The Baltic Sea is a sensitive and unique ecosystem that has been strongly affected by human activity in the area. It is an important cultural and natural resource that contributes with several economic benefits. Among the many documents aiming to protect the Baltic Sea, this thesis concerns two of the action plans; An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 and HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, which are two of the most recognised documents aiming at protecting the Baltic Sea area. The two documents was analysed using three different types of text analysis. As the main goal in all environmental protection is to urge preventive action in protecting the environment, the two documents will be analysed with the aim of investigating whether preventive action is advocated in the protection of the Baltic Sea, even though the region is threatened and have many problems from an environmental point of view. The two documents differ structurally as their approaches differ. The HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) has an ecosystem approach, whiles the Baltic 21 has sustainable development as its primarily approach. The results of the study further show that preventive action is advocated in both documents. However, the BSAP presents a cleared preventive approach and suggests more preventive action than Baltic 21. Baltic 21 lack a clear connection to the Baltic Sea and instead focus in the whole Baltic Sea area. There are few clearly preventive action presented in the protection of the actual Baltic Sea in Baltic 21. Instead the Baltic 21 shows a vague argumentation and few actions aiming at preventing environmental harm to the Baltic Sea.

En god arbetsmiljö är en lagstadgad rättighet för arbetstagaren enligt Arbetsmiljölagen. Arbetet med att säkerställa en god arbetsmiljö kallas arbetsmiljöarbete och är en nyckelfaktor för att skapa hälsosamma och attraktiva arbetsplatser. Medarbetarundersökningar är en undersökningsmetod i det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet men kan också användas i syfte att ta reda på medarbetarnas uppfattningar om sin arbetssituation med målet att skapa verksamhetsförbättringar. I denna studie har syftet varit att undersöka vilken roll som medarbetarundersökningen spelar i chefernas arbetsmiljöarbete. Studien undersökte hur cheferna arbetar med arbetsmiljöarbete och hur arbetet med resultatet från en medarbetarundersökning genomförts. Studien genomfördes på en funktion med tre organisationsnivåer och bygger på 12 kvalitativa intervjuer med funktions-, avdelnings- och enhetschefer. Studien visar att medarbetarundersökningen spelar en viktig roll i chefernas arbetsmiljöarbete på alla organisationsnivåer både som diskussionsunderlag i ledningsgrupper och i dialogen med medarbetarna samt som bevis på att genomförda arbetsmiljöinsatser fungerar. Enhetscheferna använder både medarbetarundersökningen och andra undersökningsmetoder i sitt arbetsmiljöarbete. / The employee is entitled to a safe work environment according to Swedish legislation.  Good working conditions are a key factor to create healthy and attractive work places. Employee survey is a method used to investigate the work environment in the process “Systematiskt arbetsmiljöarbete”. The employee survey can also be used to measure employees’ views on a wide range of work-related topics in order to achieve organizational success. The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of the employee survey for the continuous work environment process done by managers.  The study also investigated how the managers’ worked with the result of the employee survey and how they worked with the continuous work environment process. The study was carried out on a function with three organizational levels and contains 12 interviews with managers on all three levels. The findings of the study show that the result of the employee survey is used as a basis for discussion both in the management teams and in dialogue with employees in the work environment process. The result of the employee survey is also used to ensure that measures taken within the work environment process are well accepted. The result also shows that managers on the lowest organizational level use other tools when investigating the work environment.

Bakgrund: Astma är en folksjukdom som ökar kraftigt bland den svenska befolkningen. Sjukdomens svårighetsgrad kan påverka livskvalitet och arbetsförmågan.För att kunna hantera sjukdomen och minska besvären kan sjuksköterskan lära ut handlingar för egenvård. Syfte: Att belysa hur sjuksköterskor undervisar vuxna patienter med astma bronkiale. Metod: Litteraturstudien grundade sig på tidigare forskning och användes 10 vetenskapliga artiklar från Cinahl, PubMed och Psykinfodatabas. Artiklarna har varit både kvalitativa och kvantitativa. Resultat: Litteraturstudie visade sig på tre olika huvudkategorier. Sjuksköterskan förmedlar kunskap om egenvård genom att göra patienten delaktig, utforma individuellt anpassad utbildning och involvera anhöriga. Att upprätta handlingsplan görs tillsammans med patienten med hjälp av sjuksköterskan. Att kommunicera och ge stöd är en viktig komponent i patientens behandling. Slutsats: Inom vården kan man utgå från Orems och Suzie Kims domäner för en god egenvård. Egenvård bör utföras så gott som möjligt för att främja patientens välbefinnande. / Background: Asthma is a widespread disease that is increasing dramatically among the Swedish population. Diseases severity may affect quality of live and working ability. Inorder to cope with the disease and improve health nurse can teach acts of self-care. Aim: To illuminate how nurses teach adult patients with asthma bronchial. Method:The literature review is based on previous research and used 10 scientific articles from database, Cinahl, PubMed and PsycInfo. The review has encompassed both qualitative and quantitative reference. Results: The analysis of the articles revealed three different main categories. The nurse conveys knowledge about self-care by making patient involvement, develop individualized education and involve relatives. The preparation of action plan with the patient is positive for the treatment. To communicate and provide support is an important component of patient treatment. Conclusion: In healthcare it can be assumed Orems and Suzie Kims domains for a good self-care. Self-care should be performed as best as possible to promote patient comfort.

The Code of Criminal Procedure is an indispensable procedure law to a modern rule-of-law state. An accused will be tried in compliance with the procedures provided under the Code, to examine whether the constitutive elements of the alleged crime have been met and how the accused shall be punished accordingly. Under legal positivism, only guilt provided under written code corresponds to justice (¡§just-by-law¡¨); whereas under natural law, apart from ¡§just-by-law,¡¨ ¡§just-by-nature¡¨ exists from the reason of human beings. Besides domestic laws, ideologies and universal norms conforming to contemporary civilization also provide references to the implementation of the procedure. This dissertation analyzes the criminal procedure system of the People's Republic of China (¡§PRC¡¨), including the Criminal Procedure Law, first adopted in 1979 and later amended in 1996, and National Human Rights Action Plan 2009-2010 released on April 13, 2009. From the history perspective, it looks into the evolution of legal system and the development of humanism in China. It also compares the PRC¡¦s criminal procedure with other countries in modern times. Finally, through case studies, it examines the difficulty and distress of PRC¡¦s criminal procedure system. From the perspective of historical study and comparative study, different history and culture background affect a regime¡¦s understanding of criminal procedure; however, following the execution of international conventions and closer interaction among countries, economic development continuously presses on improvement of political development. Consequently, the criminal due process has become a defined human rights ideology under a rule-of-law system. Finally, from the viewpoint of New Institutionalism, this dissertation tries to discover the impact of criminal due process to the legitimacy of a political regime. The author sincerely hopes that this dissertation will benefit the Chinese people, the development of the criminal due process, and the governance of the Chinese government.

<p>The Baltic Sea is a sensitive and unique ecosystem that has been strongly affected by human activity in the area. It is an important cultural and natural resource that contributes with several economic benefits. Among the many documents aiming to protect the Baltic Sea, this thesis concerns two of the action plans; An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 and HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, which are two of the most recognised documents aiming at protecting the Baltic Sea area. The two documents was analysed using three different types of text analysis.</p><p>As the main goal in all environmental protection is to urge preventive action in protecting the environment, the two documents will be analysed with the aim of investigating whether preventive action is advocated in the protection of the Baltic Sea, even though the region is threatened and have many problems from an environmental point of view.</p><p>The two documents differ structurally as their approaches differ. The HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) has an ecosystem approach, whiles the Baltic 21 has sustainable development as its primarily approach. The results of the study further show that preventive action is advocated in both documents. However, the BSAP presents a cleared preventive approach and suggests more preventive action than Baltic 21. Baltic 21 lack a clear connection to the Baltic Sea and instead focus in the whole Baltic Sea area. There are few clearly preventive action presented in the protection of the actual Baltic Sea in Baltic 21. Instead the Baltic 21 shows a vague argumentation and few actions aiming at preventing environmental harm to the Baltic Sea.</p>

The Action Plan for Reducing, Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico represents the first national attempt to address this environmental issue. Hypoxia is the condition of low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in a body of water. This condition leads to a so-called dead zone and potentially threatens industries dependent on the living marine resources of this area. The potential impact of any policy or plan designed to combat hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico could have significant impacts on stakeholder groups, specifically the fishing industry in the Gulf of Mexico, and the agriculture and fertilizer industries in the Midwest. This thesis examines the influence of the relative economic power of the aforementioned industries on the development of effective policy to mitigate hypoxia. The relative economic power of the agriculture and fertilizer industries has significantly impacted the development and efficacy of this plan.

Darbo tema: Strateginio valdymo principų taikymas švietimo įstaigose. Šio darbo tikslas – įvertinti strateginio valdymo principų realizavimo Švenčionių rajono bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose situaciją, pateikti išvadas ir pasiūlymus dėl strateginio valdymo bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose tobulinimo Tyrimo problema: Problema yra tai, kad strateginio valdymo tobulinimo ir įgyvendinimo svarba tiek viešojo tiek privataus sektorių institucijose akcentuojama kaip būtinas veiksnys siekiant aukštesnio žmonių pragyvenimo lygio, mokslo ir technikos pažangos, demokratijos ir visokeriopos pažangos vystymo, tačiau praktikoje strateginio valdymo principai organizacijose yra įgyvendinami tik iš dalies, nuolat susiduriama su įvairiomis kliūtimis. Apie strateginio valdymo principų realizavimą Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose nėra paskelbtų tyrimų, tai apsprendžia pasirinktos temos naujumą. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Atskleisti strateginio valdymo sampratą. 2. Aptarti strateginio valdymo principų pritaikomumą švietimo įstaigose. 3. Įvertinti strateginio valdymo principų realizavimą Lietuvos švietimo įstaigose teoriniu aspektu. 4. Ištirti strateginio valdymo principų taikymą Švenčionių rajono bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose. 5. Pateikti strateginio valdymo tobulinimo bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose galimybes. Tiriamųjų kontingentas: Tyrimas buvo atliekamas devyniose Švenčionių rajono bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose, bei penkiose institucijose, kurios yra mokyklų socialiniai partneriai. tyrimo metodas – anketinė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this work is to assess the the realization of strategic management principles in Švenčionys district general education schools, to present the conclusions and proposals for the development of strategic management in general education schools. The issue raised in this research is the importance of strategic management development and implementation, both in public and in private sectors, which is emphasized as an essential factor in achieving a higher standard of living for progress of people, science and technology. However, democracy and progress in every development, practicing the principles of strategic management in organizations, are done only in part, and they are constantly faced with different obstacles. There are no published studies about the realization of strategic management principles in Lithuanian schools, which is why this fact reveals the novelty of the given subject. Research objectives: 1. To reveal the strategic management concept. 2. To discuss the applicability of strategic management principles in educational institutions. 3. To evaluate the realization of strategic management principles in Lithuanian educational institutions by theoretical aspect. 4. To investigate the application of strategic management principles in Švenčionys district general education schools. 5. To present the possibilities of strategic management development in general education. The contingent of the exploratory: The research was conducted in nine schools in... [to full text]

As a result of the disregard of governments&rsquo / direct urbanization policies for more than 50 years, most of the settlements in Turkey today demonstrate sub-standard environments and unauthorized developments subject to severe natural hazards. Turkey will have to focus in the near future on the renewal and regeneration of cities built over the past six decades, rather then sticking to urban policies solely devoted to extend new urban areas. The production of legal instruments and urban policies to facilitate the new policy of regeneration in physical and social terms, seems to be the most challenging issue facing urban planning. Urban regeneration planning aims to produce strategies and policies concurrently devoted to maintain physical rehabilitation and social transformation in built areas. For this reason, urban regeneration planning requires legal tools, regulations and methods different then those of conventional development planning. A new approach to urban regeneration planning is the development of urban database systems. These sytems are discussed here by means of a model developed for the case of Zeytinburnu. This model is prepared by organizing and developing the urban databases produced by local governments and international institutions for istanbul integrating natural conditions, physical assets, and the social characteristics. This requires a new set of &lsquo / Analytical Studies&rsquo / approach. The main obstacle in urban database system in Turkey is the lack of legal arrangements. New regulations are needed to describe the organisation and principles of database management in technical and administrative terms. Other implications are that an entirely new generation of urban planners need to be trained, improvement of expertise on database management, database use and updating protocols. Such systems could also constitute an essential instrument of public participation in local planning and urban management process.

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A pesquisa objetivou compreender o processo de regulação da relação entre União e municípios do Rio Grande do Sul instituído a partir do Plano de Metas Compromisso Todos Pela Educação, por meio do Plano de Ações Articuladas (PAR). O Plano de Metas, concebido pelo Ministério da Educação, objetiva garantir o direito à educação básica com qualidade e equidade, ou seja, envolve qualificação de professores, adequada infraestrutura física das escolas, materiais pedagógicos em boa quantidade e adequados para cada etapa da educação básica, instituição de instrumentos da gestão democrática, práticas avaliativas que levem em consideração o processo de aprendizagem do aluno, entre outros elementos. O interesse pela pesquisa surgiu com a realização de um projeto de extensão relacionado à elaboração e implementação do PAR 2008-2011, quando foi observado que vinha ocorrendo um processo peculiar na articulação dos entes federados brasileiros na educação, processo este que supõe uma regulação das ações entre os entes federados no sentido de que a educação básica atinja o IDEB de seis pontos até 2020, o que, considerando parâmetros internacionais, indicaria uma educação de qualidade. A metodologia de pesquisa contemplou a análise de política pública, abrangendo análise de referenciais mais gerais da política, com ênfase no conteúdo do PAR (indicadores, ações e subações), e estudo da elaboração e implementação do PAR em municípios gaúchos. Com a pesquisa foi possível verificar que se estabelece uma forma de regulação embasada em metas a serem alcançadas. A política estabelece certa padronização das ações a serem desenvolvidas e da assistência técnica e financeira da União para com os demais entes federados. O PAR institui uma nova forma de relação entre os entes federados, na medida em que municípios e estados só recebem assistência técnica e financeira se atenderem aquilo que foi planejado como ações a serem executadas para a melhoria da educação. Essas ações podem ser de responsabilidade exclusiva da União, dos municípios e dos estados ou de responsabilidade compartilhada entre os entes federados. A regulação estabelecida pelo PAR nas relações entre os entes federados foi analisada em três categorias: regulação dos processos político-administrativos, que compreende as ações que se referem ao processo de gestão e de planejamento da educação; regulação pedagógica, que abrange as ações que devem ser realizadas no âmbito pedagógico; regulação normativa, que concerne a exigências de elaboração ou reformulação de leis, decretos, portarias e planos. Nos municípios analisados no Rio Grande do Sul, verifica-se que há maior incidência de ações inseridas na regulação pedagógica e normativa, em virtude da necessidade de (re)formulações de processos avaliativos, de projetos político-pedagógicos, de planos municipais de educação e de planos de carreira, ou, ainda, da necessidade de formação inicial e continuada de profissionais da educação, de reformas e construções de prédios e instalações escolares Desta forma, verifica-se que o PAR institui de fato mecanismos de regulação, ou seja, regras, objetivos a serem alcançados e executados para que ocorra, efetivamente, a melhoria da educação básica. / The research aimed to understand the regulating process of the relation between Union and municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul set from the Target Plan All For Education Commitment, through the Joint Action Plan (PAR). The Target Plan, developed by the Ministry of Education, pursuits to guarantee the right to basic education with quality and equity, in other words, involves qualification of teachers, adequate physical infrastructure of schools, good amount of teaching materials, appropriate for each stage of basic education, introduction of democratic management instruments, evaluation practices that consider student’s learning process, among other things. The interest in the research came with the realization of an extension project related to the preparation and implementation of PAR 2008-2011, when it was observed that a peculiar process was occurring in the joint action of Brazilian federal entities in education. Such process involves a regulation of activities among the federal entities so that basic education reach six points in IDEB until 2020, which, considering international standards, indicate an education of good quality. The research methodology included the analysis of public policy, including the analysis of more general policy references, with emphasis on the content of PAR (indicators, actions and sub-actions), and study of development and implementation of PAR in cities in the state. With the research it was possible to verify that it is established a type of regulation grounded in goals to be achieved. The policy provides some standardization of the actions to be undertaken and of the technical and financial assistance from Union to other federal entities. PAR sets a new kind of relation between federal entities, since municipalities and states only receive technical and financial assistance if they fulfill what was planned as actions to be executed to improve education. These actions can be the sole responsibility of the Union, municipalities and states, or a shared responsibility between the federal entities. The regulation determined by PAR in relations between federal entities was analyzed in three categories: regulation of political and administrative processes, which includes the actions related to the management and education planning process; pedagogical regulation, which covers the actions that should be taken in pedagogical scope; normative regulation, which concerns the requirements of development or reformulation of laws, decrees, ordinances and plans. In the cities analyzed in Rio Grande do Sul, it appears that there is a higher incidence of actions included in pedagogical and normative regulation, because of the need of (re)formulations of evaluation processes, of political-pedagogical projects, of municipal education plans and of career plans, or even the need for initial and continuing education for teaching staff, and for improvement and construction of buildings and school facilities. Thus, it is observed that PAR actually establishes regulatory mechanisms, that is, rules, objectives to be achieved and implemented in order to occur an effective improvement of basic education.