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Cette recherche vise à étudier le rôle que peuvent jouer les parajuristes et les étudiants en droit dans le processus d'accès à la justice des citoyens. Face à la crise d'accès à la justice que nous constatons, il nous apparaît pertinent d'évaluer quelles contributions peuvent fournir d'autres détenteurs de connaissances juridiques, comme les parajuristes et les étudiants en droit, dans le processus d'accès à la justice des citoyens, en complément des professionnels du droit que sont les notaires et les avocats. Afin de répondre à cette question, nous comparons la situation québécoise avec deux ressorts qui ont réformé leur système professionnel juridique afin de laisser une plus grande place aux parajuristes ou aux étudiants en droit, soit la province d'Ontario, au Canada, et l'État de Washington, aux États-Unis. Nous étudions ces deux initiatives et évaluons les impacts qu'ont eus celles-ci à la fois sur l'accès à la justice et sur la protection du public. Nous concluons qu’il serait souhaitable de s'inspirer de ces initiatives dans le contexte particulier du Québec. Nous tentons de postuler quel pourrait être l'encadrement réglementaire qui s'appliquerait, en tentant de concilier l'accès à la justice et la protection du public, assurée par les monopoles professionnels. / This research is aimed at studying the role that paralegals and law students can play in the access to justice process for the general population. Considering the access to justice crisis facing our judicial system, it seems appropriate to evaluate which contribution other people with some law training, like paralegals and law students, can have in the access to justice process, in addition with the other legal professionals, namely lawyers and notaries, in Québec. To answer that question, we compare the situation in the province of Québec with two jurisdictions that reformed their legal professional system and allowed for paralegals or law students to play a greater role in the delivery of legal services. Those jurisdictions are the province of Ontario, in Canada, and the State of Washington, in the United States of America. We study these two initiatives and evaluate the impacts they had on access to justice and on the protection of the public. We conclude that it would be a good idea to import some of those ideas in Québec’s particular context. We try to determine what a new regulatory model could look like, while trying to reconcile access to justice and public protection imperatives and considering the existing professional monopolies.

This dissertation is the first ever written Institutional Ethnography (IE) of the Asignación Universal por Hijo para Protección Social, or "AUH" [Universal Child Allowance], Argentina's CCT (conditional cash transfer) program. CCTs are one of international development's favourite and fastest-growing anti-poverty initiatives. Through the AUH, the State transfers cash to the poor attaching certain conditions that refer to the health and education of their children. Most CCT programs target women, and the AUH is no exception, as the overwhelming majority of legal recipients of the AUH are poor mothers. CCTs have been praised for contributing to human capital accumulation and empowering women. Using IE, a feminist socio-legal methodology drawn from Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith,† I conducted research with a total of fifty-eight informants: thirty-nine AUH recipient women - through in-depth semi-structured individual interviews, focus group discussions, and narrative photovoice - and nineteen professionals working at diverse corners of the AUH institution. I use the findings to answer two main questions: (1) What are AUH recipients' experiences with and attitudes toward the program? and (2) How do both State and non-State legal regimes work to influence the lives of the most vulnerable women in Argentina? In other words, how does the AUH play within a system of rules - formal and informal - that have traditionally exerted control over poor women? Following IE and Social Reproduction Feminism (SRF), I found that while the AUH program indicates women's decision-making roles within their families and communities, this policy initiative serves to entrench rather than rectify inequalities. The problematic that I have found through this study is administrative and obstetric violence against AUH recipient women. Discussion about the administrative and obstetric violence that AUH recipient women suffer while doing AUH work has remained at the margins of legal and social policy debates, generally underdeveloped in policy and scholarship conversations about the realities of Argentina's most vulnerable people. Recipient women depicted diverse acts of violence they suffered while doing AUH work: they were mistreated, dismissed, neglected, humiliated, and discriminated against by State agents; recipient women were treated as ignorant or infantilized; recipient women had their stipend partially stolen by bureaucrats; had to wait countless hours in unsafe conditions; were not heard by health actors when expressing concerns about their health; had no opportunity to give prior informed consent; and they faced barriers to accessing health services and contraception. I have found a disjuncture between women's lived experiences and the broader ruling relations that organize "AUH work." The findings show a disconnection between women's experiences of violence, bureaucratic actors' experiences and knowledge of the AUH, and a misalignment between bureaucrats' knowledge and the black-letter law. These disjunctures enable and facilitate violence against recipient women through fragmentation, invisibilization, rationalization, minimization, standardization, and objectification of women's experiences. In sum, the AUH facilitates violence against women and systematically obscures that violence. Following a legal pluralist approach, I show the complex role of the law: at times, it problematically excludes recipient women's actual experiences from the AUH legal framework; at others, it fails to protect recipient women against violence. I identify the formal legal regimes interacting and immersed in the AUH institution: human rights and constitutional law, administrative law, and the violence against women (VAW) legal framework. Despite an outstanding formal repertoire of rights, there is a gap between the formal laws and their effective translation into women's lives. The law is fragmented, complex, and sometimes contradictory. It cannot be limited to State-enacted formal laws; informal laws substantially impact people's lives, such as the rule to avoid retaliation from State actors by avoiding complaining. I argue that IE and legal pluralism can provide a more nuanced understanding of the law's complex institutional hierarchy and of the myriad ways by which recipient women's voices continue to be ignored and discredited within the law in the hope that the law can better respond (or at least stops interfering) with their needs. Ultimately, nothing less than the transformation of the socioeconomic order will achieve gender equality. Rather than "empowerment," we should strive toward emancipation, abolishing the structural colonial, patriarchal, and capitalist foundations of exploitation and oppression instead of integrating women into existing institutions and "empowering" them with shallow cash transfers.

This dissertation deals with judicial review of governmental action and individual legal activism. It investigates whether judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism, within the field of public law, can be seen as an alternative or complement to electoral control of political and administrative powers. To discuss the effect of various standing rules and the potential societal function of public law adjudication, a model for analyzing the character of public law adjudication has been developed. The model allows for a characterization of public law adjudication as either Liberal or Republican, depending on features of standing rules, court proceedings, and court decisions. It concludes that judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism within the field of public law can be seen as an alternative or complement to electoral control of political and administrative powers, especially when public trust in, and the powers of, the legislative assembly and political parties is low and decreasing, and if the preconditions for individual legal activism are of such a character that access to justice is available to the larger public and not only a limited group of advantaged individuals. This theoretical framework is then used to analyse judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism in post-Socialist Russia. The results show that the Russian state is best described as authoritarian and that the traditional principal-agent relationship is weak. Thus, in order to strengthen the individual in relation to the state, alternatives for exercising control and participation are required. An analysis of the legislative framework, i.e., the law as it is laid down in the books, shows that Russian administrative law is rights-based and that the character of Russian public law adjudication is closer to the Republican model than the Liberal. However, the Russian support structure is still weak and finds itself in an increasingly inhospitable environment – legally, financially, and politically. In addition, this dissertation concludes that Russia’s membership in the CoE has had an impact on judicial protection of individual rights within the sphere of public law in terms of: improving the legislative framework; developing Russian court jurisprudence referring to the ECHR and to the jurisprudence of the ECtHR; exerting pressure on the Russian state to improve practices of the state bureaucracy; stimulating individual legal activism, and increasing individuals’ knowledge and awareness of their lawful rights and how to implement them.

Litigation in person is a widespread phenomenon in common law jurisdictions. A right to litigate in person is treated as a fundamental right, regardless of whether the litigant has the financial means to hire a lawyer or the capacity to conduct litigation effectively. Due to the high numbers of litigants in person and the various burdens placed on judicial resources by their lack of legal knowledge, they pose a serious challenge to the effective and efficient administration of justice. This thesis assesses the theoretical value of a right to self-representation, and challenges the position that courts should not impose legal representation on a litigant nor require him to obtain such representation as a condition for litigation. It argues that a litigant who lacks the professional knowledge and skills to present his case effectively cannot legitimately insist upon representing himself if in doing so he is likely to inflict disproportionate costs on his opponent and on the administration of justice. This thesis advances the case for mandatory representation in civil proceedings on three main fronts: a comparison with the criminal context, an assessment of the value of self-representation in terms of outcome, and an examination of its possible intrinsic justifications.

Dans une société mondialisée, où les relations sont intégrées à une vitesse différente avec l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et des communications, l'accès à la justice gagne de nouveaux concepts, mais elle est encore confrontée à de vieux obstacles. La crise mondiale de l'accès à la justice dans le système judiciaire provoque des débats concernant l'égalité en vertu de la loi, la capacité des individus, la connaissance des droits, l'aide juridique, les coûts et les délais. Les deux derniers ont été les facteurs les plus importants du mécontentement des individus avec le système judiciaire. La présente étude a pour objet d'analyser l'incidence de l'utilisation de la technologie dans l’appareil judiciaire, avec l'accent sur la réalité brésilienne, la voie législative et des expériences antérieures dans le développement de logiciels de cyberjustice. La mise en œuvre de ces instruments innovants exige des investissements et de la planification, avec une attention particulière sur l'incidence qu'ils peuvent avoir sur les routines traditionnelles des tribunaux. De nouveaux défis sont sur la voie de ce processus de transformation et doivent être traités avec professionnalisme afin d'éviter l'échec de projets de qualité. En outre, si la technologie peut faire partie des différents aspects de notre quotidien et l'utilisation de modes alternatifs de résolution des conflits en ligne sont considérés comme un succès, pourquoi serait-il difficile de faire ce changement dans la prestation de la justice par le système judiciaire? Des solutions technologiques adoptées dans d'autres pays ne sont pas facilement transférables à un environnement culturel différent, mais il y a toujours la possibilité d'apprendre des expériences des autres et d’éviter de mauvaises voies qui pourraient compromettre la définition globale de l'accès à la justice. / In a globalized society, where relationships are built at a different speed with the use of information and communication technology, access to justice incorporates new concepts, but still faces old obstacles. The worldwide crisis in access to justice through the judicial system provokes debates regarding equality under the law, party capability, knowledge of rights, legal aid, costs, and delays. That being said, the latter two have long been the most important factors of dissatisfaction of individuals with the Judiciary. This study aims to analyse the impact of the use of technology, by the legal system, with focus on the Brazilian reality, sharing the legislative path and previous experiences in the development of cyberjustice software. The implementation of such innovative instruments demands investments and planning, with special attention to the impact they can have on cultural and traditional court routines. New challenges are in the way of this transformation process and have to be dealt with professionally to avoid the failure of good projects. In addition, if technology can be part of different aspects of our daily routines and the use of online alternative methods of dispute resolution are considered a success, why would it be difficult to make this shift in the delivery of justice through the Judiciary? Technological solutions adopted in other countries are not easily transferred to a different cultural environment, but there is always the possibility of learning from others’ experiences to avoid wrong paths that could compromise the global definition of access to justice.

Os problemas socioambientais enfrentados na atualidade apresentam novos desafios para a Educação Ambiental e para o Direito Ambiental. Dentre eles, destaca-se a necessidade de efetivação de ações e políticas públicas voltadas à ampliação do acesso a conhecimentos e práticas que contribuam para a emancipação, empoderamento e potencialização de pessoas e grupos para a participação em processos decisórios. Participação esta, que engloba desde a mudança individual de atitudes até o engajamento com causas políticas e socioambientais em benefício de toda a coletividade. No entanto, para que a participação popular ocorra de forma equilibrada e justa no sentido de corrigir possíveis injustiças sociais, seja bem informada e crítica para afastar qualquer possibilidade de manipulação, e apresente resultados efetivos de modo a não desmotivar os envolvidos nos diferentes processos participativos-democráticos, demonstra-se necessária a apropriação por parte dos cidadãos de mecanismos voltados ao controle social e ao melhor acesso à justiça. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho propôs-se a buscar contribuições provenientes da literatura e da doutrina dos campos do Direito Ambiental e da Educação Ambiental e a efetuar consultas junto a especialistas e participantes de iniciativas-piloto (cursos, oficinas e palestras) promovidas dentro da proposta de interface entre estas duas áreas do saber. Com a triangulação dos resultados obtidos e a realização de análises sobre questões relevantes surgidas no decorrer da pesquisa, concluiu-se que o desenvolvimento de práticas educativas que dialoguem com os preceitos da Educação Ambiental crítica e emancipatória e com os princípios, normas e instrumentos correlatos ao Direito Ambiental, efetuado de maneira contextualizada com os diversos aspectos relacionados às questões socioambientais, pode trazer grandes contribuições para o enfrentamento dos problemas socioambientais e configurar-se como um caminho promissor para a construção participativa de políticas públicas estruturantes voltadas ao estabelecimento de sociedades cada vez mais sustentáveis e justas. Dentre os potenciais benefícios vislumbrados com a implementação de tais políticas públicas, destacam-se: aumento da compreensão sobre as estruturas do Estado, acordos sociais e normas relacionadas à proteção ambiental; valorização das medidas preventivas de danos ao meio ambiente; internalização dos conceitos de direitos, deveres e responsabilidades compartilhadas e diferenciadas entre os diversos setores da sociedade; estímulo à análise crítica dos contextos em que se inserem as questões socioambientais; maior acesso à informação e à justiça em matéria de meio ambiente; diminuição na ocorrência de ilícitos ambientais e aumento da punição aos infratores de forma exemplar; manutenção da biodiversidade e dos processos ecológicos; revisão de atos e atitudes individuais e coletivas; auxílio na construção participativa de novos conhecimentos com o envolvimento de educadores e educandos; compreensão da importância do engajamento político e social para o benefício da coletividade; aumento do monitoramento da sociedade pela própria sociedade; e manutenção dos avanços legislativos já alcançados pelo País. / The environmental problems faced in our days present new challenges for Environmental Education and Environmental Law. Among them, we highlight the need for effective actions and intended to broaden access to knowledge and practices that contribute to the emancipation and empowerment of individuals and groups to participate in decision-making process. This kind of participation includes individual changes of attitudes and engagement with political and environmental causes for the benefit of the whole community. However, for the occurrence of popular participation in a balanced and fair way to correct social injustices, with the guarantee for the people of being well informed and able to avoid any possibility of manipulation, some mechanisms are required to increase social control and to improve the access to justice. In this context, the present study aimed to seek contributions from literature and doctrine related to Environmental Law and Environmental Education and also worked with the proposal to listen the opinions and reports of experiences from experts and participants of pilot initiatives (courses , workshops and lectures) promoted under the proposed of interface between these two fields of knowledge. With the method called triangulation of results and by conducting analyzes on relevant issues arising in the course of the study, the researcher was able to conclude that the development of educational practices that follow the principles of critical reflections and emancipatory actions related to the Environmental Education, and at the same time, adopting the principles, standards and tools that guide the Environmental Law issues, it is possible to bring important contributions to dealing with environmental problems and to increase the public participation in the construction of structural policies aimed at establishing sustainable societies. The potential benefits achieved with the implementation of this kind of public policy include: increasing the understanding about the state structures, social arrangements and laws related to environmental protection; enhancement of preventive actions to avoid environmental damages; internalization of the concepts of rights, duties and responsibilities shared among the different sectors of society; encouragement of the practice of critical analysis in the contexts that social and environmental issues are operated; improving access to information and justice in environmental matters; decreasing occurrence of environmental offenses and increasing punishment for offenders; maintenance of biodiversity and ecological processes; revision of individual and collective actions; aid in the construction of new knowledge with participation of researchers, teachers and students; increasing the understanding about the importance of political and social participation for the benefit of the whole community; improving the practice of monitoring and protecting environmental issues by the citizens; and maintenance of legislative progress already achieved by the Country.

O constituinte reformador decidiu tratar do problema da morosidade da justiça, à semelhança de outros países e de diversos tratados internacionais a respeito. A presente dissertação tem por fulcro a análise do novo inciso LXXVIII do art. 5º da Constituição Federal que instituiu a celeridade processual como direito fundamental. É feita cuidadosa abordagem de todos os princípios constitucionais pertinentes à matéria, especialmente o devido processo legal, desde o seu surgimento, na common law inglesa, com a Magna Carta de 1215, evoluindo pela interpretação da Suprema Corte nos Estados Unidos, de modo a conhecer sua vertente substantiva, até ser consagrado no Brasil, de modo expresso, cerca de 200 anos depois, pela Constituição de 1988. Outros princípios apresentam-se igualmente de grande relevância, como o acesso à justiça, eficiência e igualdade. Constata-se que não era imprescindível a positivação de regra específica para que a Justiça estivesse jungida ao dever de julgar com rapidez. Revela-se, porém, profícua a abordagem do tema na Constituição, dentre os direitos fundamentais. Verifica-se a ocorrência de eventuais conflitos no plano concreto envolvendo a celeridade processual e os princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa, bem como a segurança jurídica. Dedica-se especial atenção ao papel da Emenda Constitucional n. 45, de 2004 e diversos institutos por ela trazidos no intento de se obter um Poder Judiciário mais célere e organizado de modo mais eficaz e uniforme, embora se constate a necessidade de mudanças que se sobressaem à atuação do legislador. Realiza-se pesquisa histórica e descritiva com supedâneo na doutrina brasileira e no direito comparado, especialmente nas literaturas jurídicas francesa, inglesa, portuguesa e estadunidense. Ao se analisar a repercussão do dispositivo à luz do direito constitucional, nota-se a necessidade de muitas outras alterações para que a Reforma atinja seu desiderato. Constata-se que o Poder Judiciário possui papel preponderante na salvaguarda dos direitos fundamentais, de modo que, atuando a contento, a celeridade processual pode se tornar poderoso instrumento de efetividade de tais direitos e da própria Constituição Federal. / The constituent reformer decided to face the problem of the delays of Justice, likewise that in other countries and various international treaties of the subject. This dissertation focuses on the analysis of the new item LXXVIII of article 5th of the Federal Constitution which set the celerity of procedure as a fundamental right. A careful approach is made from all constitutional principles relevant to the subject, especially the due process of law, since its emergence in the English common law, with the Magna Carta of 1215, evolving through United States Supreme Courts interpretation, in order to meet its substantive aspect, to be explicitly devoted in Brazil, about 200 years later, by the Constitution of 1988. Other principles also have great relevance, such as access to justice, efficiency and equality. It appears to be unessential to insert a specific rule by which the Justice would be bound by duty to judge rapidly. However, it is useful to approach the subject in the Constitution, among the fundamental rights. Possible conflicts are analyzed in concrete plan involving the speedy trial clause and the principles of adversarial and legal defense, as well legal certainty. Proper attention is paid to the role of the 45th Amendment of 2004 and various institutes brought by it, in the attempt to achieve a faster and more uniform and well organized Justice, although evidences the need of changes that overcome the role of the legislator. Takes place a historical and descriptive research takes place in Brazilian doctrine and comparative law, especially in French, English, Portuguese and American legal literature. By analyzing of the clauses effect under the constitutional law, its notice the demand of many other changes to the Reform reach your goal. Its seen that the Judiciary has a predominant role in safeguarding the fundamental rights, so that, working properly, speedy trial clause may become a powerful tool of effectiveness of such rights and of the own Constitution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Finotti Silva.pdf: 641484 bytes, checksum: c62ded32b692de9f2155433548f61762 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-18 / Since the 1988 Constitution, Brazilian procedural system has suffered deep changes with the inclusion of principles and procedural warranties within it. These did not exist before and provoke effects into all civil procedural jural order. The principles and constitutional warranties are the basis of the procedural system, remanding the right operator to investigate and reread the procedural rules from National Constitution. The Constitution is embodied in a historical period and cannot be separated from this time concrete reality. The principles and the warranties point the direction and whatever the rule supported by them is not supposed to contradict the imposed North; thus, the interpreter has no right to any conclusion that might vitiate all constitutional structure. It is undisputed that the1988 Constitution has brought a new conception of State and the values assured by it. Specifically concerning the civil procedure, the procedural system, as mentioned before, supported by constitutional fundamental principles and imposing a jural political order as a whole, has been maintained upon four bases: the jurisdiction, the action, the defense and the proceeding. These constitute the normative constitutional structure and the present work seeks to, through examining the constitutional principles and warranties of the access to justice and adversary, reevaluate the institute of procedural substitute and the res judicata in the presence of constitutional normative force of mentioned principles and warranties / A partir da Constituição de 1988, o sistema processual brasileiro sofreu profundas mudanças com a inclusão de princípios e garantias processuais no corpo da Lei Maior, os quais antes não existiam e irradiam efeitos sobre todo o ordenamento jurídico processual civil. Os princípios e garantias constitucionais são estruturantes do sistema processual, remetendo o operador do direito a investigar e reler as normas processuais a partir da Constituição Federal. A Constituição está condicionada a um momento histórico, não podendo se separar desta realidade concreta de seu tempo. A nova realidade constitucional resgatou a força normativa da Constituição. Os princípios e garantias apontam a direção e qualquer que seja a norma que neles se sustenta, não pode contrariar o norte imposto; não cabe, pois, ao intérprete nenhuma conclusão que possa contrariar os princípios e garantias constitucionais, sob pena de comprometer toda a estrutura constitucional. Não há a menor dúvida de que a Constituição de 1988 trouxe uma nova concepção de Estado e valores por ele protegidos e, no que diz respeito ao processo civil em particular, o sistema processual, como já afirmado, sustentado em princípios fundamentais constitucionais impondo uma ordem político-jurídica como um todo, tem a sua sustentação em quatro alicerces: a jurisdição, a ação, a defesa e o processo. Constituem estes a estrutura normativa constitucional e o presente trabalho procura, através do exame dos princípios e garantias constitucionais do acesso à justiça e do contraditório, rever o instituto do substituto processual e a coisa julgada, diante da força normativa constitucional dos princípios e garantias mencionados

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Eduardo Branco.pdf: 1148608 bytes, checksum: 0ff11c28081fdf5f992ed72acc2f4bf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 / The present work has the target of analyzing the procedural subjects involving the guardianship of homogeneous individual interests, while species of the gender of the interests or collective rights. From the doctrinary and jurisprudential analysis, it looks for the ideal understanding of the legal concepts that involve the studied theme, as well as the systematization of the collective guardianship and its harmonization with the general principles that govern our legal system. Without the pretension of exhausting the lifted up subjects, in reason of the present time of the theme, still unification pendant by the legislative way, and while the text promulgation is awaited that ponders all the kindred institutes, it accomplishes doctrinary research with the purpose of bringing current conclusions concerning the matter and the legal dispositions that today regulate the guardianship of collective interests. In this manner, subjects as the active legitimacy, the judged thing and its reach, the systemic interaction and the procedures to be used to reach the leading principles of the collective guardianship, above all by the way of the homogeneous individual interests, are analyzed through the points that cause larger controversies for, since then, to understand that new procedural reality. In that line, of great relief are the lessons of our doctrine, that from a long time develops studies seeking to adapt the existent procedural legislation and its traditional institutes to the new rights that were born with the mass society and started to demand more effective solutions for the great number of judicial demands that flow of the modern world. The Social State delineated by the Constitution of 1988 could not take place under foundations created exclusively for a law worried, above all, with the individual subjects, unable even of assisting to the democratic vindications of the contemporary society, reason for the law science, through the performance of combative and dedicated legal scholars, needed to present that new system of procedural guardianship of rights. The relevance of the collective guardianship of homogeneous individual interests and the created techniques for that are, therefore, the main point of the present study, that looks for in the doctrinary lessons the foundation to demonstrate the adaptation of the existent legal devices to that guardianship, considering for that the jurisdictional performance and the legislative projects now in course / O presente trabalho tem o escopo de analisar as questões processuais que envolvem a tutela dos interesses individuais homogêneos, enquanto espécie do gênero dos interesses ou direitos coletivos. Partindo da análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial, busca a compreensão ideal dos conceitos legais que envolvem o tema estudado, bem como a sistematização da tutela coletiva e sua harmonização com os princípios gerais que regem nosso ordenamento jurídico. Sem a pretensão de exaurir as questões levantadas, em razão da atualidade do tema, ainda pendente de unificação pela via legislativa, e enquanto se aguarda a promulgação de texto que concentre todos os institutos afins, realiza pesquisa doutrinária com a finalidade de trazer conclusões atuais acerca da matéria e das disposições legais que hoje regulam a tutela dos interesses coletivos. Assim, questões como a legitimidade ativa, a coisa julgada e seu alcance, a interação sistêmica e os procedimentos a serem utilizados para alcançar os princípios norteadores da tutela coletiva, sobretudo pela via dos interesses individuais homogêneos, são analisados através dos pontos que lhes causam maiores controvérsias, para que se possa, a partir daí, compreender essa nova realidade processual. Nessa linha, de grande relevo são as lições de nossa doutrina, que há tempos desenvolve estudos voltados a adequar a legislação processual existente e seus tradicionais institutos aos novos direitos que nasceram com a sociedade de massa e passaram a exigir soluções mais eficazes para o grande número de demandas judiciais que derivam do mundo moderno. O Estado Social delineado pela Constituição de 1988 não poderia se realizar sob alicerces criados exclusivamente para um direito que se preocupava, sobretudo, com as questões individuais, incapazes mesmo de atender aos reclamos democráticos da sociedade contemporânea, razão pela qual a ciência do direito, através da atuação de combativos e dedicados doutrinadores, precisou apresentar esse novo sistema de tutela processual de direitos. A relevância da tutela coletiva dos interesses individuais homogêneos e as técnicas criadas para tanto são, portanto, o ponto principal do presente estudo, que busca nas lições doutrinárias o fundamento para demonstrar a adequação dos dispositivos legais existentes à tal tutela, considerando para tanto a atuação jurisdicional e os projetos legislativos atualmente em trâmite