Le principe d'impartialité est essentiellement traité par les juristes français sous l'angle de l'imposante jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme. Néanmoins, l'origine internationale de ce principe restait inexplorée. Cette étude montre que l'impartialité est une exigence récurrente dans les discours sur la justice, et ce depuis l'Antiquité. Malgré son évidence philosophique, la juridicisation du principe d'impartialité s'est révélée sinueuse et inégale à travers l'histoire et les cultures juridiques (Common law/Civil law). Les particularités du régime politique du Royaume-Uni expliquent ainsi l'applicabilité directe du principe dans le trial dès les origines de la Common law. En revanche, en droit français, sa consécration explicite fut tardive et provoquée par l'article 6 CEDH, même si le juge national avait su contourner le silence des textes pour lui procurer une protection indirecte. À coté de ces décalages entre les États, une brève analyse de l'histoire du droit international suffit à constater la présence du principe dans l'ordre juridique international dès le début du XXe siècle. L'étude du principe d'impartialité de la justice illustre alors parfaitement la problématique des rapports de systèmes. Plusieurs interactions importantes peuvent être signalées. Dans un premier temps, le droit international a eu besoin du principe d'impartialité afin de légitimer la construction de son propre ordre, qui passait inévitablement par la juridictionnalisation. Dans un deuxième temps, après avoir accompli sa fonction structurante, il est devenu partie intégrante du droit international substantiel tout en voyant son objet modifié / The principle of impartiality is essentially treate by the French jurists under the angle of the impressive jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Nevertheless, the international origin of this principle remained unexplored. This study shows that the impartiality is a recurring requirement in the speeches on the justice, and it since the Antiquit. In spite of its philosophic obvious fact, the juridicisation of the principle of impartiality showed itself sinuous and uneven through the history and the legal cultures (Civilian /Common law). The peculiarities of the political system of the United Kingdom so explain the direct applicability of the principle in the motocross from the origins of Common law. On the other hand, in French law, its explicit consecration was late and provoked by the article 6 EHCR

Les questions préjudicielles interrogent l’office du juge administratif qui les formule.Accessoires du procès au principal, elles pourraient être considérées comme des questions annexes etsecondaires. Cette étude de contentieux administratif, fondée sur l’analyse systématique de lajurisprudence administrative, vise à démontrer le contraire. Remarquables tant par leur variété que parleurs incidences sur le procès, les questions préjudicielles restent souvent perçues comme descomplications de procédure inutiles visant à retarder la résolution du litige. Cette étude prend le partid’expliciter comment le juge administratif au principal en vient à construire une question préjudicielle,et quel en est le fondement juridique. De ce point de vue, si les parties au litige jouent bien souvent unrôle essentiel dans le relevé d’une exception, c’est en dernière analyse, le juge au principal qui détientle pouvoir de formulation de la question. Par ailleurs, la mise en oeuvre des questions préjudicielles,traditionnellement présentée comme paralysant l’office du juge, apparaît sous un nouveau jour. Loind’immobiliser l’office du juge au principal, l’étude minutieuse du droit positif révèle les importantspouvoirs que possède encore le juge a quo dans la maîtrise du procès dont il est compétemment saisi.Enfin, la réception par le juge a quo de la décision préjudicielle correspond à un partage de lasouveraineté juridictionnelle impliquant l’édiction d’un acte juridictionnel issu d’un processus decodécision. Cette étude livre un éclairage sur le fonctionnement et la complexité d’un mécanisme icitraité sous l’angle de l’office du juge lorsqu’il se place en situation de juge a quo. Elle permetégalement d’envisager les principales problématiques juridiques relatives à la fonction juridictionnelle. / Preliminary issues challenge the role of the administrative law judge who formulates them.They are regarded as being accessory to the principle case at bar. They may even be perceived assecondary issues. This study of administrative litigation, based on a systematic analysis ofadministrative case law, aims to establish the opposite. Preliminary issues are characterized by theirdiversity as well as by their influence on the lawsuit, however, they are often perceived as useless andcumbersome procedural complications aiming to delay the resolution of the dispute. This study aimsto explicit the process by which the administrative law judge builds a preliminary issue and what is thelegal foundation of such an issue. From this angle, albeit the fact that the parties to the main disputeplay an essential role, it is the judge, who mainly retains the power to formulate the preliminary issue.This analysis challenges the traditional portrayal of preliminary issues as paralyzing the judicial“office”. To the contrary, far from immobilizing the “office of the judge”, an in depth study of positivelaw reveals the extensive powers that the judge a quo possesses with regards to the case at bar.Finally, the reception by the judge a quo of the preliminary ruling corresponds to a sharing of juridicalsovereignty implying the passing of a juridical act emanating from a process of co-decision. Thisstudy aims to shed light on the functioning and the complexity of a mechanism rarely examined fromthis angle. This study equally allows for an exploration of the main legal issues relating to the judicialfunction and the “Office” of the administrative law judge when placed in the situation of judge a quo.

Dans Suresh c. Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l'Immigration) (2002), la Cour suprême du Canada en vient à la conclusion que les principes de justice fondamentale prévus à l'm1icle 7 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés autorisent, dans des circonstances exceptionnelles, l'expulsion d'une personne vers la torture. La Cour nous indique que l'identification des principes de justice fondamentale doit se fonder sur une démarche contextuelle et sur un consensus dans la société canadienne. Le fondement factuel dans le raisonnement de la Cour est pourtant inexistant. Elle ne traite ni du contexte en matière d'immigration, ni du contexte en matière de sécurité nationale entourant cette décision. La Cour prescrit un haut degré de retenue pour le contrôle judiciaire de la décision du Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l'Immigration d'expulser une personne vers la torture. Cette retenue explique en partie le traitement déficient des faits. La Cour conclut qu'il y aurait un consensus dans la société canadienne sur le principe de justice fondamentale qui autorise l'expulsion d'une personne vers la torture sans fournir la preuve de ce fait social. L'absence de traitement des faits et de la preuve affecte la légitimité – la force persuasive - de la décision de la Cour suprême dans Suresh. / In Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2002), the Supreme Court of Canada concludes that the principles of fundamental justice in section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom allow, in exceptional circumstances, to deport a person facing a risk of torture. The Court writes that principles of fundamental justice must be determined by a contextual approach and based on a significant societal consensus. There is however no factual basis in the Court's reasoning. There is no discussion of the immigration context or the national security context surrounding this decision. The Court chooses a highly deferencial standard of review for the judicial review in administrative law of the Citizenship and Immigration Minister's decision to deport a person facing a risk of torture. This choice partly explains the deficient treatment of facts in the Court's decision. The Court concludes that there is a societal consensus on the principles of fundamental justice allowing deportation of a person facing a risk of torture without providing any evidence of this societal facto The absence of a proper examination of the facts and the evidence at the basis of conclusions in Suresh, reduces the legitimacy – the persuasiveness – of the Court's decision.

Harming the dignity of the learner; refusing to hear his side of the story; neglecting to help him retrieve his stolen property : such are the unfortunate occurrences at many South African schools, and such are the experiences that have led to this research. Dedicated educators sometimes default, leaving their wronged learners out m the cold. The questions are therefore: • What causes this conduct of educators and why does it recur? • Is it ignorance of their legal position? • Is it insensitivity to common law principles and statutory provisions? • Is it sheer carelessness? Mindful of the introduction of the South African Constitution Act 108 of 1996, wh1ch contains the long-awaited Bill of Fundamental Rights, this study has been undertaken to give an educational-juridical perspective of the educator-learner relationship 1n South African public schools by means of a literature study and an elementary legal comparative study. Various legal terms which influence the educator-learner relationship significantly are defined. In conjunction with the private law status of the learner, the position of the learner within the school system, and the fundamental rights of the learner in the context of the administration of justice are identified and dealt with in so far as they have any bearing on the educator-learner relationship, Moreover, the legal determinants of the educator-learner relationship and the educator's duty of care are pinpointed to determine their significance in an accountable, responsive and open educator-learner relationship, A comparative school law perspective of the sources of school law, the duties and responsibilities of educators, the fundamental rights and legal obligations of the learner, the educator's duty of care, discipline and legal liability in England and Wales, Canada, Japan, and South Africa is presented in terms of similarities and differences, Attention is paid to the necessity of informing educators and learners concerning their respective rights and duties, in order to develop accountable, responsive and open educator-learner relationships in South African schools, / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

Submitted by Leonardo Gomes Ribeiro Gonçalves (lgribeirogoncalves@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T23:30:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GONÇALVES, Leonardo Gomes Ribeiro_dissertação.pdf: 1606735 bytes, checksum: 22d73e62ebec198cb8b8f9a1fcf85787 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-03-23T14:59:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GONÇALVES, Leonardo Gomes Ribeiro_dissertação.pdf: 1606735 bytes, checksum: 22d73e62ebec198cb8b8f9a1fcf85787 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-03-30T17:30:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GONÇALVES, Leonardo Gomes Ribeiro_dissertação.pdf: 1606735 bytes, checksum: 22d73e62ebec198cb8b8f9a1fcf85787 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-30T17:38:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GONÇALVES, Leonardo Gomes Ribeiro_dissertação.pdf: 1606735 bytes, checksum: 22d73e62ebec198cb8b8f9a1fcf85787 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / The water and sewage public service relevance is widely recognized. Nevertheless, there is high deficit level of access in Brazil, with different situations in the various country regions. In this sense, the objective of this dissertation is (i) from the interdisciplinary perspective of the Transaction Costs Economics, introduce an understanding of water and sewage public service in Brazil, currently regulated by Law No. 11,445/2007, (ii) evaluate the efficiency of the mainly used mode of governance, and (iii) eventually purpose alternative designs for the organization of the provision, economically superior in terms of reducing transaction costs for necessary investments to fulfill the fundamental objectives defined in art. 2 of Law No. 11,445/2007. The research used as a methodological strategy an interdisciplinary approach to law, economics and organizations, based on the new institutional economics. From the study of the basic institutional environment, with support in the theoretical framework, it was observed that the governance mechanism predominantly used to provide the water and sewage public service in Brazil, ie delegations to State Sanitation Companies through long-term contracts (program contracts) does not favor investments in specific assets (infrastructure) necessary for the supply and does not ensure policy goals. It was also found that there are viable alternatives to overall governance design, although the use of alternative forms probably are not feasible by implementing simple transplant standards, that is, by formal means. The modification of the prevailing water and sewage public service mode of governance, overcoming the verified low performance (low-level equilibrium), can not be held without charge. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome the costs for breaking the path dependence caused by hold-up carried out by the Sanitation State Companies to public service holders (municipalities), as well as costs for the disruption of path dependence in the Brazilian administrative law, which restricts the development of a legal theory of regulation to enable the construction of an adequate regulatory governance to reduce transaction costs in order to make viable investments in infrastructure assets with a high degree of specificity. / O serviço público de saneamento básico tem relevância amplamente reconhecida. Apesar disso, ainda são verificados no Brasil elevados índices de déficit ou de atendimento precário, com situações distintas nas diversas regiões do país. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta dissertação é (i) apresentar, a partir da perspectiva interdisciplinar da Economia dos Custos de Transação, uma compreensão do serviço público de saneamento básico no Brasil, atualmente regulamentado pela Lei nº 11.445/2007, (ii) avaliar a eficiência do modo de governança majoritariamente utilizado e, (iii) eventualmente, propor desenhos alternativos para a organização da prestação que sejam economicamente superiores em temos de redução de custos de transação para a realização de investimentos necessários ao cumprimento dos objetivos fundamentais definidos no art. 2º, da Lei nº 11.445/2007. A pesquisa adotou como estratégia metodológica a utilização de uma abordagem interdisciplinar de direito, economia e organizações, nos termos da análise econômica da nova economia institucional. A partir o estudo do ambiente institucional básico, com apoio no referencial teórico, observou-se que o mecanismo de governança predominantemente utilizado no serviço público de saneamento básico no Brasil, isto é, delegações a Companhias Estaduais de Saneamento por meio de contratos de longo-prazo (contratos de programa), não favorece a realização de investimentos em ativos específicos (infraestrutura) necessários à prestação e cumprimentos de metas da política. Foi também constatado que existem alternativas de governança viáveis ao desenho predominante, embora a utilização de formas alternativas provavelmente não possua execução viável pelo simples transplante de normas, isto é, pela via formal. A modificação da forma de governança predominante no saneamento básico no Brasil, com a superação do baixo desempenho verificado (low-level equilíbrium), não é possível de ser realizada sem custos. Nesse sentido, é necessário superar os custos para o rompimento do path dependence provocado pelo hold up realizado pelas Companhias Estaduais de Saneamento Básico sobre os titulares do serviço público (municípios), bem como os custos para o rompimento do path dependence no direito administrativo brasileiro, o qual restringe o desenvolvimento de uma teoria jurídica da regulação apta a viabilizar a construção de uma governança regulatória adequada à redução dos custos de transação, de modo a tornar viáveis investimentos em ativos de infraestruturas com elevado grau de especificidade.

Submitted by Diogo Alencar de Azevedo Rodrigues (diogoalencar@mla-advogados.com.br) on 2016-03-28T21:44:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FGV Direito Rio TRABALHO FINAL 28 de março de 2016 VF.pdf: 846464 bytes, checksum: da855db5a1010b7931b7931001b8ba72 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-03-30T18:44:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FGV Direito Rio TRABALHO FINAL 28 de março de 2016 VF.pdf: 846464 bytes, checksum: da855db5a1010b7931b7931001b8ba72 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-03-31T13:56:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FGV Direito Rio TRABALHO FINAL 28 de março de 2016 VF.pdf: 846464 bytes, checksum: da855db5a1010b7931b7931001b8ba72 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T13:56:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FGV Direito Rio TRABALHO FINAL 28 de março de 2016 VF.pdf: 846464 bytes, checksum: da855db5a1010b7931b7931001b8ba72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / This paper presents a study on the recent Law 12.846/13, in particular on the institute's leniency agreement, seeking to establish a framework for the conclusion of such adjustments in view of the rights and guarantees established by the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil in 1988. Initially, it approaches the intense changes promoted in the modern state and sanctioning rights in general, the question is, then, the existence of a common core between criminal law and the sanctioning administrative law. Search is finally propose solutions to maximize the effectiveness of the control system and sanction of Law 12.846/13, in view of the need to harmonize the Public Regulation of legal certainty and the constitutional rights of legal entities investigated, especially when she celebrates the leniency agreement. / O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a recente Lei n. 12.846/13, em especial sobre o instituto do acordo de leniência, buscando estabelecer um marco para a celebração desses ajustes tendo em vista os direitos e garantias estabelecidos pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Inicialmente, aborda-se as intensas mudanças promovidas no Estado moderno e no direito sancionador de forma geral, questiona-se, em seguida, a existência de um núcleo comum entre o direito penal e o direito administrativo sancionador. Busca-se, por fim, propor soluções para maximizar a eficácia do sistema de controle e sanção da Lei n. 12.846/13, tendo em vista a necessidade de se harmonizar a Regulação Pública com a segurança jurídica e os direitos constitucionais da pessoa jurídica investigada, em especial quando ela celebra o acordo de leniência.

Contemporary South Africa prides itself on having a Bill of Rights. For 84 years (1910 to 1994) public administration regulated the general welfare and lives of inhabitants in the finest detail, while being subject to almost only the whims and political objectives of the governing authority. On 27 April 1994 the 1993 Constitution introduced a constitutional obligation and radical change to the manner in which public administration must be exercised. Today, still an infant in experience relating to a bill of rights, public administration must be exercised with the Bill of Rights as an integral part of this inhabitant / governing authority interaction. The primary aim of this study is to attempt to describe the manner in which public administration was exercised, firstly, during constitutional dispensations prior to 1994 and, secondly, since public administration became subject to constitutionally entrenched fundamental rights. The empirical investigation is aimed at exploring and analysing the extent to which public administration has realised the constitutional obligation in practice. The results of the empirical investigation highlighted, primarily, that the majority of the officials that participated in the survey do not know of the Bill of Rights, and that half of those who do know of the Bill have little knowledge of its provisions. More than half of the respondents lack awareness of section 195 of the 1996 Constitution, which states that public administration must be governed by democratic principles enshrined in the Constitution. Barely one tenth of respondents were informed of the significance of the Bill and its role regarding public administration. The majority of respondents have not of their own accord studied the Bill and the Bill does not have the desired effect on the manner in which public administration is exercised. Two thirds of respondents have mixed perceptions as to whether to serve the interests of inhabitants above the political objectives of the governing authority and less than a quarter of respondents give recognition to the Bill when rendering public services. It seems as if South African public administration has a long way to go in adhering to its constitutional obligation in practice. / Public Administration and Management / D. Litt et Phil.(Public Administration)

World-wide, the nature, purpose and existence of private education has evoked intense interest and controversial debate. For many, private education presents a legal-moral dilemma. On the one hand, it is recognised as a fundamental right in terms of freedom of association, religion and culture. On the other, it raises perplexing moral and philosophical issues about social exclusivity, selectivity and elitism. Notwithstanding the equally compelling legal, social, economic, educational and political arguments for and against private education, private schools in South Africa, which are increasing in number, continue to form an essential and permanent part of the education system. Private education is a complex subject which can be researched from a myriad of perspectives. This study is essentially a legal enquiry into the legal status of private schools in South Africa within the new democratic constitutional dispensation and how the law affects the organisation, governance and management of private schools. To this end, the study is confined to a discussion on legal aspects relating to private school governance, public funding of private schools, teachers' appointments and discipline, student admission and discipline and religious freedom. In discussing the legal context of such topics, a number of issues emerged concerning the complex nature and diversity of private schools, the relationship between the State and the private school sector, the right of private schools to exist and the implications of the bill of rights for private schools. Furthermore, the study raises challenging questions about the issues of choice, autonomy, religious freedom and diversity, which lie at the heart of the establishment and maintenance of private schools in a democratic society. Finally, one of the difficulties of conducting such a study is that South African law is complex and changing, and it is still in a state of evolution, given the recentness of the Constitution and the bill of rights. This means that while some legal issues pertaining to private schools are fairly well settled, for the most part it is not possible to provide a comprehensive or definitive statement about complex and often highly sensitive issues but merely to pose various legal-education questions and problems for consideration. In time, many of the issues raised will no doubt be settled by the courts / Educational Leadership and Management / D.Ed. (Educational Management

attitudes amongst the members of different races towards the implementation of affirmative action in the Correctional Services Department of South Africa. A literature study on affirmative action was completed and thereafter a questionnaire was developed. An emperical study was done by questionnaire on the determination of perceptions and attitudes of members of the South African Correctional Services Department towards the application of Affirmative Action policies. serious problems if not correctly managed. It was established that the success in any affirmative action strategy rests on the understanding and acceptance of cultural diversity as manifested in perceptions and attitudes. Management information systems needs to be effective and efficient at all times. Changing perceptions and attitudes increased passion and job satisfaction. Recommendations are made for further research on aspects highlighted by the findings. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)

La question de la volonté des personnes privées est traditionnellement considérée comme un objet d’étude relevant du seul droit privé, domaine dans lequel elle se déploie naturellement. Pourtant, elle est un objet à part entière du droit administratif. Une observation du droit positif et de l’évolution des modalités de l’action administrative permet ainsi de révéler l’existence d’un véritable «système de possibilités de volontés» des personnes privées, dont les germes étaient d’ailleurs présents dans le droit administratif classique. L’analyse de ce système contribue à l’identification des moyens et des conditions d’expression de la volonté privée. Cela permet in fine de nous renseigner sur le phénomène volontaire : la volonté privée apparaît ainsi comme une faculté de choix et/ou d’impulsion permettant aux personnes privées de poursuivre un but juridiquement permis. En droit administratif, les différentes phases du processus volontaire des personnes privées sont ainsi organisées et structurées. La réalisation de l’objectif poursuivi n’est cependant pas immédiate et automatique. En effet, la volonté privée a toujours besoin de la médiation de la volonté publique pour pouvoir produire des effets et remplir ses fonctions. Ce phénomène de médiation s’inscrit dans un processus dynamique dont l’étude implique d’accorder une attention particulière aux éléments subjectifs de l’acte juridique. De ce fait, il est possible non seulement de prendre la mesure du rôle susceptible d’être joué par la volonté privée mais également de proposer de nouvelles grilles de lecture du droit administratif. / The topic of private legal persons’ will traditionally falls under the field of private law research, which it naturally belongs to. However, it also is an object of administrative law research. Observing substantive law as well the evolution of the ways and means of administrative action, one can access to an actual “system of possibilities of will”, as far as private legal persons are concerned, stemming itself from classical administrative law. Analyzing this system contributes to the understanding of the means and conditions of expression of private will. In fine, this allows contemplating voluntary phenomenons : private persons’ will so appears as the faculty to make the choice and/or give the impulse that will allow one to pursue alegal, authorized aim. The various phases of private persons’ voluntary process are thus organized and structured in administrative law. However, the actual realization of the pursued aim is neither immediate nor automatic. As a matter of fact, private will needs public will as a media in order to produce its full effects and to fulfil its function. This phenomenon of mediation thus follows a dynamic process which study involves specific attention towards the subjective elements of a legal act. Therefore, not only does this research help to take measure of the part taken by private will, but also does it offer a new reading of administrative law.