<p dir="ltr">Deciduous leaf habits have evolved multiple times across many lineages in response to stresses like drought, cold, or darkness. This short, seasonal leaf lifespan allows trees to invest in photosynthesis during prime conditions and retreat to dormancy to survive less favorable conditions. The consequence of short leaf lifespan is that trees must perform an entire year's carbon capture into 6-8 months. This leads to leaves that are cheaper to produce than longer lived evergreen counterparts. As soon as challenging conditions have passed the leaves of deciduous trees expand rapidly; and this expansion has huge impacts on local ecosystems. Other plants like spring ephemerals have evolved to complete the majority of their life cycle before the upper canopy closes off. During the summer, deciduous leaves gather huge amounts of carbon for the trees to survive their dormancy. Finally, as the trees prepare to enter dormancy, nutrients are withdrawn from leaves as the chlorophyll is metabolized, causing them to transition from bright green to shades of red and yellow. In addition to other plants, people find the annual process of renewal on bud burst and tragic decline during senescence fascinating and culturally important. The aim of my thesis is to expand our understanding of winter deciduous leaves through every major stage of development, as well as to investigate how this process may shift due to climate change.</p>

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24654号 / 農博第2537号 / 新制||農||1097(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5435(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 田尾 龍太郎, 教授 土井 元章, 准教授 中野 龍平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

Natural plant growth regulators (phytohormones) are a group of organic compounds which, in very small amounts, act as regulators of physiological processes in plants.Methods were developed for the analysis of phytohormones in samples from Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.) Karst»). Identification of abscisic acid, 3-indoleacetic acid, gibbe-rellin Ag and the conjugate N-(3-indoleacetyl)aspartic acid was performed by GC-MS as their methyl esters. A quantitative determination of abscisic acid was made by GC-ECD and this method was also applied to anther samples of Anemone canadensis. 3-Indole-acetic acid and N-(3-indoleacetyl)aspartic acid were quantified by reversed-phase HPLC and spectrofluorimetric detection. Dichlorophene, used as a growth regulator in containerized seedlings of pine and spruce, was analysed by GC-MID in peat and paper. / digitalisering@umu

La composition phénolique du vin rouge détermine fortement sa qualité: couleur, goût, texture et la plupart des bienfaits pour la santé. Les conditions ambiantes de la vigne modulent l'équilibre hormonal endogène et l'expression de gènes qui contrôlent la voie de synthèse des composés flavonoïdes, en déterminant la composition phénolique finale du raisin. Même s'ils ont été étudiés, les effets des applications des régulateurs de croissance végétale sur l'équilibre hormonal endogène et la qualité du raisin, les effets de ces substances sur la composition et la qualité du vin sont pauvrement documentés. Le traitement des raisins destinés à la vinification avec des régulateurs de croissance végétale est un outil potentiel pour modifier la qualité des raisins et du vin rouge. Ce projet de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact d'applications de régulateur de croissance végétale sur la composition phénolique des raisins de Vitis vinifera L. cépages Cabernet Sauvignon et Carménère. L’acide abscissique, l’acide indole-3-acétique et l'acide 2-chloroethilphosphonique ont été appliqués à divers stades phénologiques du raisin, doses et conditions environnementales: Les essais ont été menés à Maipo et Cachapoal au Chili et à Bordeaux en France, dans des vignobles commerciaux et expérimentaux ainsi que sur des plantes cultivées en pots. Il a été examiné l'effet de ces traitements sur le contenu interne d'hormones, sur l'expression de gènes structuraux et régulateurs de la synthèse de composés flavonoides et sur la qualité des raisins, en particulier la composition phénolique de sa pellicule. De plus, des vinifications ont été réalisées à partir de raisins traités pour déterminer l'effet des traitements sur la composition chimique et phénolique du vin, ainsi que sur des attributs qualitatifs tels que les arômes et la texture des vins, jugés par un panel d'évaluation sensorielle. / Phenolic composition strongly determines red wine quality: color, taste, texture and most health benefits. Vineyard environmental conditions modulate endogenous hormonal balance and gene expression which control the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway leading to final grape phenolic composition. Even when the effects of plant growth regulator applications on grape endogenous hormonal balance and quality have been studied, the effect of these substances on wine composition and quality is poorly documented. The treatment of wine grapes with plant growth regulators is a potential tool in order to modify red wine phenolic composition and quality. This thesis project describes six experiments on plant growth regulator applications on developing grapes of Vitis vinifera L., cvs Cabernet Sauvignon and Carménère. Abscisic acid, Indole-3-acetic acid and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid were applied in different phenological stages, doses and environmental conditions: Maipo and Cachapoal regions in Chile and Bordeaux region in France, commercial and experimental vineyards and plants in containers. The effect on changes in the internal hormonal content, expression of flavonoid biosynthetic and regulatory genes and grape quality, in particular grape skin phenolic composition were examined. In addition, winemaking was performed in order to assess the effect of treatments on wine chemical and phenolic composition and on wine aroma and texture attributes judged by a sensory panel.

La performance d'une plante repose en partie sur sa capacité à capturer l'énergie lumineuse via la croissance foliaire. La littérature souligne deux limitations majeures de la croissance, de nature métabolique ou hydraulique. Nous testons ici l'hypothèse originale que l'importance relative de ces deux limitations est structurée par l'ontogenèse de la feuille chez Arabidopsis thaliana. Nous montrons que la disponibilité en carbone restreint la croissance des jeunes feuilles, tandis qu'une compétition hydraulique entre croissance et transpiration s'accroît au cours de l'ontogenèse. La mise en place de cette limitation hydraulique s'explique par une dégradation de la capacité du xylème et probablement des aquaporines à approvisionner la feuille en eau, malgré une diminution ontogénétique de la transpiration. Cette dernière est la conséquence de l'acquisition progressive de la sensibilité des stomates aux signaux de fermeture, notamment l'obscurité et l'acide abscissique (ABA), hormone induite par la sécheresse. Enfin, nous mettons en évidence une nouvelle composante de la sensibilité stomatique à l'ABA, conservée chez des mutants décrits comme insensibles à cette hormone : l'ABA induit une diminution de la conductance hydraulique foliaire qui abaisse le potentiel hydrique foliaire et in fine la conductance stomatique. Ce mécanisme chez les feuilles développées contribuerait sous stress hydrique à rediriger le flux d'eau vers les feuilles en croissance. Plus généralement, le contrôle des stomates par des mécanismes hydrauliques induits par l'ABA pourrait être une composante majeure de l'ajustement entre offre et demande en eau chez les plantes soumises à un stress hydrique. / In plants, leaf growth is the central process allowing energy capture and space colonization. The literature suggests that leaf growth is predominantly determined by metabolic and hydraulic limitations. Here, we test the original hypothesis that the relative importance of metabolics and hydraulics on the control of leaf growth is organized according to leaf ontogeny in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that leaf carbon balance limits growth of the young leaves which therefore grow at a slower rate in the nighttime, while a hydraulic limitation gradually establishes in the daytime, when growth and transpiration competes for water. This gradual hydraulic limitation is underlain by a deterioration of leaf venation and probably aquaporins capacity to supply water to the leaf, despite an ontogenetic decrease in transpiration. This decline in transpiration occurs because stomata acquire throughout leaf ontogeny their sensitivity to the major closure signals, including darkness and abscisic acid (ABA), a hormone induced by drought. Finally, we discover a novel component of stomatal sensitivity to ABA, conserved in mutants described as insensitive to ABA in isolated epidermis: ABA induces a decrease in leaf hydraulic conductance which lowers leaf water potential and stomatal conductance according to a hydraulic cascade. Decreasing leaf hydraulic conductance through ABA action in fully expanded leaves would contribute to redirect water flow to the young leaves under water stress. More generally, controlling stomata by ABA-induced hydraulic mechanisms could be a crucial component of the coordination between water supply and water demand in plants under water challenging conditions.

[ES] El crecimiento de las plantas se ve afectado por el estrés abiótico, sequía, salinidad o altas temperaturas. La transducción de señales de estrés abiótico es fundamental para generar una respuesta fisiológica adecuada, que implica la participación de diferentes hormonas vegetales, siendo el ácido abscísico (ABA) el regulador hormonal crítico en la regulación de la respuesta de la planta a situaciones de estrés por déficit hídrico. La vía de señalización de ABA y los componentes principales están bien caracterizados molecular y bioquímicamente. Los receptores de ABA "Pyrabactin Resistance 1"(PYR)/"PYR1-LIKE" (PYL)/ "Regulatory Component of ABA Receptor" (RCAR) juegan un papel importante en la regulación cuantitativa de la señalización ABA tanto en semillas como en tejidos vegetativos. Aunque la función bioquímica de los receptores PYR/PYL/RCARs de ABA, está bien caracterizada, se conoce poco sobre otros aspectos con relevancia biológica, como sus modificaciones postraduccionales o la regulación de su vida media. Uno de los avances recientes en este campo ha sido el descubrimiento de una nueva familia de E3 ligasas llamadas RSL1/RFAs ("RING-finger-ABA-related") que consta de al menos 10 miembros, reguladores clave de la estabilidad de los receptores PYR/PYL/RCAR de ABA en tejidos de raíces y hojas, regulando su degradación en diferentes ubicaciones celulares. Un estudio detallado de esta familia génica reveló que RSL1/RFA se caracterizan estructuralmente por la presencia de tres dominios RING putativos en tándem, denominados "RING1-IN BETWEEN RING-RING2" (RBR), y en consecuencia pertenecen a la familia de E3 ligasas de tipo RBR. Cinco miembros de la familia RSL1/RFA, RSL1 y RFA6-RFA9, contienen un dominio TM en el extremo C-terminal, lo que sugiere que RFA6-RFA9 también se localizan en la membrana plasmática. Sin embargo, otros miembros de las E3 ligasas como RFA1-RFA5 carecen del dominio TM C-terminal y su caracterización funcional, así como su ubicación celular, aún no se conocen. Nosotros mostramos que la E3 ligasa RFA1 se localiza en núcleo y citosol, mientras que RFA4 muestra una localización específica en el núcleo promoviendo la degradación nuclear de los receptores ABA. Por lo tanto, los miembros de la familia RSL1/RFA interactúan con los receptores ABA en la membrana plasmática, el citosol y el núcleo, dirigiéndolos a su degradación a través de la vía endosomal/vacuolar (en el caso de RSL1) o el proteosoma 26S (para RFA1 y RFA4). Proporcionamos información sobre la función fisiológica de estas E3 ligasas de tipo RBR. Realizando tanto mutagénesis como ensayos bioquímicos para identificar la cisteína 361 (Cys361) en RFA4 como la Cys del sitio activo, que es una característica distintiva de las E3 ligasas de tipo RBR. Demostramos mediante análisis de inmunotransferencia del mutante con pérdida de función de rfa1rfa4 que los niveles endógenos de los receptores de ABA PYR1 y PYL4 aumentan en comparación con las plantas de tipo silvestre. Hemos identificado una enzima E2, "Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme 26" (UBC26), como la enzima nuclear canónica E2 que interactúa con la E3 ligasa RFA4 y forma complejos UBC26-RFA4-Receptor, formando agregados nucleares. Generamos alelos ubc26 con pérdida de función que mostraban una mayor sensibilidad a ABA y acumulación de receptores ABA en comparación con el tipo silvestre. En definitiva, hemos revelado un sofisticado sistema de ubiquitinación de receptores ABA en diferentes ubicaciones subcelulares llevado a cabo a través de la familia de E3 ligasas RSL1/RFA de tipo RBR. Por otro lado, hemos iniciado pruebas bioquímicas para identificar la S-acilación en el dominio TM de RSL1. Generando RSL1C334S, RSL1 C5S y RSL1C6S mediante mutagénesis y RSL1ΔTM que presenta una delección del dominio TM. Los estudios iniciales han demostrado que los residuos de Cys cercanos al dominio TM están S-acilados. Finalmente, generamos nu / [CA] El creixement de les plantes es pot veure afectat per l'estrès abiòtic, sequera, salinitat o altes temperatures. La transducció de senyals d'estrès abiòtic és fonamental per a generar una resposta fisiològica adequada, que implica la participació de diferents hormones vegetals, sent l'àcid abscísic (ABA) el regulador hormonal crític en la regulació de la resposta de la planta a situacions d'estrès per dèficit hídric. La ruta de senyalització d'ABA i els components principals de la ruta estan ben caracteritzats molecularment i bioquímica. Els receptors "Pyrabactin Resistance 1"(PYR)/"PYR1-LIKE"(PYL)/"Regulatory Component of ABA Receptor" (RCAR) exerceixen un paper important en la regulació quantitativa en resposta a l'estrès tant en llavors com en planta. Encara que la funció bioquímica dels receptors PYR/PYL/RCARs d'ABA, està ben caracteritzada en els últims anys, es coneix poc sobre altres aspectes amb rellevància biològica, com les seues modificacions postraduccionals o la regulació de la seua vida mitjana. Un dels avanços recents en aquest camp ha sigut el descobriment d'una nova família d'E3 ligases anomenades RSL1/RFAs ("RING-finger-ABA-related") que consta d'almenys 10 membres, que són reguladors clau de l'estabilitat dels receptors PYR/PYL/RCAR d'ABA en teixits d'arrels i fulles, regulant la seua degradació en diferents ubicacions cel·lulars. Un estudi més detallat d'aquesta família gènica va revelar que RSL1/RFAs es caracteritzen estructuralment per la presència de tres dominis RING putatius en tàndem, denominats "RING1-IN BETWEEN RING-RING2" (RBR), i en conseqüència pertanyen a la família d'E3 ligases de tipus RBR. Cinc membres de la família RSL1/RFA, RSL1 i RFA6-RFA9, contenen un domini TM en l'extrem C-terminal, la qual cosa suggereix que RFA6-RFA9 també es localitzen en la membrana plasmàtica. No obstant això, altres membres d'aquesta família d'E3 ligases com RFA1-RFA5 manquen del domini TM C-terminal i la seua caracterització funcional, així com la seua ubicació cel·lular, encara no ha sigut investigada. Vam mostrar que l'E3 ligasa RFA1 es localitza tant en el nucli com en el citosol, mentre que RFA4 mostra una localització específica en el nucli promovent la degradació nuclear dels receptors ABA. Per tant, els membres de la família RSL1/RFA interactuen amb els receptors ABA en la membrana plasmàtica, el citosol i el nucli, dirigint-los a la seua degradació a través de la vía endosomal/vacuolar (en el cas de RSL1) o el proteosoma 26S (per a RFA1 i RFA4). Proporcionem informació sobre la funció fisiològica d'aquestes E3 ligases de tipus RBR. Realitzant tant mutagènesis com a assajos bioquímics per a identificar la cisteïna 361 (Cys361) en RFA4 com la Cys del lloc actiu, que és una característica distintiva de les E3 ligases de tipus RBR. Hem demostrat mitjançant una anàlisi d'immuno-transferència del mutant amb pèrdua de funció de rfa1rfa4 que els nivells endògens dels receptors d'ABA PYR1 i PYL4 augmenten en comparació amb les plantes de tipus silvestre. D'altra banda, hem identificat un enzim E2, "Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme 26" (UBC26), com l'enzim nuclear canònic E2 que interactua amb l'E3 ligasa RFA4 i forma complexos UBC26-RFA4-Receptor, formant agregats nuclears. També generem al·lels ubc26 amb pèrdua de funció que mostraven una major sensibilitat a ABA i acumulació de receptors ABA en comparació amb el tipus silvestre. En definitiva, hem revelat un sofisticat sistema d'ubiquitinació de receptors ABA en diferents ubicacions subcel·lulars dut a terme a través de la família d'E3 ligases RSL1/RFA de tipus RBR. Hem iniciat proves bioquímiques per a identificar la S-acilació en el domini TM de RSL1. Hem generat RSL1C334S, RSL1 C5S i RSL1C6S mitjançant mutagènesis, així com RSL1ΔTM que presenta una delecció del domini TM. Els estudis inicials han demostrat que els residus de Cys pròxims al domini TM estan S-acilados. Final / [EN] Plant growth is affected by abiotic stress, drought, salinity or high temperature. Signal transduction of abiotic stress is crucial to generate an appropriated physiological response, which involves the participation of different plant hormones, being abscisic acid (ABA) the critical hormonal regulator in regulating the plant's response to situations of stress due to water deficit. The ABA signaling pathway and the major components of the pathway are well characterized molecularly and biochemically. Pyrabactin Resistance 1 (PYR)/PYR1-LIKE (PYL)/Regulatory Component of ABA Receptor (RCAR) ABA receptors play an important role in quantitative regulation of ABA signaling both in seeds and vegetative tissues. Although the biochemical function of the PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors has been well established in recent years, little is known about other aspects with biological relevance, such as their post-translational modifications or the regulation of their half-life. One of the recent advances in this field has been the discovery of a new family of E3 ligases called RSL1/RFAs (RING-finger-ABA-related) that consists of at least 10 members, which are key regulators of the stability of PYR/PYL/RCARs in root and leaf tissues, and regulate the degradation of ABA receptors at different cellular locations. Further inspection of the gene family revealed that RSL1/RFAs are structurally characterized by the presence of three putative RING domains in tandem, named as RING1-IN BETWEEN RING (IBR)-RING2, and accordingly they belong to the RBR-type E3 ligase family. Five members of the RSL1/RFA family, that is, RSL1 and RFA6-RFA9, contain a TM domain at the C-terminal end of the proteins, which suggests that RFA6-RFA9 are also localized in plasma membrane. However, other members of this family of E3 ligases such as RFA1-RFA5 lack the C-terminal TM domain and their functional characterization, as well as their cellular location, has not been investigated yet. In this study we show that the E3 ligase RFA1 is localized both in the nucleus and in the cytosol, while RFA4 shows a specific localization in the nucleus promoting the nuclear degradation of ABA receptors. Therefore, we members of the RSL1/RFA family interact with ABA receptors at the plasma membrane, cytosol and nucleus, targeting them for degradation via the endosomal/vacuolar pathway (in the case of RSL1) or the 26S- proteasome (for RFA1 and RFA4). We provide information on the physiological function of these RBR-type E3 ligases, which are hardly explored in plants. Additionally, we performed mutagenesis and biochemical assays to identify Cys361 in RFA4 as the active site cysteine, which is a distinctive feature of RBR-type E3 ligases. We have shown by immunoblot analysis of the rfa1rfa4 loss-of-function mutant that endogenous levels of ABA receptors PYR1 and PYL4 are increased compared to wild-type plants. On the other hand, we have identified an E2 enzyme, Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme 26 (UBC26), as the canonical nuclear enzyme E2 that interacts with the E3 ligase RFA4 and forms UBC26-RFA4-Receptor complexes, forming nuclear aggregates. We also generated loss-of function ubc26 alleles that exhibited higher sensitivity to ABA and accumulation of ABA receptors compared to wild type. We have revealed a sophisticated ubiquitination system of ABA receptors in different subcellular locations carried out through the RBR-type RSL1/RFA family of E3 ligases. We have proceeded with the biochemical and genetic study of the different members of the family. We have started biochemical tests to identify the S-acylation in the TM domain of RSL1. To this end, we have generated RSL1C334S, RSL1 C5S and RSL1C6S by mutagenesis as well as RSL1ΔTM, a deletion of the TM domain. Initial studies have shown that Cys residues close to the TM domain are S-acylated. Finally, we have also generated new combined mutants: rsl1rfa1, rsl1rfa5, rfa1rfa5 and rsl1rfa1rfa5. / Fernández López, MA. (2021). Regulación de la señalización del ABA mediante mecanismos que controlan vida media y actividad de los receptores PYR/PYL [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172364 / TESIS

Salinity is a challenge for crop productivity. Hence, plants exposed to saline environments reduce their vegetative and reproductive growth due to adverse effects of specific ions on metabolism and water relations. In order to cope with salinity, plants display physiological mechanisms based on three main aspects: i) source-sink relationships, ii) resource allocation and iii) alterations in endogenous hormone levels. The roles of developmental and hormonal mechanisms in salt response were investigated here. We employed mutants and transgenic tomato plants affecting different aspects of plant development and hormone response in the same genetic background (cultivar Micro-Tom). The following genotypes were used: Galapagos dwarf (Gdw), Lanata (Ln), lutescent (l), single flower truss (sft), sft heterozygous (sft/+), diageotropica (dgt), entire (e), Never ripe (Nr), epinastic (epi), procera (pro), notabilis (not), anti sense Chloroplastic carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7 (35S::asCCD7) and Salicylate hydroxylase (35S::nahG). Among the developmental genotypes studied, sft and l, involved in flower induction and senescence, respectively, were less affected when exposed to salt stress. Although l is considered deleterious due to its precocious senescence, it presented greater shoot biomass and leaf area during salinity. The heterozygous sft/+, whose high productivity was recently linked to an improved vegetative-to-reproductive balance, changed this balance and lowered its yield more than the control MT upon salt treatment. In the analysis of genotypes affecting hormonal status/signaling four kinds of salt responses among the genotypes were observed: i) High shoot growth in spite of high Na:K ratio presented by the strigolactone deficient and high branching CCD7 transgene; ii) High shoot growth and reduced accumulation of Na in tissues (probably due to dilution) presented by the auxin constitutive response e mutant; iii) The opposite response observed in \"ii\" presented by the low auxin sensitivity dgt mutant and iv) growth inhibition combined with reduced levels of Na and higher accumulation of K presented by the not mutant, which produces less ABA. Taken together, the results presented here points to novel developmental mechanisms, such as the promotion of moderate senescence and vegetative growth, and hormonal imbalances to be explored in the pursuing of crops resistant to salt stress. / A salinidade é um desafio para a produtividade agrícola, uma vez que plantas expostas à salinidade tem o crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo reduzido devido aos efeitos adversos de íons específicos no metabolismo e nas relações hídricas. A fim de lidar com a salinidade, as plantas desempenham mecanismos fisiológicos baseados em três principais características: i) relações fonte-dreno; ii) alocação de reservas e iii) alterações nos níveis endógenos de hormônios. Nesse trabalho, investigamos a relação entre os processos de desenvolvimento e de regulação hormonal com a resposta à salinidade. Para tanto foram usados genótipos de tomateiro com alteração em diferentes vias de desenvolvimento e de produção ou sinalização de hormônios vegetais. Os seguintes genótipos foram usados: Galapagos dwarf (Gdw), Lanata (Ln), lutescent (l), single flower truss (sft), sft heterozygous (sft/+), diageotropica (dgt), entire (e), Never ripe (Nr), epinastic (epi), procera (pro), notabilis (not), anti sense Dioxigenase cloroplastídica de carotenoide 7 (35S::asCCD7) e Salicilato hidroxilase (35S::nahG). Entre os genótipos de desenvolvimento estudados, sft e l, relacionados à menor indução floral e senescência respectivamente, foram os menos afetados quando expostos à salinidade. O genótipo l acumulou maior biomassa e área foliar, apesar de ser considerado deletério devido à senescência precoce. As plantas heterozigotas, sft/+, cuja maior produtividade foi recentemente relacionada a um melhor balanço vegetativo/reprodutivo, alteraram esse balanço sob salinidade e reduziram sua produtividade mais que o controle MT sob estresse salino. Na análise dos genótipos com alteração hormonais foram observados quatro tipos de respostas à salinidade: i) elevado crescimento da parte aérea, apesar da razão Na:K ser alta no genótipo CCD7 cujo transgene induz deficiência de estrigolactona e excessiva ramificação; ii) elevado crescimento e acúmulo reduzido de Na nos tecidos (devido provavelmente a diluição) apresentada pelo mutante de resposta constitutiva a auxina e; iii) o oposto da resposta anterior foi apresentado pelo mutante pouco sensível à auxina , dgt; iv) inibição do crescimento combinado com nível reduzido de Na e alto acúmulo de K apresentada pelo mutante not que produz menos ácido abscísico. Considerados em conjunto, os resultados apresentaram temas para novos mecanismos de desenvolvimento, como a promoção moderada de senescência e do crescimento vegetativo além dos desbalanços hormonais, para serem explorados na busca de culturas resistentes ao estresse salino.

<p>Predmet ovog istaživanja&nbsp; bio je ispitivanje&nbsp;uticaja jona tri te&scaron;ka metala (Ni²⁺, Cu^2+&nbsp;i Cd²⁺)&nbsp;u dve toksične koncentracije u zemlji&scaron;tu na&nbsp;fiziolo&scaron;ke i biohemijske karakteristike&nbsp;<br />odabranih klonova topola, M1, B229 i Pe 19/66.&nbsp;Ispitan je i potencijal odabranih klonova topola&nbsp;da vr&scaron;e fitoekstrakciju-akumulaciju te&scaron;kih&nbsp;metala iz zemlji&scaron;ta u svoje nadzemne delove &scaron;to&nbsp;dovodi&nbsp; do dugoročnog uklanjanja ovih&nbsp;perzistentnih polutanata iz životne sredine.&nbsp;Takođe, ispitan je uticaj te&scaron;kih metala na&nbsp;antioksidantni potencijal, sposobnost&nbsp;<br />neutalizacije slobodnih radikala, aktivnosti&nbsp;antioksidantih enzima kao i&nbsp; na sadržaj&nbsp;slobodnih i konjugovanih poliamina (Put, Spm,&nbsp;Spd),&nbsp; određenih HPLC analizom,&nbsp; i sadržaj&nbsp;biljnih hormona poput indol-3-sirćetne kiseline&nbsp;i&nbsp; abscisinske &nbsp;kiseline,&nbsp; određenih GC/MS&nbsp;analizom, u listovima i korenovima klonova topola.</p><p>&nbsp;</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to estimate and compare phytoextraction capacities of three&nbsp;poplar clones (M1, B229 and Pe 19/66) in soil. Furthermore, the goal was to assess &nbsp;different biological responses among the poplar clones during exposure to different concentration of three heavy metal ions (Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ i Cd²⁺). In order to track changes in&nbsp; poplars&rsquo;mineral, physiological, biochemical and antioxidant status during the&nbsp; abiotic stress, quantification of physiological properties, free and conjugated polyamines, total phenolics&nbsp; as well as quantification of phytohormones (indol-3-acetic and abscisic acid) was done. Furthermore, assessment of antioxidant potential by tracking radical scavenger capacities (RSC) against DPPH, ABTS, OH and NO radicals and by measuring enzymes activities (SOD, GSH-Px, GPx, GR) in vitro was performed in root and leaves of poplar clones.</p>

The study of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) will allow for increased understanding of regulation and lead to insight regarding the mechanisms governing growth, development, health, and disease. The aim of this study was to characterize the de novo in silico predictions of Arabidopsis CREs. Eight synthetic and 30 native promoter-constructs containing an eGFP/GUS reporter protein were generated for cold, genotoxic, heat, osmotic, and salt stress; the circadian clock; ABA signaling; root and epidermis tissue. Constructs were stably transformed into A. thaliana Col-0 and the effects of the CREs were evaluated by in planta stress or tissue assays using GUS expression levels. Results reveal a novel genotoxic element that specifically directs GUS expression in rosette leaves during genotoxic stress. Results also look promising for novel epidermis and root-specific elements. Results of these assays validate the de novo prediction pipeline's ability to identify novel and known CREs related to abiotic stress.