No description available.

As the web continues to evolve, so does our need for achieving an accessible web for people with disabilities. Content management systems (CMSs) have well observed accessibility problems with generated content, and in recent years, several features have been proposed in order to minimize or eliminate these problems. This study investigated CMSs in current use to find common accessibility problems and evaluated a set of features proposed by Acosta, T. et al. in 2018, targeting these problems. The study initially found a general lack of information, guidance and technical support provided by CMSs to editors promoting the generation of accessible content. The results indicate that even editors highly aware of accessibility may not be able to create accessible content due to the limitations of their systems. The study also received positive feedback towards the evaluated features from professionals, indicating that the features are of practical value and may help the editor by minimizing or eliminating common accessibility problems in content generated through CMSs. / Webben fortsätter att utvecklas, och det gör också vårt behov av att göra webben tillgänglig för personer med funktionshinder. Innehållshanteringssystem (CMS) har flera kända tillgänglighetsproblem med dess genererande innehåll och under de senaste åren så har ett antal tillgänglighetsfunktioner föreslagits för att minimera eller eliminera dessa problem. Den här studien undersökte CMS som används idag för att hitta vanliga tillgänglighetsproblem och evaluerade en samling av föreslagna funktioner av Acosta, T. et al. som riktade sig mot dessa problem. Studien fann i början en generell brist på information, vägledning och tekniskt stöd från CMS till redaktörer som främjar skapandet av tillgängligt innehåll. Resultaten visar att även redaktörer som är medvetna om tillgänglighet inte alltid har möjligheten att skapa tillgängligt innehåll på grund av begränsningarna i deras system. Studien fick också positiv återkoppling av de utvärderade funktionerna från yrkesverksamma inom området, vilket indikerar att funktionerna har ett praktiskt värde och kan hjälpa redaktören genom att minimera eller eliminera vanliga tillgänglighetsproblem i innehåll som skapats via CMS.

The present study investigates the obstacles encountered by people with motor impairments in their pursuit of playing and enjoying video games. The design process involved gathering valuable insights from relevant to the topic literature and observations, due to the lack of access to individuals with motor disabilities. The resulting controller prioritized button layout customization and incorporated ergonomic considerations to ensure comfort and easier interaction. The feedback and user testing conducted provided valuable insights, allowing for iterative improvements and refinement of the controller design in the future.

A historical study of the urban texture of Gamla Stan shows how public space has been appropriated for private needs. Streets were built over, closed off or turned into private courtyards, some of which have started to disappear, being completely internalized. This process of space appropriation was one-directional until the early 1900s, when the fear of losing structures across town made authorities create a precedent and revert the process by removing specific houses from the urban texture. This approach is based on a set of rules which I changed when making my project: the re-examination of all the hidden, internal, private spaces and their re-introduction to public life.    My set of criteria is rooted in a research of the elements that constitute the borderline in Gamla Stan's public vs private realm: doors, passages and courtyards. Based on that I  limited my  intervention techniques to the removal of three elements: fences, structures, and doors. The last one has two sub-categories "the removed wall" (turned into a new door) and "the removed lock" (opening an existing door). By establishing the parameters of my work, I tested this speculation in a specific case scenario - a cluster of four blocks on the west side of Gamla Stan. Using the rule I that a door must be the beginning of a corridor path that leads to an open court, and having the historical knowledge of the  location of past public spaces, I surgically removed later additions of lesser architectural or historical quality. The result of this is a new interconnected, accessible network. Until now one was restricted to walking along the streets and alleys, and around buildings in Gamla Stan. With this intervention people can walk through the buildings and into the reclaimed spaces, thus shifting one’s perception of the urban texture. The new alternative, total system of navigation turns solid into permeable/perforated. Alley City has become Corridor City.

No description available.

Trots nationella lagar baserade på internationella tillgänglighetsriktlinjer visar rapporter att myndigheters webbplatser inte är tillgängliga för användare med funktionsnedsättning. Riktlinjerna för webbtillgänglighet i Sverige bygger på internationella standarden WCAG 2.0, nivå AA samt uppfyllnad av punkterna; ”Språket är enkelt och begripligt” och ”Navigeringen har en tydlig och överskådlig struktur”. Utifrån studier som har identifierat problem som inte kan kopplas till riktlinjer i den internationella standarden för webbtillgänglighet(WCAG 2.0) argumenteras för att tillgänglighetsarbetet behöver inkluderas redan under utvecklingsprocesserna. Arbete kring utformningen av en webbplats navigation och sitestruktur faller under metoder och principer inom informationsarkitekturen. I denna uppsats redogörs för en studie vilken undersökt hur synskadade användares definition av användbara navigationsstrukturer förhåller sig till metoder och principer inom informationsstrukturen. Under studien skapades fördjupad kunskap kring användargruppens beteende, användning av strategier samt preferenser för navigationens utformning. Data samlades in genom en användarstudie baserad på metoderna för deltagande observation och kvalitativ intervju. Det insamlade materialet från studien analyserades genom kvalitativa analyser och utfördes i två delar. Den första analysen behandlade användarnas beteenden och upplevelser och sammanfattades i ett antal teman vilka representerar användarnas upplevelser, preferenser samt användning av strategier. I ett andra steg analyserades hur användarnas förhållningssätt överensstämmer med metoder och principer inom informationsarkitekturen.Resultatet visar på ett antal aspekter vilka bör beaktas vid tillämpning av metoder och principer för utveckling av webbplatsers navigation och informationsarkitektur. Benämningar på rubriker och länkar är viktiga för att skapa översikt och navigera. Transformation av länklistor samt listornas placering i förhållande till övriga element har betydelse för navigeringens upplevda effektivitet. Användarna förlitar sig vidare på konventionellaplaceringar av navigationselement. De föredrar att söka (searching) framför att leta (browsing). En stor mängd information och/eller grafiska element samt användarens mentala modell påverkar informationssökningens upplevda effektivitet. Ovan nämna aspekter har analyserats i förhållande till metoder och principer inom informationsarkitekturen och har identifierats påverka följande. Vilka element som ska ses som ett navigationssystem bör utvidgas och navigationssystemens komponenter bör fungera utanför sin kontext. Namngivning och benämningar har visat sig ha extra stor påverkan på interaktionen och bör formas för att stödja auditiv scanning. En ökad mental belastning påverkar formen på användarens mentala modell och arbetsminnet kapacitet. Söksystemen används ofta och i stor utsträckning för att snabba upp informationssökningen. Studien visar även att navigationsstresstestet inte är en tillförlitlig metod för att utvärdera synskadade användares upplevelser, preferenser och användning av strategier. / Despite national laws based on the international standards for accessibility reports shows that government websites aren’t accessible for disabled users. Guidelines for web accessibility in Sweden are based on the international standard WCAG 2.0, level AA of conformance which includes simple and understandable language and clear and easy overview of the navigation. Based on previous studies that identified problems thatcan’t be extracted from guidelines from the international standard (WCAG 2.0) argues that the web accessibility needs to be included earlier during the development process. The work behind the websites navigation and site structure falls under the methods and principles of information architecture. In this thesis, a study regarding how visually impaired user’s definition of usable navigation structures relate to methods and principles of information architecture will be presented. The study deepened the knowledge of the user groups behavior, use of strategies and preferences for navigations design. Data was collected during a user study based on participation observations and qualitative interview. The collected material from the study was compiled during qualitative analysis and was divided in two parts. The first analysis was focused on the user’s experiences and preferences and was summarized as a collection of themes. During the next stage the themes were analyzed in connection with the methods and principles of information architecture.The result indicates aspects that should be considered when practice methods and principles during the development of websites navigation and information architecture. Labels on heading and links are important to overview and navigate. Transformation of list of links and the placement of the lists in regard to other elements have impact on the experience of the navigation. The users follow conventions when searching for navigation elements. They prefer searching before browsing. Large amount of information, graphical elements and the mental model have an impact on information seeking as well as the effectiveness. The previous findings have been analyzed in connection with the methods and principles of information architecture and the following are considered important. Navigation systems should be expanded and designed to work outside it’s context. Names and labels have a great impact on the interaction and should be design to support scanning with the ears. Increased mental load affect the shape of the mental model and the capacity of theworking memory. Search systems are used often and are used to speed up the information seeking process. Lastly, the result indicated that the navigation stress test is not reliable as an evaluation method for visually impaired users and should not be used to evaluate the use of strategies, the user experience and user’s preferences.

The study comprises four case studies, in the form of detailed plans from the three municipalities in Västra Götaland. The detailed individual has principal responsibility in a public place, and each case study includes a survey and analysis of the implementation process of a public place. Documents that have been reviewed are flat map, planning and implementation description, contract (development agreements / land use agreements) and ordinances. Finally a visit was performed in each planning area, by a visual inspection. Preliminary work, SOU 's, lagkommentarer, Propositions and previous studies focusing on individual principal on public places, has been read to get a knowledge base for the study. Older laws have been studied, such as the elderly Planning and Building Act 1987, in order to know the legislation of the detailed plans that are subject of the study. The study has its origins from two theses from the year 2012, which covered a similar subject. The difference in this study is that the agreements been added as an additional document, to create an overall picture of the implementation process of a public place with a single principal responsibility. Qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach has been used, where text interpretation has been the central approach, to understand the municipality's underlying intentions for public places. Analyses of the text documents have been conducted to investigate whether they contain the same issues. The aim was to see how the implementation process is complex, and how clearly municipality ensures its intentions for the general location of the plane map into reality. In completed case studies we have seen that municipalities use the agreement to partially regulate the design of public space, and only partial use of the possibility to enter the planning regulations on the design of plan map. We have also seen that the intentions in the general location plan map, doesn´t always agree with the planning and implementation descriptions. Despite this, the site visits revealed that the facilities for the public space is implemented in accordance with the plan map. The experience we had with us is that site visits are an important part in contact with the plans. Site visits gave us a better understanding of the municipality's intentions when text documents interpreted, and assess accessibility in public places. It's something we think should be used more, even when new detailed plans drawn up. The implementation process from plan to reality is a complex process. The process includes several different parts, where communication between officials is important to intentions of zoning should not to change or fall away. The municipality should therefore monitor each document established in the implementation process, to ensure the intentions and reduce the chance that reality will not be that the municipality has planned.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka flexenheter och flexteam som startades i en av Sveriges kommun, för att anpassa lärmiljöer till elever med funktionsnedsättningar, framför allt elever inom autism och ADHD. Undersökningen bygger på följande frågor: Vad är syfte med denna valda organisation? Hur bidrar organisationen till tillgänglighet för denna grupp elever? Vilka utmaningar och utvecklingsområden kan identifieras inom den valda organisationen? Kvalitativ forskningsmetod användes i studien och semi-strukturerade intervju och fokusgruppsintervjuer genomfördes för att samla in empirin. Teoriansatsen bygger på Bronfenbrenners systemteori samt Nilholms specialpedagogiska perspektiv. Resultatet visar att flexenhetens- och flexteamens organisation erbjuder tillgängliga lärmiljöer för denna grupp elever genom flexkompetens och det kompensatoriska perspektivet men, att det kritiska perspektivet spelar också roll i den flexibla organisationen. Utmaningar och utvecklingsområden ligger i implementering av arbetssätt och förhållningssätt hos andra lärare så att dessa elever kan inkluderas ide vanliga klassrummen. Det långsiktiga målet för kommunen är att alla lärare anpassar undervisning och miljö till dessa elever med hjälp av erfarna flexpedagogerna. / The purpose of this study is to elucidate why one of Sweden’s municipalities chose to implement a new way of including students with neuropsychological deficits, especially ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). The municipality decided to offer adapted resource rooms and flexible well-trained teachers to this group of students as a way of ensuring them accessible learning environments. The questions raised in this research are the following: what is the aim of the implementation of this flexible organisation to this group of students? In which ways does this organisation contribute in providing an inclusive learning environment to these students? What are the challenges and areas of improvement within such an organisation? The research method is based on semi-structured interviews with, on the one hand, flexible teachers in two of the municipality’s schools, and on the other hand, the developer of this flexible organisation for this group of students. As theoretical frame, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory as well as Nilholm’s special education perspectives were used in this study. The results of the research show that this organisation really offers accessible learning environments to this group of students by using the compensatory and critical perspectives. The challenges are that the other teachers need to learn from them in order to be able to really include these students in mainstream regular classes. The long-term goal of this municipality is to see all the students with special needs included in regular classes with the help of flexible teachers, trained in these students’ special needs. The flexible teachers’ mission is to help the other teachers and show them that inclusion of these students in mainstream regular classes is a possible mission.

O presente trabalho avaliou o comportamento de três híbridos de cana-de-açúcar, contrastantes quanto aos teores de hemicelulose e lignina, diante do pré-tratamento com ácido sulfúrico diluído e da subsequente conversão enzimática da glucana à glicose. Os híbridos 89, 140 e 321 (H89, H140 e H321) foram submetidos à diferentes condições de pré-tratamento ácido: 150 ºC; 13 g ácido sulfúrico/100 g material; e tempos de reação que variaram entre 20 e 90 min. Os rendimentos de sólidos residuais diminuíram progressivamente em função do aumento da severidade do pré-tratamento. O H89 apresentou rendimentos nitidamente menores, comparados ao dos híbridos H140 e H321; reflexo da maior solubilização de todos os três constituintes estruturais deste híbrido. A hemicelulose foi o componente da parede celular removido com maior eficiência pelo pré-tratamento ácido. Além disso, o pré-tratamento modificou a proporção molar dos constituintes iniciais da hemicelulose (xilose, ácido acético e arabinose), resultando em estruturas residuais menos ramificadas. Paralelamente, também foi observada uma pequena remoção de lignina (entre 21% e 31%, dependendo do híbrido) e de glucana (entre 4% e 15%, dependendo do híbrido) durante o pré-tratamento. Os carboidratos detectados nos hidrolisados ácidos dos híbridos foram predominantemente monoméricos quando os tempos de reação foram maiores do que 40 min. No entanto, os híbridos H140 e H321 se diferenciaram do H89, pois apresentaram oligossacarídeos (DP>=2) nos hidrolisados obtidos em tempos de reação entre 20 e 30 min. Os rendimentos de conversão enzimática da glucana contida nos sólidos pré-tratados aumentaram substancialmente após o pré-tratamento ácido (principalmente devido à remoção de hemicelulose). No entanto, as conversões máximas de glucana em glicose não ultrapassaram 65%. A deslignificação parcial das amostras pré-tratadas com ácido (90 min), empregando soluções de clorito de sódio/ácido acético, permitiu aumentar a conversão enzimática de glucanas até valores próximos a 100%. De forma geral, o pré-tratamento ácido e a subsequente deslignificação proporcionaram maiores ganhos de conversão enzimática àqueles híbridos inicialmente mais recalcitrantes (H321 e H140). Os rendimentos de pré-tratamento (ácido diluído e clorito-ácido) e da conversão enzimática demonstraram que a maior obtenção de glicose por área plantada (Kg/hectare) ou por material processado (Kg/ton material) seria alcançada com a utilização dos híbridos H89 e H321, respectivamente. A investigação das características microestruturais das paredes celulares dos híbridos permitiu compreender como as etapas de tratamento químico afetaram a conversão enzimática da glucana. O pré-tratamento ácido diminuiu substancialmente o volume total de poros dos três híbridos, enquanto a subsequente deslignificação não retornou a porosidade aos níveis originalmente detectados nas amostras não tratadas. Por outro lado, a área superficial acessível de glucana dos substratos apresentou relação direta com os rendimentos de conversão enzimática da glucana à glicose (R2=0,92). A compilação dos dados analíticos, aliada às determinações de glucana acessível, permitiu propor um parâmetro empírico (relação do teor de glucana com a soma de hemicelulose+lignina+extraíveis), útil para predizer os níveis de conversão enzimática de glucana nas amostras estudadas. / This study evaluated the performance of three sugarcane hybrids, contrasting for lignin and hemicellulose contents, under dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic conversion of glucan to glucose. The hybrids 89, 140 and 321 (H89, H140, and H321) were pretreated at different reaction conditions: 150 °C; 13 g sulfuric acid/100 g material; and reaction time ranging from 20 to 90 min. Residual solid yields gradually decreased according to increasing of pretreatment severity. H89 showed the lowest yields compared to the H140 and H321 hybrids, due to the highest solubilization of all the three structural components. Hemicellulose was the major cell wall component removed by the acid pretreatment. Furthermore, acid pretreatment modified the molar ratio of the initial hemicellulose constituents (xylose, arabinose and acetic acid), resulting in less branched structures. Lignin (between 21% and 31%, depending on the hybrid) and glucan (between 4% and 15%, depending on the hybrid) removal were also observed during the pretreatment. Carbohydrates in liquid hydrolysates were predominantly detected as monomers at reaction times greater than 40 min. However, H140 and H321 hybrids differed from H89, since they presented oligosaccharides (DP>=2) in the hydrolysates obtained at short reaction time (20 and 30 min). Enzymatic conversion of glucan from pretreated solids was substantially increased after the acid pretreatment (mainly due to the hemicellulose removal). Nevertheless, maximum conversion of glucan to glucose did not exceed 65%. Partial delignification of the acid pretreated samples (90 min), employing sodium chlorite/acetic acid solutions, increased the enzymatic conversion of glucan to values near to 100%. In general, acid pretreatment and subsequent delignification provided higher gains of enzymatic conversion to the hybrids originally more recalcitrant (H321 and H140). The pretreatment (dilute acid and chlorite-acid) and enzymatic conversion yields demonstrated that to obtain higher amounts of glucose, taking into account the planted area (Kg/ha) or raw material processed (Kg/ton), would be achieved by using H89 and H321 hybrids, respectively. Analysis of the micro-structural features of the hybrids allowed understanding the effect of the chemical treatment step in the enzymatic conversion of glucan. Acid pretreatment significantly decreased the total pores volume of these hybrids, while the subsequent delignification do not returned the porosity to the original levels detected in raw samples. On the other hand, the accessible surface area of glucan showed a direct correlation with the enzymatic conversion levels of glucan to glucose (the model including several substrates presented R2=0.92). The compilation of analytical data, combined with the accessible glucan, allowed proposing an empirical parameter (ratio of the glucan content with the sum of hemicellulose+lignin+extractives), that was useful for predicting the enzymatic conversion levels of glucan for all the evaluated samples.

O presente trabalho avaliou o comportamento de três híbridos de cana-de-açúcar, contrastantes quanto aos teores de hemicelulose e lignina, diante do pré-tratamento com ácido sulfúrico diluído e da subsequente conversão enzimática da glucana à glicose. Os híbridos 89, 140 e 321 (H89, H140 e H321) foram submetidos à diferentes condições de pré-tratamento ácido: 150 ºC; 13 g ácido sulfúrico/100 g material; e tempos de reação que variaram entre 20 e 90 min. Os rendimentos de sólidos residuais diminuíram progressivamente em função do aumento da severidade do pré-tratamento. O H89 apresentou rendimentos nitidamente menores, comparados ao dos híbridos H140 e H321; reflexo da maior solubilização de todos os três constituintes estruturais deste híbrido. A hemicelulose foi o componente da parede celular removido com maior eficiência pelo pré-tratamento ácido. Além disso, o pré-tratamento modificou a proporção molar dos constituintes iniciais da hemicelulose (xilose, ácido acético e arabinose), resultando em estruturas residuais menos ramificadas. Paralelamente, também foi observada uma pequena remoção de lignina (entre 21% e 31%, dependendo do híbrido) e de glucana (entre 4% e 15%, dependendo do híbrido) durante o pré-tratamento. Os carboidratos detectados nos hidrolisados ácidos dos híbridos foram predominantemente monoméricos quando os tempos de reação foram maiores do que 40 min. No entanto, os híbridos H140 e H321 se diferenciaram do H89, pois apresentaram oligossacarídeos (DP>=2) nos hidrolisados obtidos em tempos de reação entre 20 e 30 min. Os rendimentos de conversão enzimática da glucana contida nos sólidos pré-tratados aumentaram substancialmente após o pré-tratamento ácido (principalmente devido à remoção de hemicelulose). No entanto, as conversões máximas de glucana em glicose não ultrapassaram 65%. A deslignificação parcial das amostras pré-tratadas com ácido (90 min), empregando soluções de clorito de sódio/ácido acético, permitiu aumentar a conversão enzimática de glucanas até valores próximos a 100%. De forma geral, o pré-tratamento ácido e a subsequente deslignificação proporcionaram maiores ganhos de conversão enzimática àqueles híbridos inicialmente mais recalcitrantes (H321 e H140). Os rendimentos de pré-tratamento (ácido diluído e clorito-ácido) e da conversão enzimática demonstraram que a maior obtenção de glicose por área plantada (Kg/hectare) ou por material processado (Kg/ton material) seria alcançada com a utilização dos híbridos H89 e H321, respectivamente. A investigação das características microestruturais das paredes celulares dos híbridos permitiu compreender como as etapas de tratamento químico afetaram a conversão enzimática da glucana. O pré-tratamento ácido diminuiu substancialmente o volume total de poros dos três híbridos, enquanto a subsequente deslignificação não retornou a porosidade aos níveis originalmente detectados nas amostras não tratadas. Por outro lado, a área superficial acessível de glucana dos substratos apresentou relação direta com os rendimentos de conversão enzimática da glucana à glicose (R2=0,92). A compilação dos dados analíticos, aliada às determinações de glucana acessível, permitiu propor um parâmetro empírico (relação do teor de glucana com a soma de hemicelulose+lignina+extraíveis), útil para predizer os níveis de conversão enzimática de glucana nas amostras estudadas. / This study evaluated the performance of three sugarcane hybrids, contrasting for lignin and hemicellulose contents, under dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic conversion of glucan to glucose. The hybrids 89, 140 and 321 (H89, H140, and H321) were pretreated at different reaction conditions: 150 °C; 13 g sulfuric acid/100 g material; and reaction time ranging from 20 to 90 min. Residual solid yields gradually decreased according to increasing of pretreatment severity. H89 showed the lowest yields compared to the H140 and H321 hybrids, due to the highest solubilization of all the three structural components. Hemicellulose was the major cell wall component removed by the acid pretreatment. Furthermore, acid pretreatment modified the molar ratio of the initial hemicellulose constituents (xylose, arabinose and acetic acid), resulting in less branched structures. Lignin (between 21% and 31%, depending on the hybrid) and glucan (between 4% and 15%, depending on the hybrid) removal were also observed during the pretreatment. Carbohydrates in liquid hydrolysates were predominantly detected as monomers at reaction times greater than 40 min. However, H140 and H321 hybrids differed from H89, since they presented oligosaccharides (DP>=2) in the hydrolysates obtained at short reaction time (20 and 30 min). Enzymatic conversion of glucan from pretreated solids was substantially increased after the acid pretreatment (mainly due to the hemicellulose removal). Nevertheless, maximum conversion of glucan to glucose did not exceed 65%. Partial delignification of the acid pretreated samples (90 min), employing sodium chlorite/acetic acid solutions, increased the enzymatic conversion of glucan to values near to 100%. In general, acid pretreatment and subsequent delignification provided higher gains of enzymatic conversion to the hybrids originally more recalcitrant (H321 and H140). The pretreatment (dilute acid and chlorite-acid) and enzymatic conversion yields demonstrated that to obtain higher amounts of glucose, taking into account the planted area (Kg/ha) or raw material processed (Kg/ton), would be achieved by using H89 and H321 hybrids, respectively. Analysis of the micro-structural features of the hybrids allowed understanding the effect of the chemical treatment step in the enzymatic conversion of glucan. Acid pretreatment significantly decreased the total pores volume of these hybrids, while the subsequent delignification do not returned the porosity to the original levels detected in raw samples. On the other hand, the accessible surface area of glucan showed a direct correlation with the enzymatic conversion levels of glucan to glucose (the model including several substrates presented R2=0.92). The compilation of analytical data, combined with the accessible glucan, allowed proposing an empirical parameter (ratio of the glucan content with the sum of hemicellulose+lignin+extractives), that was useful for predicting the enzymatic conversion levels of glucan for all the evaluated samples.