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La comorbidité entre dépendance aux opiacés et dépression : mécanismes sérotoninergiques dans un modèle murin / Comorbidity between opiate addiction and depression : serotonergic mechanisms in a mouse modelLutz, Pierre-Eric 03 September 2012 (has links)
L’addiction ou dépendance aux substances psychoactives est une affection chronique, fréquente et grave, émaillée de rechutes et de périodes d’abstinence. Les études épidémiologiques montrent que l’abstinence aux opiacés est fortement associée à une prévalence accrue de la dépression. Nous résumons ici les principaux aspects cliniques de la dépendance aux opiacés et de la dépression, en détaillant leurs mécanismes physiopathologiques. Puis, nous présentons notre modèle d’abstinence aux opiacés chez la souris. Suite à un traitement morphinique chronique et au cours de l’abstinence apparaissent progressivement des comportements apparentés à la dépression. Ce traitement morphinique modifie profondément le fonctionnement du système sérotoninergique, notamment dans le noyau du raphé dorsal. De plus, les déficits comportementaux observés peuvent être prévenus par un traitement chronique par la fluoxétine, un antidépresseur ciblant ce système. Nous avons généralisé ce modèle à l’héroïne, un autre opiacé illicite. Nous avons révélé par des approches génétiques de délétion constitutive et conditionnelle les rôles distincts des 3 récepteurs opioïdes (mu, delta et kappa) lors de l’abstinence à l’héroïne. Enfin, nous avons initié une étude de caractérisation, à l’échelle de l’ensemble du génome, des adaptations transcriptomiques (ARN messagers et micro-ARN) dans le noyau du raphé dorsal au cours de l’abstinence à l’héroïne et du traitement antidépresseur. Ce travail devrait permettre d’améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes neurobiologiques à l’œuvre dans la comorbidité entre dépendance aux opiacés et dépression et pourrait suggérer de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques. / Addiction is a chronic, frequent and serious brain disease, with relapse alternating with abstinence periods. Epidemiological studies show that abstinence, notably from opiates, is strongly associated with depression.Here we present the main clinical aspects of opiate addiction and depression, and most recent advances in molecular pathophysiology of both disorders. Then, we present our mouse model of opiate abstinence. Following chronic morphine exposure, depressive-like behaviours progressively emerge. Morphine treatment profoundly disrupts serotonergic signalling, notably in the dorsal raphe nucleus. In addition, behavioural deficits can be prevented by chronic treatment with fluoxetine, an antidepressant targeting serotonergic neurons. We then generalized our mouse model to heroin, another major illicit opiate. Using constitutive and conditional knockout strategies, we documented distinct roles for all 3 opioid receptors (mu, delta and kappa) in heroin abstinence. Finally, we initiated a large-scale analysis of transcriptomic regulations (mRNA and micro-RNA) occurring in our model as a function of heroin abstinence and fluoxetine treatment.These studies should reveal an unforeseen contribution of the dorsal raphe nucleus to addiction. They should uncover new molecular mechanisms underlying depressive-like behaviors in mice during opiate abstinence and thus put forward new therapeutic targets in humans.
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Vilka faktorer bidrar till att spelare fastnar i MMORPG spel?Martinsson, Christoffer, Nyström, Julia January 2007 (has links)
Massiva onlinerollspel är idag mycket populära och försäljningen och spelandet utav dessa ökar markant. I och med detta väcks frågan om vad det är i dessa onlinespel som gör att människor spelar och fortsätter spela. Denna uppsats inriktas främst mot MMORPG:s, Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games, då författarna anser att det är i denna onlinespelsgenre den största möjligheten att finna och definiera de faktorer, som påverkar spelares vilja att spela, finns. För att ta reda på dessa faktorer skapades en enkät vars frågor utformades med en gameflowmodell i baktanken. Denna enkät lades sedan ut på sex olika onlinespelsanknutna forum, där totalt 105 spelare anonymt deltog. Den bygger dock även på tidigare gjorda undersökningar och rapporter om onlinespelandets anledningar, analyserade artiklar inom ämnet MMORPG spel och sist men inte minst författarnas egna erfarenheter utav MMORPG spel.
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Rôle des récompenses dans la sélection et l'utilisation de différentes formes de mémoire : interactions entre l'hippocampe et le striatum / Role of drug and food rewards in the selection and use of different forms of memory : interactions between the striatum and the hippocampusBaudonnat, Mathieu 02 December 2011 (has links)
Il existe différents types de mémoire chez l’homme et l’animal. Chez les mammifères, on distingue principalement une mémoire relationnelle/spatiale reposant sur l’hippocampe et le cortex préfrontal, et une mémoire procédurale/indicée dépendante du striatum. Lors de nouveaux apprentissages, ces systèmes interagissent de manière coopérative et/ou compétitive en fonction de la nature de la tâche. S’il est connu que les émotions négatives et le niveau d’entraînement modulent ces interactions, peu de travaux ont étudié le rôle des récompenses dans la sélection et l’utilisation de ces deux formes principales de mémoire. Nous avons utilisé deux versions du test de discrimination spatiale dans un labyrinthe en Y afin de d’évaluer la mémoire spatiale d’une part, et la mémoire procédurale d’autre part. Nos résultats montrent que la stimulation pharmacologique du système de récompense par auto-injection de morphine au niveau de l’aire tegmentale ventrale (ATV), perturbe de manière spécifique l’apprentissage spatial reposant sur le fonctionnement hippocampo-préfrontal Ce déficit spatial s’accompagne d’une forte réduction de l’activité du facteur de transcription CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding) au sein de ce réseau. Au contraire, l’apprentissage indicé est préservé et l’activation de CREB est potentialisée par l’utilisation d’une récompense pharmacologique (injections de morphine). Nous mettons en évidence que la suractivation de la voie PKA/CREB, dans le striatum dorsal, est la cause de l’interférence observée lors de la formation de la mémoire spatiale. De plus, la stimulation répétée du système de récompense par la drogue lors de l’acquisition d’une stratégie indicée entraîne une persistance de l’activité réverbérante de la voie PKA/CREB dans le striatum dorsal. Cette persistance peut être révélée par l’utilisation préférentielle d’une stratégie indicée dans une nouvelle tâche ambigüe, le test de compétition en piscine de Morris. L’ensemble de ce travail éclaire, grâce aux effets différentiels de récompenses sensorielles et pharmacologiques sur l’apprentissage, la compréhension des interactions dynamiques entre les systèmes de mémoire. De plus, il suggère que l’hyperassociativité persistante consécutive à l’usage de drogue est à l’origine de déficits de type déclaratifs qui pourraient jouer un rôle clé dans l’installation d’un comportement addictif. / There are different forms of memory proceeded in human’s and animal’s brain. At least two major systems can be defined. A spatial/declarative form of memory relies on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and secondly, a more rigid, procedural/cued type of memory supported by striatal circuitry. Learning requires cooperative and/or competitive interactions between memory systems, depending on the nature of the task. It is well established that negative emotions and training modulate these interactions. However, little is known about the role of rewards on the selection and formation of these forms of memory.Using two versions (spatial or cue) of a Y-maze discrimination task, we show that drug reward, but not food reward, disrupts spatial learning while sparing the cued task. The spatial memory deficit relies on an decrease of CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding) activity within the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Inhibition of the PKA/CREB signalling pathway restored spatial learning, suggesting that striatal overactivation of this pathway is responsible for the spatial memory deficit. The cued learning strategy elicits a strong CREB activitiy within the dorsal striatum which is further increased by morphine injections. We propose that drug-induced activation of the DA reward system induces abnormal reverberating activity of the PKA/CREB signalling pathway within the dorsal striatum, eventually leading to a preferential use of a striatum-dependent strategy during a new ambiguous learning task, the water maze competition task.In conclusion, our results points to a key role of rewards in the modulation of learning systems. Furthermore, we provide evidence that drug-induced striatal hyperactivity may underlie the declarative memory deficit reported here. This mechanism could represent an important early step toward the development of addictive behaviors by promoting conditioning to the detriment more flexible forms of memory.
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Cocaine usage and sentencing of African American malesHazim, Harun 01 January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
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Actions of a partial D2-like agonist during low or high dopaminergic tone: A neurochemical study using preweanling ratsYoshida, Shelly Taeko 01 January 2005 (has links)
The neurochemical effects of partial D2-like agonists (i.e., terguride) to alter striatal DOPA accumulation under high and low dopaminergic tone was examined in preweanling rats. The results indicate that terguride has agonist-like (quinpirole-like) effects under a low dopaminergic tone and antagonist-like (haloperidol-like) effects under a high dopaminergic tone during the preweanling period.
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Toxicomanie et materneité : qualité du processus de maternalité chez la femme toxicomane / Addiction and motherhoodBazire, Anaelle 08 December 2017 (has links)
La maternité des femmes dépendantes aux substances psychoactives est aujourd'hui une question de santé publique. Notre recherche porte sur la prédictivité potentielle des remaniements psychiques observés pendant la grossesse de femmes toxicomanes sur la qualité du processus de maternalité et l'investissement de l'enfant. Elle correspond ainsi à une étude clinique et projective psychodynamique de l’évolution du fonctionnement psychique et des représentations liées à l’enfant de la femme toxicomane et/ou substituée devenant mère. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur l’analyse d’entretiens semi-directifs et de tests projectifs de femmes consommatrices d’opiacés et/ou sous traitement de substitution aux opiacés et de femmes non toxicomanes, entre le dernier trimestre de grossesse et les un an de l’enfant. Un second versant de cette étude propose un état des lieux des modalités d’accompagnement des femmes enceintes et mères consommatrices de drogues illicites sur le territoire Ouest-Normand ainsi qu’un projet d’accompagnement spécifique et pluridisciplinaire de cette population, élaboré au sein d’un CSAPA (Centre de Soins, d’Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie). / Motherhood among women addicted to psychoactive substances is a public health concern. Our research concerns the predictive potential of the psychic reorganizations observed during pregnancy on the quality of motherhood process and of investment of the child. It is thus a psychodynamic clinical and projective study of the evolution of the psychic functioning and the representations bound to the child of drug addict woman and/or woman receiving opiate substitution treatments becoming a mother. In order to do this, we rely on the analysis of semi-directive interviews and projective tests of women opiate users and\or women receiving opiate substitution treatments and of non-addicted women, between the last quarter of pregnancy and on one year old of the child. A second part of this study proposes a state of play of welfare measures for pregnant addicted women and addicted mothers on West-Norman territory. It also proposes a project of specific and multidisciplinary accompaniment of this population which is developed within a CSAPA (Center of addiction care, support and prevention).
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Kompetens för tvångsvård vid missbruk : Ett behandlingsassistentperspektivSäfsten Sellén, Sandra, Peralta, Antonio January 2020 (has links)
SammanfattningTitel: Kompetens för tvångsvård vid missbruk - ett behandlingsassistentperspektiv Syftet med denna studie var ett försök för oss att belysa Behandlingsassistenternas uppfattning om kompetens inom missbruksvård under tvång. Vad upplever de för utmaningar kompetensmässigt i deras arbete och vilka kompetenser anser de saknas för en kvalitativ och adekvat vård. Detta är en kvalitativ studie där vi har genomfört fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med behandlingsassistenter inom tvångsvård för missbruk. Kompetensbegreppsperspektivet som teoretisk bakgrund har använts för analys av studiens empiriska data, i kombination med tidigare forskning kopplad till kompetens inom tvångsvård. Resultaten visar vikten av blandade grupper med olika sorters kompetens, såväl inom missbruk som inom psykiatri och kriminologi. En allmän uppfattning bland de Behandlingsassistenterna vi intervjuade är att de efterlyser bredare kompetens genom hela organisationen, såväl formell - som reell kompetens. Formell kompetens i form av utbildning inom ämnet samt reell kompetens så som arbetslivserfarenhet och livserfarenhet. Ett tidigare eget missbruk hos personal kan exempelvis vara en form av reell kompetens inom missbruksvården. Behandlingsassistenterna beskriver en organisation som är komplex och med varierande utmaningar där personlig mognad och livserfarenhet i kombination med formell utbildning behövs.Kompetens i denna studie är främst kopplat till behandling inom tvångsvård. Vi ville ta reda på hur de såg på sin egen kompetens, arbetsgruppens kompetens. med fokus på reell och formell kompetens i behandlingssituationer / Titel: Competency for involuntary commitment/compulsory care in addiction - from the perspective of a treatment assistant. The purpose of this study is to shed light on the treatment assistents' perception of competency within compulsory/involuntary addiction treatment. What challenges do they experience in their work and what competence do they view as missing for qualitative and adequate care. This is a qualitative study where we performed five semi-structured interviews with treatment assistants in involuntary treatment/compulsory care for addiction.The term competency perspective as a theory background has been used for analysis of the studies' empirical data in combination with earlier research regarding competency within involuntary treatment/compulsory care. The results show the importance of mixed groups with different kinds of competency both in substance abuse care as well as within psychiatry and criminology. A general perception among the treatment assistants we interviewed is the need for a broader competency throughout the whole organisation, both formal and real competence. Formal competence in the form of education and real competence in the form of work experience as well as life experience. A personal history of addiction could be an example of real competence within addiction care. The treatment assistants describe an organisation that is complex, with varied challenges where personal maturity and life experience combined with formal education is needed.Competency in this study is primarily connected to involuntary/compulsory addiction treatment. We wanted to find out how the treatment assistants viewed their own competency, that of the work group, with a focus on real and formal competency in treatment situations.
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Adiktologická péče v prostředí českých věznic: Zkušenosti se zaváděním nové adiktologické služby / Addiction treatment services in the Czech prison system: Experiences with the implementation of the new type of addiction serviceNováková, Elizabeth January 2021 (has links)
BACKGROUND. Substance use is a widespread phenomenon in prisons, with a numberous associated problems, for instance high incidence of infectious diseases, recidivism, poor physical and mental health and high costs of repressive measures, which still do not eradicate drug use in prison facilities. In 2016, the first addictologist was admitted to the prison system in Czechia. Two years later, 14 more table places were established. The thesis brings an overview at this period (2018 - 2021). AIMS. The aim of the thesis is to provide an information about starting and forming of specialized addiction services in prison seeting from the perspective of addictologists. The theoretical part of the thesis also presents the results of foreign research on the effectiveness of selected interventions and strategies and recommendations for good practice. RESEARCH QUESTIONS. The research questions address the experience of addictologists and are focused on four main areas: workplace formation, clientele, quality assurance and the impact of Covid-19 on the workplace. METHODS. To meet the aims, the method of semi-structured interviews with selected informants who entered prisons in 2018 was used along with document analysis. RESULTS. The experience of addictologists point out some problematic areas, for instance lack...
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Therapists Who Specialize in Addiction: A Grounded Situational Analysis of a Stigmatized ProfessionHumphrey-Leclaire, Heather J. 06 February 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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"En bra behandlare är en person som kan känna in och se behoven" : Professionellas erfarenhet av missbruksbehandling till personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning / "A good counsellor is emphatic to the needs of their client" : How professionals experience treating substance abuse among individuals with intellectual disabilitiesBohlin, Simon January 2022 (has links)
Little is known about the prevalence of substance use and abuse among individuals with intellectual disabilities. However, studies show that individuals with intellectual disabilities are at greater risk of developing substance abuse problems. Furthermore, traditional drug abuse treatment programs may be insufficient in order to tackle the individual needs of the users with intellectual disabilities. This study focuses on addiction counsellors, and aims to give insight into how they experience their work with individuals who are suffering from intellectual disabilities and substance abuse. In this study, qualitative interviews were conducted with five counsellors from two different municipal organizations. Subsequently, the analysis of the results has been categorized thematically, supported by Lipsky’s theory of street-level bureaucrats and Polanyi’s notion of tacit knowledge. The results suggest that the professionals are experiencing several challenges in their work with the target group. The lack of knowledge and insufficient national guidelines regarding the work with the target group, in combination with treatment methods that are not adapted to the needs and the abilities of people with intellectual disabilities, leave the professionals in a situation where their experiences and tacit knowledge is used to design and conduct the target group’s treatment.
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