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Bakgrund: Omfattande skolfrånvaro för s.k. hemmasittare kan innebära stora konsekvenser för eleven senare i livet och det kan kvarstå ända upp i vuxen ålder. Elever med neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning (NPF) som Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) och Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) är en stor andel av hemmasittarna. Enligt Skolverket har alla elever oavsett funktionsnedsättning rätt till ledning och stimulans i skolan. Eleven ska utvecklas och utifrån sina egna förutsättningar ska de nå sin kunskapsutveckling. Skolan ska under lärarens ansvar och ledning erbjuda det stöd och den undervisningen eleven behöver för att nå läroplanens mål. Syfte: Det övergripande syftet är att undersöka hur lärare arbetar för att underlätta för elever med en neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning att delta i grundskolans undervisning. Metod: Kvalitativ metod användes i studien och data samlades in genom att åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer gjordes med lärare som arbetar med elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar i en skolkontext. Resultatet har analyserats med tematisk analys. Resultat och slutsatser: Under analysen framkom det fyra teman: Lärarens komplexa roll i arbetet med elever med en NPF-diagnos, elever med NPF-diagnos individuella behov i centrum i lärarens arbete, organiserat arbete och teknik skapar trygghet för eleven, och vikten av kollegialt stöd och samarbete som viktiga i lärarnas arbete. Lärarna använder sig av strategier, tydliggörande pedagogik, analoga och digitala hjälpmedel i undervisningen för att underlätta för eleven med neuropsykiatrisk diagnos. Tydliggörande pedagogik och hjälpmedel i all ära är viktiga i undervisningen men det är lärarens relationsskapande till eleven med neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning som gör att eleven kommer till skolan. / Background: Comprehensive school absence for so-called Home sitting can have major consequences for the student later in life and it can persist right up to adulthood. Students with neuropsychiatric disabilities (NPF) such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are a large proportion of home residents. According to the National Agency for Education, all students, regardless of disability, have the right to leadership and stimulation in the school. The pupil will develop and on the basis of his / her own conditions, they will reach their knowledge development. The school must, under the teacher's responsibility and guidance, offer the support and teaching that the student needs to achieve the curriculum's goals. Aim: The overall purpose is to investigate how teachers work to facilitate students with a neuropsychiatric disability to participate in primary school teaching. Method: Qualitative methodology was used in the study and data were collected by eight semi structured interviews conducted with teachers working with students with neuropsychiatric disabilities in a school context. The result has been analyzed with thematic analysis. Results and conclusions: During the analysis, four themes of the teacher's complex role emerged, Focused on the student's individual needs, Security for the student and Collegial support as important in the teachers' work. Teachers use strategies, clarifying pedagogy, analog and digital teaching aids to facilitate the student with neuropsychiatric diagnosis. Clarifying pedagogy and aids in all honor is important in teaching but it is the teacher's relationship creation to the student with neuropsychiatric disability that makes the student come to school

Employee absenteeism costs organizations in the U.S. restaurant industry more than 15% of profits each year. Some restaurant managers lack strategies to reduce employee absenteeism. Using the expectancy theory, the purpose of this single case study was to explore effective strategies that restaurant managers use to reduce employee absenteeism. The target population was managers of a single restaurant, known for successfully implemented strategies to reduce employee absenteeism, located in the Baltimore-Washington, DC, metropolitan area. Data collection included semistructured face-to-face interviews with 3 managers and a review of company archival documents such as memorandums, training documents, employee records, and employee performance reviews. Data were analyzed using inductive coding of words and phrases from the interviews and noted from the company archival documents. The findings revealed themes that represented restaurant managers' strategies for reducing employee absenteeism including communication, consistent enforcement of management policies, and a positive environment. Managers who used the strategies of communication, consistent enforcement of management policies, and a positive work environment reduced employee absenteeism, which might increase productivity and profitability in the restaurant industry. The implication for positive social change is that restaurant managers might reduce employee absenteeism through implementation of these effective strategies and, in turn, encourage new or sustained employment opportunities, organizational sustainability in the community, and sustained financial well-being of employees and their families.

Work-related injuries and illnesses may lead to absenteeism, which affects the level of productivity. The purpose of this study was to determine the success of an employee workplace training program on work-related injury and illness rates at selected federal districts within a federal organization. Newman's model, which describes internal and external factors that may have an effect on an individual's health, was the framework that guided this project. A pre-post design was used to compare data from 2 publically available data sets, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Illness and Injury and the Voice of the Employee Survey, for the years 2013 and 2014, before and after a wellness training program. According to a descriptive analysis of 91 illness and injury events that occurred during the 2-year period, the greatest number of employees who reported illnesses were mail handlers and mail processing clerks. Slips/trips and falls, strikes by machine/equipment or other objects, and repetitive motion were the top 3 types of injuries. After training, the total number of illness and injury days away from work and days of limited duty were decreased, indicating a positive impact of this workplace wellness program and a need for future training for these workers. This project has the potential to affect social change by supporting the benefits of workplace wellness in improving employee health and reducing workplace injuries at federal agencies.

There is an abundance of research on chronic absenteeism as well as the multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) approach, specifically the element of positive behavior intervention strategies (PBIS), at the elementary school level. A clear understanding of MTSS and PBIS at the high school level and how those approaches may impact chronic absenteeism of high school students is lacking in the recent research. The literature review provided the reader with an overview on PBIS and chronic absenteeism through the theoretical lens of Cooper’s (1982) Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) theory and explained the influence that PBIS has on chronic absenteeism at the elementary school level. The argument supporting utilizing successful policies already in place to address chronic absenteeism at the high school level is presented. This study identifies PBIS within the current research, as a means to understand how these promising practices may support improved attendance for the chronically absent high school student. The research suggests that positive behavior intervention strategies have tangentially decreased chronic absenteeism by reducing suspension rates at the elementary school level. This study sought to understand how effective, evidence-based positive behavior intervention strategies (PBIS), which have addressed and improved challenging student behavior schoolwide, can be repurposed to combat the causes associated with chronic absenteeism at the high school level. The causes associated with chronic absenteeism at the high school level fall into four categories termed school, family, environmental and personal. The objective of this quantitative program evaluation study was to evaluate the PBIS interventions that a local, small public high school used for targeted chronically absent high school students to see if their chronically absenteeism rate decreases. This study hypothesizes that the PBIS approach to behavior intervention can successfully transfer to decrease chronic absenteeism at the high school level. Additionally, this study discusses the extent to which results may be generalized to high school students across school districts. The results of this research study affirm the research questions that PBIS strategies can be repurposed to address chronic absenteeism at the high school level and having an effective attendance intervention program can improve attendance rates between and within attendance tiers in high school students, resulting in reduced chronic absenteeism. The most effective tier in improving attendance rates and reducing chronic absenteeism was both Tier 3 and Tier 4, with each tier resulting in 50% of participants increasing their attendance rates and reducing chronic absenteeism.

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Introduktion: Forskningen indikerar bristen på exakta statistiska uppgifter angående antalet elever som lider av problematisk skolfrånvaro. Skolans uppdrag är att främja hälsa och förebygga problematisk frånvaro. Vid frånvaro löper eleverna risken att inte uppnå de kunskapsmål som fastställts i läroplanen, vilket kan leda till negativa konsekvenser. Syfte: Litteraturstudien syftar till att undersöka hur skolnärvaro i Sverige kan främjas hos elever i grundskolan med skolnärvaroproblematik, utifrån betydelsen av känslan av sammanhang i elevens skolgång. Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie genomfördes baserat på tolv vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna Pubmed, SAGE journals och Web of Science. Artiklarna analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultat: Studiens resultat presenterade fyra teman som var elevperspektiv, lärarperspektiv, skolsköterskeperspektiv och föräldrarperspektiv. Det framgick att engagemang, goda relationer, en trygg miljö samt samarbete mellan lärare, skolsköterskor och föräldrar kan bidra till att eleverna upplever skolan som mer begriplig, hanterbar och meningsfull. Slutsats: Skolfrånvaro utgör ett komplext problem. Det är därför av stor betydelse att skapa en känsla av sammanhang för eleverna, vilket kan främja deras närvaro i skolan. / Introduction: Research has shown that there is a lack of precise statistics regarding the number of students with problematic school absence. Schools have a mission to promote students’ health and prevent problematic school absence. With students’ absence, there is a risk of them not achieving the goals that are in the curriculum, which might have negative consequences. Aim: The aim of this literature study is to examine how the school attendance of Swedish lower year students, with problematic school absenteeism, can be encouraged through the sense of coherence in a student’s schooling. Methods: A structured literature study was conducted based on twelve scientific articles collected from the databases Pubmed, SAGE Journals and Web of Science. The articles were thematically analysed. Results: The results of this study were divided into four themes: student, teacher, school nurse, and parent perspectives. Commitment, healthy relationships, a safe environment and cooperation between teachers, school nurses and parents appeared to contribute to a student’s experience with school being more understandable, manageable and meaningful. Conclusion: School absence is a complex problem. It is of high importance to create a feeling of belonging for the students, which in turn can encourage the student’s attendance in school.

What does it mean to be a school leader trying to improve chronic absenteeism at the high school level? Intervening with chronically absent high school students entails adapting existing practices designed for students in attendance, finding alternate ways to motivate students who simply are not there, and affording educational opportunity equitably to students whose voices and stories have largely been silenced, all against a landscape of increasingly rigorous and conflicting accountability pressure associated with chronic absenteeism, graduation rate, suspension rate and student achievement. While scholarship and dialogue pertaining to leadership responses to chronic absenteeism at the high school level generally support an emphasis on outreach and engagement with families, building relationships with students, affording students opportunities to recover credit, and connecting them to experiences that relate to the world of work after high school, scarce research focuses on the complex, dynamic role identities of the school leaders who innovate and implement these ad hoc responses, often without guidance from policy, and in turn, influence the experiences, outcomes and possibilities for chronically absent students. This current study investigated the ways that role identity components influenced the motivated actions of school and district leaders towards chronic absenteeism at the high school level. The study’s guiding questions were: (a) how do school leaders’ role identity components (i.e.., ontological and epistemological beliefs; purpose and goals; perceived action possibilities; self-perceptions and definitions) emerge and interact with each other to inform their actions regarding chronically absent high school students? (b) to what extent do the beliefs and perceptions of school leaders about supporting chronically absent students compare and contrast to the lived experiences of adults who were chronically absent students in high school? (c) to what extent do the beliefs and perceptions of school leaders about supporting chronically absent students compare and contrast to the lived experiences of parents and guardians of adults who were chronically absent students in high school? The guiding theoretical frame for this study is the Dynamic Systems Model of Role Identity (DSMRI; Kaplan & Garner, 2017). The DSMRI conceptualizes motivated action to be influenced by an actor’s dynamic and contextualized interpretation of his or her social cultural role, or role identity. According to the model, four multi-elemental components comprise an actor’s role identity: ontological and epistemological beliefs, purpose and goals, perceived action possibilities, and self-perceptions and definitions. These components are interdependent, irreducible, and reciprocally influencing each other, the behaviors and their meanings to the actor, and the future iterations of the actor’s role identity system. The study employed a narrative approach to investigate the school and district leaders’ motivated actions and the meanings they made of high school student absenteeism. Using Seidman’s (2013) protocol, I interviewed nine school leaders, five former students, and three parents who operated at a small, urban public school district in the Tri-State area about their past and present social-cultural roles concerning the meaning of they made of chronic absenteeism at the high school level. Additionally, I observed the nine school leaders and they provided artifacts and documents relating to chronic absenteeism. Transcribed interviews and the student focus group, as well as observations, documents and artifacts, were analyzed utilizing Saldana’s (2013) pragmatic eclecticism approach and Kaplan and Garner’s (2016) DSMRI Codebook and Analysis Guide. The results demonstrate how each school leader’s meaning of working with chronically absent students at the high school level, amidst an array of accountability pressures, has been incorporated into their dynamic role identity system within the sociocultural context, guiding their experiences, perceptions and actions. Despite their nuanced role identity systems - the participants come very different backgrounds with varied lived experiences and expertise in the domain, and reference different prior role identities and future role identities - the findings also highlighted common processes and content across Participant Roles (e.g., school leader, parent or student). This manifested distinctly in the themes reflecting school leaders’ actions changed in response to the system’s control parameter of accountability pressure, the ways school leaders communicated to parents and students about absenteeism, and the very different cultural meanings that students and parents gave to absenteeism and attendance than the cultural meanings and characteristics that school leaders largely experienced. These findings illuminate a complex, turbulent landscape comprised of school and district leaders, with myriad accountability systems to which they are beholden and their chronically absent students and families, all operating with multiple role identities that integrate with one another. The insights from this study can inform the work of educational leaders, educators and researchers who endeavor to intervene with the elusive problem of chronic absenteeism at the high school level. It may further guide educational leaders and policymakers who made decisions about the utility value of social-emotional learning that emphasizes exploration of identity for students, teachers, and leaders alike, as well as how outreach efforts are regarded and measured in school system outputs such as educator evaluation systems and professional development offerings. Importantly, this research aims to provide leaders with a tool for reflection on the importance of role identity as a lens to view their own professional practices and responses to challenging, complex problems in the domain such as chronic absenteeism. Moreover, when school systems were pressed to shut physically and adapt school services and instruction due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the existing, multidimensional consideration of attending school manifested in new meanings and barriers for students, parents and school leaders grappling with the issue of chronic absenteeism in a changing context. Finally, this research aims to contribute, in a small way, to improve educational opportunity for all students, including those experiencing complex barriers to attending school. / Educational Administration