anchoring sustainability strategy. Specifically, conducting more interviews with engineering consultancies could enhance knowledge of anchoring in engineering consultancies.

Trust is essential for individuals. We want others to keep their promises and meet our expectations (Dan der Cruijsen et al., 2020, p.680-681). This also applies to banks. For many individuals, trusting their bank is essential to ensure financial security. The interest rate increases between 2022 and 2023, and the increased bank profits, as a result, caught the attention of many individuals. Could two events like these possibly disrupt individuals' trust toward banks? As a result of the high inflation in Sweden in recent years, interest rates increased significantly between 2022 and 2023 which shocked many individuals. Furthermore, banks' profits increased because of the increased interest rates. While banks are profit-making companies, they need to be cautious not to lose the trust of their customers.  This study is based on theories fundamental to answering the study's research questions and purpose. The purpose is to provide an understanding of the factors that affect individuals trust toward their main bank. In addition, the study analyzes factors that may influence the disruption of trust toward banks. The focus will be on whether the interest rate increases and banks' increased profits between 2022 and 2023 have disrupted individuals' trust. The theories used to respond to the purpose are the anchoring effect, point of reference, financial literacy, asymmetric information, and overconfidence.  A quantitative method was adapted for this study to collect data through a questionnaire. By building the questionnaire on appropriate theories, we could examine how our results were consistent with previous research. Later, a linear regression analysis was conducted in Stata based on our collected data. Correlation, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity were tested to obtain proper values.  The results from this study show several factors that affect individuals' trust toward banks. Also, it indicates that the sudden interest rate increases and the increased bank profits between 2022 and 2023 disrupt individuals' trust toward banks. Some factors that affect the level of trust are whether the individual has experience of incorrect financial advice, lives in a small city, and feels that they do not receive enough information from the bank. These factors can be linked to previous research on asymmetric information. Other factors that affect trust are how easily individuals generally trust other people and whether individuals visit a bank office for banking affairs. These factors can be linked to previous research on point of reference. Furthermore, individuals having an elementary school degree as the highest education level and unemployed individuals are factors affecting trust that can be linked to financial literacy. These mentioned factors are only a few, the remaining ones are to be found in the result.  This study provides a better insight into trust and trust disruption because of the two events, increased interest rates, and increased bank profits. The results are beneficial both for individuals and banks.

This study looks at the application of the anchoring vignettes method in evaluating university students' level of English language. The theoretical part of the study describes the possibilities of language level measurement, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and outlines the anchoring vignette method. Works of other authors using this method in different fields (including pedagogy) are also mentioned. One chapter is dedicated to self- assessment and its synonyms - how they are used in practice and research. The practical part presents the results of the author's original survey. Questionnaires were administered on pedagogical and business students in the comparison of self-assessment and objective knowledge survey. This work has illustrated the diversity of usage of the self-assessment scales, undervaluation of the students and the difference between the self-evaluation before and after the correction by the anchoring vignettes. In addition, the findings of this study show that the order of the self-assessment scale and the anchoring vignettes in the questionnaire matters and that placing the vignettes after the self-assessment is preferable.

信用評等機構對於企業與市場投資者而言有著重要且無可取代的功能，其所提供之信用評等資訊應當是許多市場投資者所仰賴的重要決策依據，但近年來，卻有許多外界聲浪質疑信評機構評等之準確性，本論文之研究目的即是希望從錨定效應此一行為偏誤之觀點切入，探討國內信評機構在對企業評等時，是否會受到錨定效應影響，導致評等調整不正確或是評等落後其他財務指標等現象發生。 研究結果顯示，國內信評機構對受評企業之過往財務資訊存在錨定現象，但不至於大幅影響整體違約風險之準確性，且信評機構對受評企業財務之惡化較為敏感。另一方面，本研究也發現，信評機構對於非上市櫃公司、金融業以及初次評等等級在「twAA」以上企業之評等，存在較為明顯之錨定現象。 / Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) play a major role in the financial market. Credit rating purport to provide investors with valuable information they need to make decisions about investing, but the accuracy of the rating itself has been called into question by many investors in recent years. The purpose of this study is to examine the anchoring effect on CRAs while the rating is being given. The results indicate that domestic CRAs tend to be anchored on the past financial information of the issuers. But the impacts are very slightly. Besides this, CRAs seem relatively sensitive to the financial deterioration. Moreover, the anchoring effect are much more significant when the debt issuers are private firms, financial institutions or the companies with greater or equal to twAA initial credit rating.

Ce travail de thèse interroge la notion d'ancrage territorial dans la mise en œuvre des pratiques de Responsabilité Sociétale d'Entreprise (RSE) en faveur du développement économique territorial. Il relève d'une observation participante adossée au programme Une rivière, un territoire DEVELOPPEMENT initié par l'entreprise EDF au sein du bassin versant de la haute vallée de la Dordogne. D'abord, nous conduisons une étude relative aux fondements théoriques et aux contextes socio-économiques dans lesquels s'inscrivent les processus de co-construction des programmes de RSE territorialisée. Notre premier objectif est de mesurer les attentes des parties prenantes dans l'élaboration de ces programmes afin de comprendre comment ces attentes se matérialisent dans les réponses apportées par les entreprises. Ensuite, nous menons trois expérimentations en développant des formes d'ingénierie territoriale spécifiques. Notre deuxième objectif vise à mesurer la contribution effective du programme d'EDF à l'action publique territoriale, à identifier ses limites ainsi que les nouvelles attentes des acteurs. Enfin, nous confrontons nos résultats au programme cadre initié par EDF en réinterrogeant les concepts de RSE et d'ancrage territorial. Notre troisième objectif est de formuler d'éventuelles évolutions des programmes de RSE territorialisée. Les résultats font apparaître que ces programmes s'inscrivent dans des contextes socio-économiques particuliers. Les expérimentations menées mettent en évidence une contribution effective du programme d'EDF au développement territorial autour de formes d'accompagnement spécifiques favorisant l'émergence de projets qui s'inscrivent dans la gouvernance territoriale. De nouvelles attentes apparaissent autour d'un renforcement de l'interdépendance entre l'entreprise et le territoire, c'est pourquoi, nous proposons une évolution de ces programmes en adjoignant au cadre de référence une approche par la valeur partagée et partenariale destinée à favoriser cette interdépendance. / This thesis work investigates the notion of territorial anchoring throught the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) favouring territorial economic development. This work involves field research through the programme “a river, a territory – DEVELOPMENT” initiated by the EDF corporation within the catchment area of the high Dordogne valley. First we conduct a study of the theoretical foundations and socio-economical contexts in which the territorialised CSR co-construction programme processes are involved. Our first objective is to measure stakeholder expectation during the elaboration of these programmes to understand how these expectations materialise into responses given by corporations. Then, we set up three experiments through the development of specific territorial engineering approaches. Our second objective consists in measuring the effective contribution of the EDF programme for territorial public action, identify its limits and new expectations of its actors. Finally, we compared our results against the programme roadmap initiated by EDF by revisiting the CSR and territorial anchoring concepts. Our third objective is to formulate potential evolutions of territorialised CSR programmes. The results show that these programmes are embedded within particular socio-economic contexts. The conducted experimentations show an effective contribution of the EDF territorial development programme around specific support approaches favouring project emergence within territorial governance. Finally, new expectations appear around a reinforcement of the interdependency between corporations and territories. We then propose an evolution of these programmes by joining roadmaps with an approach based on shared and partnership values aimed at favouring this interdependency.

Psychological aspects of evidence evaluation: Abstract The diploma thesis focuses on the topic of judging and decision-making within the process of evidence evaluation. Its main goal is to identify and describe cognitive illusions which can have a negative impact on the process of evidence evaluation. The mutual position of psychology and law in also considered within introductory chapters. The decision making of the judges is initially described by theoretical models. Three cognitive illusions that are essential for evidence evaluation are described in the following chapter. It is anchoring heuristic, hindsight bias and confirmation bias. Eventually risks, which these cognitive illusions represent for evidence evaluation, are described and forms of countermeasures are discussed. One chapter of the thesis is devoted to the description of ego depletion, which could pose another limit for the process of evidence evaluation. Ego depletion describes decline of self-control in cases which demand conscious effort. The judges are probably in a risk of ego depletion. This phenomenon can lead to higher vulnerability towards cognitive illusions and stronger tendency to maintain status quo. Possible countermeasures are described and discussed on one hand against anchoring, hindsight and confirmation bias and on the...

Face au phénomène de désindustrialisation de certains territoires français, accompagné par des mouvements de délocalisation, et dans un contexte de concurrence mondiale exacerbée, la question de l'attractivité des territoires infranationaux se pose avec acuité. Cette thèse porte sur l'attractivité territoriale entendue comme la capacité à retenir des activités économiques étrangères de sorte à favoriser le développement territorial. Ainsi, ces travaux de recherche posent la question du lien théorique et empirique entre action publique locale et ancrage territorial des filiales étrangères / The question of attractiveness of subnational territories is particularly raised due to the fact that some French territories are facing the phenomenon of deindustrialization accompanied with movements of relocation in a context of worldwide competition. This thesis will focus on the territorial attractiveness intended as the capacity to retain foreign economic activities so that favoring local development. Thus, the research works raise the question of the theoretical and empirical link between local public action and the territorial anchoring of foreign subsidiaries. The idea is to understand what this anchoring consists of in terms of local public action, and the way it affects it

Ausgangspunkt dieser vorliegenden Arbeit waren bisherige Untersuchungen unseres Arbeitskreises zum Memb-ranverankerungsverhalten (Phospholipidmembranen, LUV) von Nukleosiden und Oligonukleotiden, welche einen lipophilen Anker an der 5-Position der Pyrimidin- oder an der 8-Position der Purinbase tragen. Diese Nukleolipide ankern gut in der Membran, stehen aber nicht mehr für eine Watson-Crick-Basenpaarung an der Phasengrenzfläche zu Verfügung. Demnach wurde durch die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Reaktionen (Veresterung, Thioetherbildung, Carbamoylverknüpfung oder „Clickreaktion“ zu Triazolen) und verschiedener funktioneller Gruppen (Hydroxy, Thiohydroxy, Azid, Amin) an die 2´-Position der Nukleoside eine Reihe von lipophilen Resten (Alkylketten, Cholesterol, Pyren) eingeführt. Diese Konjugate verankerten ebenfalls gut in den Membranen und es zeigten sich erste Hinweise, dass durch die Einführung eines Spacers zwischen dem Nukleosid und dem lipophilen Anker, eine Basenpaarung an der Phasengrenzfläche möglich ist. Weiterhin zeigte es sich, dass Nukleolipide mit nur einem lipophilen Rest nicht stabil in Membranen verankern, vor allem, wenn dieser nicht verzweigt ist. Bei der Anwendung von Oligonukleotiden zum Ankern in Membranen ist es unbedeu-tend, an welcher Stelle der lipophile Rest am Nukleotid vorkommt, denn zum einen geht das entsprechende Nukleolipid selbst keine Basenpaarung ein und zum anderen erfolgt keine Basenpaarung über dieses hinweg. Für biotechnologische Anwendungen konnte mit Hilfe dieser synthetisierten lipophilen Oligonukleotide gezeigt werden, dass zwei vesikelmembranverankerte Oligonukleotide, welche komplementäre Enden tragen, eine Doppelhelix miteinander bilden und so diese beiden Vesikel auf einen definierten Abstand halten können. Da Nukleolipide einen amphiphilen Charakter aufweisen, sollte unter dem AFM untersucht werden, ob diese supramolekulare Strukturen zeigen. Dies wurde in der Tat auch beobachtet. Ebenso konnten mittels der LB-Technik LB-Schichten aus Nukleolipiden dargestellt werden. / The starting point of this work was found in our previous studies about anchoring behaviour of lipidated nucleo-sides and oligonucleotides in biocompatible phospholipid membranes (LUV). That nucleosides and oligonucleotides bear a lipophilic anchor at the 5-position of pyrimidine or at the 8-position of purinbases. This nucleolipi-des anchor well in such membranes, but were not longer available for a Watson-Crick base pairing at the interface to water. Therefore lipophilic groups (alkyl chain, cholesterol, Pyren etc.) were now connected to the 2''-position of nucleosides by several reactions (esterification, thioether binding, carbamoyl binding or "click reaction") and various functional groups (hydroxy, thiohydroxy, azide, amine) to the 2´-position of nucleosides. These nucleolipides also well anchored in the model membranes, and gave first evidence that by introducing a spacer between the nucleoside and the lipophilic anchor a base pairing at the interface to water is possible. However, only one anchor is not sufficient for a stable anchoring in the phospholipid membranes, especially if they are not branched. It was found out that it is insignifacant for the application of oligonucleotides in membrane anchoring, at which position of nucleotide the lipid is attached, because on the one hand, the corresponding nucleolipid can not form a pair with a corresponding nucleobase and secondly, there is no base pairing in the nucleotides situated between two lipidated positions. For biotechnology applications it might be interesting that two different vesicles each of it furnushed with a complementary lipidated oligonucleotide could be kept together in a defined distance by forming double strand DNA. Since nucleolipide possess amphiphilic character, there abillity to form supramolecular structures was investigated by atomic force microscope (AFM). In addition formation of LB-layers could be achieved by LB-technology.