Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-10-16T21:10:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao _roberval_rocha_ferreira_filho.pdf: 879757 bytes, checksum: 1529f041e11cc0d45b9d37d2d2f097aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T21:10:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao _roberval_rocha_ferreira_filho.pdf: 879757 bytes, checksum: 1529f041e11cc0d45b9d37d2d2f097aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-02 / With the advent of mass society, marked by high litigiosity and complexity of the social relations, the traditional techniques of conflict’s resolutions have revealed insufficient to protect the social peace. As a result of this, the common law old procedural institute of class actions resurged with force. In the last decades, the class action institute has been spread in all world as an effective technique to combat the litigiosity and to improve the access of justice. Absorbed by almost all the legal systems, the class actions had operated significant changes in the protection of the metaindividual rights. However, in the Brazilian legal system, although the recent legislative advances, the use of class actions has not achieved all the legal subsystems, as the tax law system, where the phenomenon of the litigiosity, of the legal relationships complexity, and the mass actions are rule. The analysis of this situation, including the necessity of the use of this type of legal action to strengthen citizenship and to mitigate the litigiosity in the relations Statetaxpayer, is the target of the present work. / Com o advento da “sociedade de massa”, marcada pela forte carga de litigiosidade e complexidade das relações sociais, as técnicas tradicionais de resolução de conflitos mostraram-se insuficientes para resguardar a paz social. Nesse ambiente, resurgiu com força o antigo instituto processual das class actions, oriundas da tradição common law, que, em décadas recentes, espalhou-se pelo mundo todo como técnica efetiva de combate à litigiosidade e de acesso à justiça. Absorvidas por quase todas as famílias do direito, as ações coletivas operaram mudanças significativas na proteção dos chamados direitos metaindividuais. Entretanto, sua utilização no Brasil, apesar dos avanços legislativos recentes, ainda não abraçou porções do direito, como o tributário, onde o fenômeno da litigiosidade, da complexidade das relações jurídicas, e da massividade são regra. A análise desse panorama, e da necessidade desse tipo de tutela para reforçar noções de cidadania e esvaziar a litigiosidade contida nas relações Estado-contribuinte é o escopo do presente trabalho.

Os problemas socioambientais enfrentados na atualidade apresentam novos desafios para a Educação Ambiental e para o Direito Ambiental. Dentre eles, destaca-se a necessidade de efetivação de ações e políticas públicas voltadas à ampliação do acesso a conhecimentos e práticas que contribuam para a emancipação, empoderamento e potencialização de pessoas e grupos para a participação em processos decisórios. Participação esta, que engloba desde a mudança individual de atitudes até o engajamento com causas políticas e socioambientais em benefício de toda a coletividade. No entanto, para que a participação popular ocorra de forma equilibrada e justa no sentido de corrigir possíveis injustiças sociais, seja bem informada e crítica para afastar qualquer possibilidade de manipulação, e apresente resultados efetivos de modo a não desmotivar os envolvidos nos diferentes processos participativos-democráticos, demonstra-se necessária a apropriação por parte dos cidadãos de mecanismos voltados ao controle social e ao melhor acesso à justiça. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho propôs-se a buscar contribuições provenientes da literatura e da doutrina dos campos do Direito Ambiental e da Educação Ambiental e a efetuar consultas junto a especialistas e participantes de iniciativas-piloto (cursos, oficinas e palestras) promovidas dentro da proposta de interface entre estas duas áreas do saber. Com a triangulação dos resultados obtidos e a realização de análises sobre questões relevantes surgidas no decorrer da pesquisa, concluiu-se que o desenvolvimento de práticas educativas que dialoguem com os preceitos da Educação Ambiental crítica e emancipatória e com os princípios, normas e instrumentos correlatos ao Direito Ambiental, efetuado de maneira contextualizada com os diversos aspectos relacionados às questões socioambientais, pode trazer grandes contribuições para o enfrentamento dos problemas socioambientais e configurar-se como um caminho promissor para a construção participativa de políticas públicas estruturantes voltadas ao estabelecimento de sociedades cada vez mais sustentáveis e justas. Dentre os potenciais benefícios vislumbrados com a implementação de tais políticas públicas, destacam-se: aumento da compreensão sobre as estruturas do Estado, acordos sociais e normas relacionadas à proteção ambiental; valorização das medidas preventivas de danos ao meio ambiente; internalização dos conceitos de direitos, deveres e responsabilidades compartilhadas e diferenciadas entre os diversos setores da sociedade; estímulo à análise crítica dos contextos em que se inserem as questões socioambientais; maior acesso à informação e à justiça em matéria de meio ambiente; diminuição na ocorrência de ilícitos ambientais e aumento da punição aos infratores de forma exemplar; manutenção da biodiversidade e dos processos ecológicos; revisão de atos e atitudes individuais e coletivas; auxílio na construção participativa de novos conhecimentos com o envolvimento de educadores e educandos; compreensão da importância do engajamento político e social para o benefício da coletividade; aumento do monitoramento da sociedade pela própria sociedade; e manutenção dos avanços legislativos já alcançados pelo País. / The environmental problems faced in our days present new challenges for Environmental Education and Environmental Law. Among them, we highlight the need for effective actions and intended to broaden access to knowledge and practices that contribute to the emancipation and empowerment of individuals and groups to participate in decision-making process. This kind of participation includes individual changes of attitudes and engagement with political and environmental causes for the benefit of the whole community. However, for the occurrence of popular participation in a balanced and fair way to correct social injustices, with the guarantee for the people of being well informed and able to avoid any possibility of manipulation, some mechanisms are required to increase social control and to improve the access to justice. In this context, the present study aimed to seek contributions from literature and doctrine related to Environmental Law and Environmental Education and also worked with the proposal to listen the opinions and reports of experiences from experts and participants of pilot initiatives (courses , workshops and lectures) promoted under the proposed of interface between these two fields of knowledge. With the method called triangulation of results and by conducting analyzes on relevant issues arising in the course of the study, the researcher was able to conclude that the development of educational practices that follow the principles of critical reflections and emancipatory actions related to the Environmental Education, and at the same time, adopting the principles, standards and tools that guide the Environmental Law issues, it is possible to bring important contributions to dealing with environmental problems and to increase the public participation in the construction of structural policies aimed at establishing sustainable societies. The potential benefits achieved with the implementation of this kind of public policy include: increasing the understanding about the state structures, social arrangements and laws related to environmental protection; enhancement of preventive actions to avoid environmental damages; internalization of the concepts of rights, duties and responsibilities shared among the different sectors of society; encouragement of the practice of critical analysis in the contexts that social and environmental issues are operated; improving access to information and justice in environmental matters; decreasing occurrence of environmental offenses and increasing punishment for offenders; maintenance of biodiversity and ecological processes; revision of individual and collective actions; aid in the construction of new knowledge with participation of researchers, teachers and students; increasing the understanding about the importance of political and social participation for the benefit of the whole community; improving the practice of monitoring and protecting environmental issues by the citizens; and maintenance of legislative progress already achieved by the Country.

O presente estudo tem por escopo principal verificar a aplicabilidade do princípio da paridade de armas na cooperação jurídica internacional penal. Em face dessa premissa, analisam-se os regramentos nacionais e internacionais que devem ser levados em consideração pelos Estados que se intitulam Democráticos e, sobretudo, de Direito, a fim de assegurar uma persecução penal equânime, sob a ótica dos princípios do contraditório, da ampla defesa e da igualdade processual entre acusação e defesa. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, a partir do qual se buscou elidir visão reducionista da cooperação jurídica internacional, no sentido de que não se olvide que no outro lado da missão punitiva do Estado encontra-se uma pessoa, com inúmeras garantias e direitos historicamente assegurados. No primeiro capítulo, aborda-se a cooperação jurídica internacional sob três aspectos: histórico, principiológico e analítico-descritivo. No segundo capítulo, estudam-se os princípios e garantias inerentes ao devido processo legal, os quais não podem ser suprimidos, sobretudo em âmbito internacional, por se tratar de direitos humanos consagrados. O terceiro capítulo aborda a instrumentalidade decorrente do cabedal teórico construído nos capítulos anteriores. Assim, a produção da prova em processos penais transnacionais é analisada sob o viés da cooperação jurídica internacional, passando-se pelo mecanismo do auxílio direto fundamentado em acordos bilaterais e pelas tentativas de equilibrar o sistema dentre outras, a possibilidade de se utilizar essa modalidade na cooperação internacional penal para a produção de prova em prol da defesa , para então se propor que a Defensoria Pública da União possa atuar a fim de promover o acesso internacional à justiça e a efetiva equalização do regime cooperacional. Por fim, reputa-se que o futuro da cooperação jurídica penal internacional está em se disponibilizar à defesa os mesmos mecanismos disponíveis à acusação, em plena e devida igualdade, haja vista não existir valor maior a ser respeitado do que a dignidade da pessoa humana. / The presente work has as main scope to verify the applicability of the equality of arms in international legal assistance in criminal matters. Given this premise, it attempts to analyze international and national specific regulations that must be taken into consideration by the states that call themselves democratic and, above all, of law, in order to ensure an equitable criminal prosecution, from the perspective of the principles of adversary proceeding, full right to defense and the equality of arms. Therefore, we carried out a literature review, from which it was sought to elide reductionist view of international legal assistance, in the sense that we cannot forget that, on the other side of the punitive function of the State, there is a person with numerous safeguards and rights provided historically. The first chapter deals with the international legal assistance in three aspects: historical, applicable principles and analytical-descriptive. In the second chapter, we study the principles and guarantees inherent to the due process of law, which can not be suppressed, because it is enshrined human rights. The third chapter addresses the instrumentality derived from the theoretical leather built in previous chapters. Thus, the production of evidence in transnational criminal proceedings is examined under the bias of international legal assistance, going up by the reasoned direct assistance mechanism of bilateral agreements and by attempts to balance the system, among others, the possibility of using this modality in international criminal cooperation for the production of evidence for the defense, and then propose that the Public Defense can act to promote international access to justice and the effective equalization of cooperacional regime. Finally, it believes that the future of international legal assistance in criminal matters is to make available to the defense the same mechanisms available to the charge, in full and due equal rights, because there is no greater value to be respected than the dignity of the human person.

[pt] A partir de 2009, com a edição da Resolução n° 70, de autoria do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ), implementaram-se as Políticas da Qualidade nos Tribunais de Justiça do Brasil para conferir maior qualidade às suas atividades de prestação jurisdicional, para melhorar o atendimento aos cidadãos usuários do sistema de Justiça, bem como para facilitar o acesso da população à Justiça. Esta dissertação tem por objetivos apresentar fatores políticos, institucionais e sociais que teriam levado à percepção da necessidade de uma reforma administrativa no âmbito do Poder Judiciário, e analisar a agenda do CNJ à luz dos desafios e expectativas direcionados ao Judiciário num contexto democrático e de direitos, tal como fora reconhecido pela Constituição de 1988. O trabalho apresenta os principais pontos da agenda de reforma administrativa elaborada pelo CNJ para o Poder Judiciário, e dispensa especial atenção ao Sistema de Metas, que surge como o elemento central das Políticas da Qualidade. O trabalho faz uma comparação entre as Metas 01 e 02 com relação ao objetivo da celeridade, e raciocina sobre de que modo elas servem aos interesses da instituição Poder Judiciário, aos interesses das partes que figuram nos processos, e aos interesses da sociedade brasileira em geral. Finalmente, o trabalho retrata os limites da política da celeridade adotada pelo CNJ e lembra que há outras saídas para o problema do acesso à Justiça, tais como indicaram Cappelletti & Garth e autores da Escola de Wisconsin em pesquisas sobre o tema. / [en] From 2009 on, with the editing of Resolution n° 70, authored by the National Council of Justice (CNJ), Quality Policies were implemented in the Brazilian Courts of Justice in order to confer more quality to their activities of delivering jurisdiction, in order to better attend the citizens users of the system of Justice, as well as to facilitate people s access to Justice. This dissertation aims at exposing political, institutional and social factors that would have led to the perception of the need for an administrative reform within the Judiciary and at analyzing the agenda of CNJ under the challenges and expectations posed to the Judiciary, in a democratic context, since the promulgation of Brazilian Constitution of 1988. The work presents the main points of CNJ s agenda of administrative reform for the Judiciary, and dedicates special attention to the System of Targets, that emerges as the central element of the Quality Policies implemented by CNJ. The work compares Targets 01 and 02 in relation to the objective of celerity, and thinks of how they serve the interests of the Judiciary as an institution, the interests of the parties figuring in the processes and the interests of the Brazilian society in general. Finally, the work portrays the limits of the celerity policy adopted by CNJ and reminds the readers that there are other exit strategies available for the problem of access to Justice, such as the ones indicated by Cappelletti & Garth and by the authors of Wisconsin School in researches about the theme.

No description available.

Equality before the law and equal access to justice are fundamental rights in a modern state governed by the rule of law. Access to justice refers to the essential notion that all people have the right to legal protection and a jucidial remedy and that no practical, legal or other obstacles should prevent individuals from exercising their rights. The main facets that constitute the essence of access to justice is the right to access to court, involving a right to effective access to a fair and public hearing for everyone. Applied to criminal proceedings, this includes the right to equality of arms and practical and effective legal representation, if it is needed in order to ensure effective access to court.  Access to justice as a fundamental right covers several European legal principles, the right to a fair trial in article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms being the main focus. The provision aims particularly on the person being suspected of a crime. However, the overall principle of the right to a fair trial and access to justice also includes the victim of a crime. This means that the rights deriving from access to justice also must be respected in regards of the injured party.  In order for the injured party to be able to exercice his or her rights under access to justice, the rights for the victim under Swedish law must provide him or her with sufficient conditions for doing so. The injured party may, inter alia, institute a private claim for compensation in criminal proceedings as well as under certain conditions file an action in accordance with the rules on private prosecution. The police and public prosecutor have an obligation to inform the injured party on his or her rights. The victim of a serious crime may have the right to be represented by a counsel. The right to counsel for the injured party does not correspond to the suspect’s right do defense counsel, which can result in failure to ensure equality of arms between the victim and the suspect. A procedural imbalance that favors one of the parties at the expense of the other may cause that his or her right to access to justice is denied. In general, being represented by a counsel for the injured party increases the victim's chances of defending his or her rights in accordance with access to justice.

The dissertation offers a complex insight into the workings of provisions regarding the policy in the area of combating human trafficking with a focus on the tools which should guarantee access to justice for victims of human trafficking in the Czech Republic. By means of an event analysis covering the years 1993-2013 and using the theoretical premises of Actor-Centred Institutionalism and Social Construction of Target Groups, the paper shows that most institutions and actors active in the observed area of the policy are primarily focused on criminal repression rather than the rights and needs of human trafficking victims. Even the position of the victim is rather weak in the observed segment of the policy in comparison to the declaratory stances. In relation to actors and institutions, the position of the victims is strengthened by the Act on Social Services and weakened, besides other things, by several institutionalized uses of the human trafficking concept. In practice, the group which reaches help and rights is narrowed by them, and, at the same time, they act as an uncertainty factor in the work of Law Enforcement Authorities and other actors. A part of the dissertation is comprised of recommendations, which proceed from a theoretical base of public policy as well as an extensive critical...

In 2016, the case of Sepur Zarco in Guatemala marked the first time that a national jurisdiction recognized sexual violence in the context of armed conflict as a crime against humanity. This occurred in a case concerning indigenous women, within a country profoundly marked by gender-based violence and indigenous peoples’ marginalization. In order to account for the lack of reconciliation that has led to the present prevalence of sexist and racial discrimination, this study analyzes it as a transitional justice case. Through an impact evaluation, it interrogates the effectiveness of the legal path for victim-survivors, for rewriting historical narratives, and for promoting reconciliation. The qualitative indicators used include secondary data and interviews conducted with those who worked on the case. Findings suggest that although transitional justice legal cases are often met with backlash, they also empower social movements that promote democracy. The benefits tied to the legal tool, however, are conditional to the use of adequate strategies, which include active victims’ participation and the use of international standards. Moreover, successful cases require a legitimate national legal system that considers its population’s needs.

La littérature présente l’accès à la justice comme une question assez controversée, et mentionne plus souvent les coûts financiers que les coûts humains subis par les justiciables, et porte son attention sur les victimes d’actes criminels plutôt que sur les individus qui en commettent. En ce sens, ce mémoire visait à documenter l’expérience (que nous appelons le « vécu ») des coûts des justiciables lors des procédures judiciaires. De plus, en nous basant sur le constat de Gramatikov (2009) selon lequel l’expérience judiciaire est unique à chacun, nous voulions présenter les paramètres modelant les conséquences de ces vécus. En nous attardant sur l’expérience pénale de 19 justiciables, nous avons pu constater l’importance de prendre en considération les paramètres facilitant l’expérience des coûts et la nécessité de certains changements dans le système pénal afin de rendre l’expérience judiciaire moins coûteuse et plus égalitaire. Nous considérons que les paramètres susceptibles d’en réduire les coûts et de faciliter le vécu des justiciables à cet égard sont des ressources indispensables à l’accès à la justice. En prenant conscience de la singularité de l’expérience judiciaire et de l’interdépendance des coûts et des inégalités, nous soulignons néanmoins l’importance de ressources d’accompagnement offertes (membres de la famille ou groupes spécialisés, médias, acteurs judiciaires et leur travail) dans la consolidation et le vécu des coûts. Concrètement, en ce qui concerne les failles du système, nous mettons l’accent sur la nécessité de réduire les délais, l’opacité et la complexité des procédures, en plus de réfléchir aux conditions imposées et aux conséquences collatérales des procédures. Après réflexion et en mettant en évidence les principaux obstacles à l’accès à la justice, qui sont également responsables de l’iniquité judiciaire, il nous a été possible de présenter l’iniquité judiciaire comme un reflet des iniquités sociales. / The literature presents access to justice as a controversial issue and more often mentions the financial costs rather than the human costs suffered by litigants and focuses its attention on the victims of criminal acts rather than on the individuals who commit them. In this sense, this thesis aimed to document the experience of the costs of litigants during legal proceedings. Moreover, based on Gramatikov’s (2009) observation that the judicial experience is unique to everyone, we wanted to present the parameters shaping the impact of these experiences. By focusing on the penal experience of 19 litigants, we were able to observe the importance of taking into consideration the parameters facilitating the experience of costs and the need for certain changes in the criminal justice system to make the judicial experience less costly and more egalitarian. We consider that the parameters that are likely to reduce costs and make it easier for litigants to cope with them are essential resources for access to justice. By becoming aware of the singularity of the legal experience and the interdependence of costs and inequality, we nevertheless stress the importance of the support resources offered (family members or specialized groups, the media, judicial actors and their work) in the consolidation and experience of costs. In concrete terms, with regard to the flaws in the system, we emphasize the need to reduce the delays, the opacity and the complexity of the procedures, in addition to reflecting on the conditions imposed and the collateral consequences of the procedures. After reflection and by highlighting major barriers to access to justice that are also responsible for judicial inequality, it was possible to present judicial inequality as a reflection of social inequalities.

L’idée d’un tribunal unifié de la famille (TUF) plane depuis longtemps. Toutefois, les contraintes constitutionnelles de la fédération canadienne en matière d’administration de la justice familiale en rendent la réalisation très difficile. En effet, l’établissement de TUF pose problème au Canada en ce que la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 prévoit que le mariage et le divorce sont de compétence fédérale, alors que la célébration du mariage, l’administration de la justice et la procédure en matière civile, de même que toutes les matières de nature purement locale ou privée, sont de compétence provinciale. Au Québec, à l’heure actuelle, la Cour supérieure a compétence en matière de divorce, de même que sur les demandes qui y sont accessoires, comme la garde de l’enfant et les droits d’accès et les pensions alimentaires. La Cour du Québec, quant à elle, a compétence en matière d’adoption, de délinquance juvénile et de protection de la jeunesse. Cela dit, depuis le 1er janvier 2016, la loi reconnaît à la Cour du Québec une compétence élargie lorsque saisie d’un dossier d’adoption ou de protection de la jeunesse pour se prononcer sur les demandes accessoires qui y sont liées. L’existence de ces deux instances compétentes en matière de droit familial, issues du morcellement des compétences constitutionnelles, crée des difficultés réelles pour l’accès à la justice familiale au Québec. Il en résulte de la confusion pour les justiciables, un manque d’harmonisation dans la gestion des dossiers et une division des ressources judiciaires. Malgré les limites constitutionnelles ci-dessus exposées, plusieurs provinces canadiennes sont parvenues à créer des TUF dès 1977. Qui plus est, le gouvernement fédéral procède actuellement à une expansion des TUF dans plusieurs provinces. En revanche, en dépit des intentions maintes fois formulées par les gouvernements fédéral et provincial, un tel projet est resté lettre morte au Québec. Il n’existe pas de recensement des travaux effectués sur le sujet ni d’analyse historique en reflétant l’évolution. Ce mémoire vise à pallier cette dernière carence en fournissant une étude approfondie de la problématique. La première partie dresse l’historique du système judiciaire québécois au regard du droit de la famille et des revendications constitutionnelles afférentes. La seconde partie expose la place qu’a occupée l’idée du TUF lors la dernière réforme du droit de la famille au Québec, au tournant des années 1980. La troisième partie brosse un portrait du projet, dont l’avènement paraît toujours plus lointain. Enfin, la quatrième et dernière partie expose les voies de solutions qui ont été envisagées pour en permettre la création dans le contexte constitutionnel actuel. / The Project of a Unified Family Court in Quebec or the Roadblock to an Improved Access to Justice. The idea of a unified family court (UFC) has been embedded in the federal provincial joint policy for decades. However, the establishment of UFCs is challenging in Canada, the reason being that the Constitution Act, 1867, provides that marriage and divorce fall under federal jurisdiction, whereas the celebration of marriage, the administration of justice and the procedure for and all matters of a purely local or private nature fall within provincial jurisdiction. Currently in the province of Quebec, the Superior Court has jurisdiction over divorce, as well as ancillary claims such as custody, access rights and alimony. The Quebec Court has jurisdiction over adoption, youth delinquency and youth protection issues. Since January 1, 2016, the law has given the Court of Quebec extended jurisdiction when it hears an adoption or youth protection file in order to rule on ancillary claims. The existence of these two competent institutions on family matters, resulting from the fragmentation of constitutional powers, creates concrete difficulties for access to family justice in Quebec. The issues identified include confusion for litigants, a lack of harmonization in case management and a division of judicial resources. Despite these divided areas of jurisdiction, several Canadian provinces established UFCs as early as 1977. In addition, the federal government is currently expanding UFCs in several provinces. In Quebec, however, the creation of a UFC has remained an empty rhetoric. To date, there is no thorough review of the work and discussions held to create an UFC in Quebec, nor an analysis of the evolution of the idea. This thesis aims to overcome this void by providing a thorough and comprehensive study on the development of the idea of implementing a UFC in Quebec. The first part provides a historical overview of Quebec’s justice system with respect to family law, as well as related constitutional claims. The second part describes the place of the idea of a unified family court in the last reform of family law in Quebec, at the turn of the 1980s. The third part gives a portrait of the idea, ever distant, of such a court in Quebec since then. The fourth and last part presents the solutions that have been considered to allow the creation of such an institution in Quebec.