Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht die Verwendung verschiedener Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe in Form photostabiler Perylenbisimide sowie etallischer Nanopartikel zur Untersuchung von Polymeren und nanoskopischen Flüssigkeitsfilmen. Einzelmoleküluntersuchungen zeigen, dass eine chemische Modifizierung der Farbstoffe durch löslichkeitserhöhende Seitengruppen, Molekülkonformationen mit stark variierenden Emissionswellenlängen je nach Seitengruppen-orientierung zur Folge hat. Zeitabhängige Fluoreszenzmessungen an einzelnen Molekülen ermöglichen eine direkte Beobachtung von Übergängen zwischen diesen molekularen Konformationen deren Dynamik vorwiegend durch die Eigenschaften der umgebenden Polymermatrix bestimmt wird. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse lassen somit Rückschlüsse auf die nanoskopische Umgebung des Moleküls zu. Es werden diskrete Zustände innerhalb der Molekülumgebung sowie eine erhöhte Konformationsdynamik im Falle von alkylsubstituierten Perylenbisimiden beobachtet. Darüber hinaus werden die nanoskopischen Auswirkungen von makroskopischen, mechanischen Deformationen auf amorphe Polymerfilme mikrorheologisch mit Hilfe von stäbchenförmigen Perylenbisimiden studiert. Die gewonnenen Einzelmoleküldaten ermöglichen die Berechnung der lokalen, mikroskopischen Deformation sowie der Orientierung der Sondenmoleküle, welche gut mit einem Model für stäbchenförmige Objekte in einem uniaxial deformierten Kontinuum übereinstimmt. In weiteren Experimenten gelingt der Nachweis ultradünner Wasserfilme auf SiO2-Oberflächen durch Messung der Diffusion von Silbernanopartikeln. Die verwendeten Nanopartikel weisen hierbei eine monodisperse Größenverteilung im Bereich von einem Nanometer als Resultat ihrer Synthese in Y-Zeolith-Kristallen auf. Die Untersuchungen ergeben eine Filmdickenabhängigkeit des Diffusionsverhaltens sowie einen starken Einfluss durch Oberflächensilanisierung bzw. Hydroxylierung.

Des substrats SERS, élaborés selon une approche simple et à moindre coût, ont été étudiéspour la détection sans marqueurs d’ADN en vue d’applications dans le domaine du diagnostic médical.Un protocole de réduction photocatalytique assistée chimiquement conduisant à des hétérostructuresAg°/TiO2 a été optimisé. Nohttp://star.theses.fr/editeur.jsp?tefId=58411&action=save#droitsus avons montré en quoi l’utilisation d’un agent encapsulant et d’uneprocédure de nucléation-croissance permettent de contrôler la formation et l’agrégation de NPs Ag° à lasurface de couches minces TiO2. L’agrégation contrôlée des NPs conduit à des points chauds induisantune très forte amplification de l’effet SERS. Les performances des substrats SERS ont tout d’abord étévalidées par détection Raman de la molécule modèle R6G. Des études de fond, portant sur la détectionde polybases dérivées des quatre nucléobases constituant la structure de l’ADN, adénine, cytosine,guanine et thymine, ont ensuite été réalisées. Le potentiel de détection des hétérostructures Ag°/TiO2 apermis l’indexation quasi-intégrale des bandes Raman des quatre polybases étudiées, modifiées ou nonavec des groupements NH2, et nous a permis de discuter des effets d’accrochage, d’orientation etd’agencement des molécules d’ADN sur les substrats SERS. Des études complémentaires ont finalementconfirmé le potentiel de nos hétérostructures en fournissant différents aperçus sur l’hybridation despolybases et l’association de différentes polybases sur un même substrat SERS. / SERS substrates, elaborated through a simple and low-cost procedure, have been studied forthe label-free detection of DNA in the view of applications in the medical diagnostic field. A chemicallyassisted photocatalytic reduction protocol leading to an Ag°/TiO2 heterostructure has been optimized.We have shown how the use of an encapsulating agent and a nucleation-growth procedure enable tocontrol the formation and aggregation of Ag° NPs at the surface of TiO2 thin films. The controlledaggregation of NPs leads to hot points inducing a very strong amplification of the SERS effect.Performances of the SERS substrate have first been evaluated through the Raman detection of the R6Gmodel molecule. Thorough studies dealing with the detection of polybases derived from the fournucleobases constituting the DNA structure, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, have then beenconducted. The detection potential of the Ag°/TiO2 heterostructure enabled a nearly exhaustiveindexation of the Raman bands for the four studied polybases, modified or not with NH2 groups, and todiscuss on binding, orientation, and ordering effects of the DNA molecules on the SERS substrate.Complementary studies finally enabled us to confirm the potential of our heterostructure by providingdifferent insights on the polybase hybridization and the association of different polybases on a sameSERS substrate.

Deutsche Hochschule für Verwaltungswissenschaften, Diss.--Speyer, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [322] - 335.

Univ., Diss.--Mannheim, 2004.

A influência de variáveis do banho na composição, microestrutura e nas propriedades magnéticas de filmes de CoB preparados por deposição química foi estudada. Dois diferentes tipos de agentes complexantes foram utilizados: citrato de sódio e Glicina. Filmes com menor teor de boro foram obtidos com o uso de Glicina como complexante. A deposição de Co é acelerada em presença de Glicina ou de amônia no banho, porque ambos evitam a diminuição do pH na interface solução/filme de CoB em crescimento. A coercividade dos filmes variou em função do teor de boro, sendo que filmes com maior teor de boro apresentaram mais baixa coercividade. Catalisadores de Co/Al2O3 são utilizados na síntese de combustíveis à partir de derivados do Gás Natural (Síntese de Fischer-Tropsch - SFT). O processo usual de preparação destes catalisadores, denominado impregnação úmida, consiste na impregnação do substrato em solução de sal de Co(II), secagem/calcinação e redução com H2 a 300/350 °C. Uma fração considerável do Co não é reduzida à fase metálica na etapa de redução, o que resulta em perdas de área ativa para a catálise da SFT. Normalmente pequenas quantidades de metais preciosos tais como Pt, Ru ou Pd são adicionadas para catalisar a redução dos óxidos de cobalto e aumentar a área superficial ativa do catalisador, o que representa um grande incremento no custo destes catalisadores. Nesta tese, foram investigadas duas propostas alternativas de solução para este problema: a preparação de catalisadores de Co por deposição química sobre Al2O3 e a preparação pelo método usual, mas com adição de pequenas quantidades de Cu,Ag e Au, dos quais Cu e Ag têm custo mais baixo do que os metais preciosos normalmente utilizados. Co foi depositado quimicamente sobre γ-Al2O3, previamente ativada com pequenas quantidades de Pd, utilizando NaBH4 como redutor. Uma amostra de catalisador de CoB/PdAl2O3 (contendo 13,4 % em massa de Co e c.a. 25% at. de boro) foi obtida e caracterizada por RTP, Quimissorção de H2 e XRD, assim como foram efetuados testes de SFT sob diferentes temperaturas de ativação. Para efeito de comparação, foi preparado por impregnação úmida uma amostra de Co/PdAl2O3 contendo 11% em massa de Co, sobre a mesma alumina ativada com Pd utilizada na preparação dos catalisadores de CoB/PdAl2O3. Embora a amostra de catalisador de CoB/PdAl2O3 tenha tido menor área superficial ativa do que a amostra de catalisador de Co/PdAl2O3, sua atividade catalítica foi sensivelmente maior. Essa diferença pode ser explicada supondo-se que o boro é solubilizado durante a reação, deixando uma fase de Co metálico altamente dispersa. Catalisadores de Co/Al2O3 promovidos por metais do grupo 11 foram preparados por impregnação úmida. Além da caracterização por RTP, Quimissorção de H2/titulação de O2 e XRD, a estrutura das amostras de catalisador foi estudada por XANES/EXAFS. Dos resultados de EXAFS e do fato de que altos teores de Cu e Au levaram à desativação do catalisador, é sugerido que durante a redução, o promotor é segregado para a superfície das partículas de Co. Dos três metais testados, Ag e Au apresentaram maior efeito promotor da atividade catalítica, proporcionando maior área superficial ativa para catálise da SFT. Não houve modificações importantes na seletividade dos catalisadores por conta da presença destes metais. / The influence of bath composition on the boron content, microstructure and magnetic properties CoB films deposited by chemical deposition was studied. Two different complexing agents were used in this study: sodium citrate and Glycine. CoB films with lower boron content were obtained with the use of a Glycine containing bath. The Co deposition is accelerated when either Glycine or ammonia is present in the solution because both substances prevent the decrease of the pH in the region near the CoB film/solution interface. The coercivity of the films varied in function of the boron content, as films with larger boron contents showed lower coercivities. Co/Al2O3 is used as a catalyst for the synthesis of liquid fuels from either coal or natural gas derivatives (Fischer Tropsch Synthesis FTS). The usual preparation procedure of such catalysts, known as wet impregnation, consists in the Al2O3 impregnation with a Co(II) aqueous solution, water evaporation/calcination and reduction with H2 at 300/350 °C. A considerable fraction of the cobalt oxides formed during calcination is not reduced to Co0 during reduction and this leads to active area loss. Normally, small quantities of precious metals like Pt, Ru or Pd are added to promote the reduction of cobalt oxides and therefore increase the active area of the Co/Al2O33 catalyst, yet these metals are extremely expansive. In this thesis, two different approaches to solve this problem are presented: the preparation of Co/Al2O3 by chemical deposition of the metallic phase and the use of Cu, Ag or Au (from which, Cu and Ag are cheaper metals) as promoters on wet impregnation prepared Co/Al2O3 catalysts. Cobalt was chemically deposited on γ-Al2O3, activated with a small quantity of Pd, with NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The resulting CoB/PdAl2O3 sample (with 13,4 % wt. Co and approximately 25 % at. of boron) was characterized by TPR, H2 Chemisorption and XRD, as well as SFT tests were made with the catalyst at different pre-reduction temperatures. For the sake of comparison a Co/PdAl2O3 catalyst sample with almost the same Co loading (11 % wt.) was prepared by wet impregnation on the same Pd-activated Al2O3 used to prepare the CoB/PdAl2O3 sample. Although the CoB/PdAl2O3 has a smaller active surface area (measured by H2 Chemisorption) than that of the Co/PdAl2O3 sample, it presented a much higher catalytic activity for the SFT. This difference may be explained assuming that boron impurities (present in the catalyst as boron oxides) is solubilized during the reaction leaving a highly dispersed Co phase. Group 11 promoted Co/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and characterized by TPR, H2 Chemisorption/O2 pulse oxidation, XRD and XANES/EXAFS. From the EXAFS results and from the fact that higher loadings of Cu and Au lead to catalyst deactivation, it is proposed that in the reduced catalyst the SFT inactive promoter is segregated to the surface. Silver and Gold were the most active in promoting Co reduction and therefore increasing catalytic activity for the SFT. No important modification in the selectivity of the reaction was observed.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_cma_dr_araiq.pdf: 6338259 bytes, checksum: b6c2f381dc20c8377b2481a922179786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho os efeitos da variação da concentração de Al sobre as transformações de fase e as propriedades mecânicas das ligas Cu-7%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag, Cu-10%Al-10%Mn- 3%Ag e Cu-11%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag foram estudadas utilizando-se metalografia por microscopias óptica (MO), eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e eletrônica de transmissão (MET), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difratometria de raios X (DRX), ensaios de tensão-deformação, análise por dispersão de energias de raios X (EDXS), medidas de variação da resistividade elétrica com a temperatura e medidas de variação da microdureza com a temperatura e o tempo de envelhecimento. Os resultados obtidos para as ligas inicialmente submetidas a tratamento térmico de recozimento e inicialmente submetidas a tratamento térmico de têmpera mostraram que o aumento de 7 para 9%Al não modifica o comportamento térmico e a dureza das ligas Cu-7%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag e liga Cu-9%Al- 10%Mn-3%Ag, pois as curvas obtidas apresentaram o mesmo perfil, indicando que elas passam pelas mesmas transições. Porém, o aumento de 9 para 11%Al provoca uma mudança nas transformações pelas quais a liga passa, modificando assim o seu comportamento térmico e os valores da microdureza. Nas ligas inicialmente recozidas foi possível notar a ocorrência da decomposição espinodal em decorrência da retenção das fases 1 e 3 durante o resfriamento lento das amostras. Os resultados obtidos a partir das ligas submetidas a tratamento térmico de envelhecimento mostraram que aumento da dureza durante este processo está principalmente relacionado à precipitação bainítica. A partir das curvas de variação da microdureza com o tempo de envelhecimento foi possível obter os parâmetros cinéticos (n, k e Ea), utilizando-se as equações de Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) e Arrhenius. Os valores de energia de ativação obtidos mostraram que o aumento na concentração de Al diminui Ea para o processo de precipitação. A diminuição destes valores deve estar associada principalmente à ocorrência da reação de precipitação de uma fase rica em Ag, que deve ocorrer com razoável intensidade na liga com 7%Al e vai diminuindo até não mais ser detectada na liga contendo 11%Al. Os resultados obtidos pelos testes de tensãodeformação indicaram que as ligas com maior teor de Al são mais frágeis. / In this work, the effects of changes in the Al concentration on the phase transformations and the mechanical properties of the Cu-7%Al-10%Mn-3% Ag, Cu-10%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag and Cu-11%Al-10%Mn-3% Ag alloys were studied using metallography by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electronic transmission mycroscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), stress-strain tests, analysis by X-ray energy dispersing (EDXS), measurements of the variation of electrical resistivity with temperature and microhardness changes measurements with temperature and aging time. The results obtained for alloys initially annealed and initially quenched showed that the increase from 7 to 9% Al does not modify the thermal behavior and hardness of the Cu-7%Al- 10%Mn-3%Ag and Cu-9%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag alloys. However, the increase from 9 to 11%Al causes a change on the transformations of the alloys, thereby modifying their thermal behavior and values of microhardness. In the annealed alloys it was possible to notice the occurrence of the spinodal decomposition due to the retention of 1 and 3 phases during the slow cooling of the samples. The results obtained from aged alloys showed that the hardness increasing observed during this process is mainly related to bainitic precipitation. The isothermal ageing kinetics for this precipitation was studied considering four different ageing temperatures and the kinetic parameters n, k and Ea were obtained using the Johnson-MehlAvrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) and the Arrhenius equations. The results showed that the increase on the Al concentration decreases the activation energy values for the precipitation process. This should be mainly associated with the occurrence of the precipitation reaction of an Ag-rich phase, that should occur with reasonable intensity in the alloy with 7%Al and decreases until it is no longer detectable in the alloy containing 11%Al. The results obtained for stress-strain testing indicated that the increase in the Al content increases the fragility of the alloys.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Lorena_ Donini.pdf: 3190241 bytes, checksum: f4606822576585e47016056d80f7fb55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-08 / The olive (Olea europaea L.) belongs to the Oleacea falmily, which include until 30 genera and 600 species distributed in tropical and temperate regions. The cutting is a widely used method, however the in vitro culture by micropropagation is a viable method of propagation providing the uniformity to the orchards, besides to enable the production of plants with health and accelerate the methods of conventional propagation. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate in vitro establishment and multiplication of olive through different treatments of culture medium. The article 1 aimed the in vitro established of different olive cultivars under different types of light and to evaluate combinations of zeatin and gibberellic acid of the in vitro establishment. The article 2 aimed to determine both the suitable culture medium and zeatin concentration for in vitro establishment of olive tree cv. Arbequina. The objective of article 3 was find alternatives to replace the use of zeatin or decrease this concentration in the culture medium to evaluate different cytokinins and concentrations of in vitro establishment and multiplication of olive tree cv. Arbequina. The article 4 aimed to evaluate two sugar types and concentrations on in vitro multiplication of olive cultivar Arbequina. The article 5 evaluated different types of closing and silver nitrate of in vitro multiplication of olive tree cultivar Arbequina. It was verified that: (1) the cultivars Koroneiki e Picual presented higher rate of in vitro establishment when cultivated under white light; the zeatin and AG3 combination is not efficient for in vitro establishment of olive tree; (2) the WPM and MO medium culture provide better results on in vitro establishment of olive cultivar Arbequina; (3) the use of 2 mg L-1 BAP is efficient for establishment and the use of 2 mg L-1 zeatin is efficient on in vitro multiplication of cultivar Arbequina; (4) Sucrose provides better results and the use of 15 g L-1 of sucrose is efficient as sugar source on in vitro multiplication of cultivar Arbequina; (5) the use of aluminum as sealing and the addition of 10 mg L-1 silver nitrate in the MO culture medium presents better results on in vitro multiplication of olive tree cultivar Arbequina. / A oliveira (Olea europaea L.) pertence à família Oleaceae, esta família inclui até 30 gêneros e 600 espécies distribuídas por regiões tropicais e temperadas. A estaquia é um método de propagação muito utilizado, mas o cultivo in vitro, por meio da micropropagação, é um método viável de propagação podendo assegurar a uniformidade dos pomares, além de possibilitar a produção de mudas com alta sanidade e acelerar os métodos de propagação convencional. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer e multiplicar in vitro cultivares de oliveira através de diferentes tratamentos. O Artigo 1 consistiu no estabelecimento in vitro de diferentes cultivares de oliveira sob diferentes tipos de luz e avaliação de diferentes combinações de zeatina e ácido giberélico no estabelecimento in vitro. No Artigo 2 o objetivo foi determinar o meio de cultura e concentração de zeatina adequada no estabelecimento in vitro de oliveira cv. Arbequina. O Artigo 3 teve como objetivo buscar alternativas para substituir a utilização da zeatina ou diminuir a concentração desta no meio de cultura avaliando diferentes citocininas e concentrações no estabelecimento e multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina. O Artigo 4 teve como objetivo avaliar dois tipos de açúcar e concentrações na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina. O Artigo 5 teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes tipos de vedação e nitrato de prata na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, na ordem dos artigos, verificou-se que: (1) as cultivares Koroneiki e Picual apresentam maior taxa de estabelecimento in vitro quando cultivadas sob luz branca; a combinação de zeatina e AG3 não é eficaz para o estabelecimento in vitro de oliveira; (2) os meios de cultura WPM e MO proporcionam melhores resultados no estabelecimento de oliveira Arbequina; (3) a utilização de 2 mg L-1 de BAP é eficiente para o estabelecimento e a utilização de 2 mg L-1 de zeatina é eficiente para a multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina; (4) dentre os açúcares testados, a sacarose proporciona melhores resultados e a utilização de 15 g L-1 de sacarose é eficiente como fonte de açúcar na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina; (5) A utilização de papel alumínio como vedação e a adição de 10 mg L-1 de nitrato de prata ao meio de cultura MO apresenta melhores resultados na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cultivar Arbequina.

En Europe, l’utilisation en agriculture de grandes quantités d’engrais chimiques est la principale cause de contamination des eaux. Les concentrations en nitrate dans l’eau deviennent nuisibles pour les personnes lorsqu’elles dépassent certaines limites car elles sont la cause de méthémoglobinémie, de cancers et agissent comme perturbateurs endocriniens. L’hydrogénation catalytique hétérogène des nitrates est la méthode de dénitration la plus connue et la plus efficace due à la grande sélectivité pour les produits non toxiques, azote et eau. La photocatalyse hétérogène a émergé comme une voie très prometteuse de dénitration du fait de la possibilité d’utiliser la lumière solaire ce qui la rend commercialement compétitive et compatible avec la protection de l’environnement. Les procédés catalytiques conduisent fréquemment à l’obtention des sous-produits toxiques nitrite et ion ammonium, ainsi qu’à des oxydes d’azote gazeux NOx. Dans ce travail ont été utilisés des catalyseurs monométalliques supportés (Ag/P25, Pt/P25), leur mélange physique, et des catalyseurs bimétalliques supportés (Ag-Pt/P25 et Pd-Sn/P25). Le support oxyde de titane (TiO2) P25 est choisi pour développer un catalyseur performant pour la dénitration à la fois catalytique et photocatalytique permettant d’atteindre les normes requises par l’UE dans l’eau potable (50 mg/L NO3-, 0.5 mg/L NO2-, 0.3 mg/L NH4+). L’influence des teneurs en métaux (Ag: 0.5 – 4 pds.%; Pt: 2 et 4 pds.%), du précurseur Pt (H2PtCl6 (H)/K2PtCl6 (K)), de l’ordre d’imprégnation de Ag et Pt et de la morphologie des particules bimétalliques Pd-Sn (nanoparticules et nanobâtonnets) ont été étudiés. Les conditions expérimentales (présence/absence de H2 ; λ = 254 ou 365 nm; 4W; 45.4 mW/cm2) ont été également variées et les réactions effectuées dans un réacteur batch en PTFE sous atmosphère inerte et dans des conditions standard (catalyseur : 0.7 mg/L ; 100 mg/L NO3- ; 500 r.p.m). Contrairement à la plupart des études précédentes aucun «piégeur de trous» (expl. acides formique ou oxalique) n’a été utilisé dans nos conditions de réaction, Les analyses ont été effectuées par chromatographie ionique ou photométrie. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des catalyseurs ont été déterminées par DRX, Physisorption de N2, MET, DRUV-Vis, XPS, TPR et chimisorption de H2. Le support TiO2 P25 est inactif dans les deux procèdés non photocatalytique et photocatalyique. Le mélange physique Ag/P25+Pt/P25 conduit à une conversion (~ 56%) et sélectivité en N2 (~ 76%) plus élevées dans les conditions non photocatalytiques que chacun des homologues monométalliques, cependant NO2- and NH4+ sont obtenus. Les catalyseurs bimétalliques Ag-Pt(Pt-Ag)/P25 se montrent polyvalents étant actifs dans les procédés non-photocatalytiques et photocatalytiques. Les meilleurs résultats photocatalytiques ont été obtenus sous irradiation ultraviolette de 365 nm et en présence de H2 dû à la synergie entre les électrons générés par irradiation et l’hydrogène dissocié sut Pt. Le Pt imprégné en premier conduit à une conversion plus élevée en raison de l'amélioration de l'accessibilité de NO3- aux sites actifs Ag0 recouvrant partiellement Pt. Toutefois la sélectivité en NO2- est élevée du fait de la faible accessibilité de Pt. Pt imprégné en second décore les ensembles Ag et diminue de ce fait le nombre de sites actifs et la conversion. Le catalyseur bimétallique Pt(4)-Ag(2)/P25(K) conduit au meilleur compromis entre conversion (ca. 45%) et sélectivité en N2 (ca. 80%) dans les conditions photocatalytiques. Ceci est attribué au transfert électronique élevé entre Ag et Pt en forte interaction mis en évidence par XPS. Néanmoins, NO2- et NH4+ sont aussi obtenus. Des travaux sont encore nécessaires pour améliorer le rendement en N2. / In Europe, the agricultural use of nitrates in chemical fertilizers has been a main source of water contamination. High level of soluble nitrate in water becomes harmful pollutant for people when it exceeds the limit causing methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome), cancer or act as endocrine disruptor. Conventional catalytic nitrate reduction processes into N2 and H2O lead to some toxic products (NO2-, NH4+, and NOx gases). Alternatively, photocatalytic nitrate removal using solar irradiation and heterogeneous catalysts is a very promising and ecofriendly route, which has been scarcely performed. In this work monometallic supported catalysts (Ag/P25, Pt/P25), their physical mixture, and bimetallic supported catalysts (Ag-Pt(Pt-Ag)/P25 and Pd-Sn/P25) have been used. The support TiO2 P25 was chosen to develop both efficient non-photocatalytic and photocatalytic processes able to reach the EU legislation in drinking water (50 mg/L NO3-, 0.5 mg/L NO2-, 0.3 mg/L NH4+). Different compositions of catalyst including, various metal loadings (Ag: 0.5 – 4 wt%; Pt: 2 and 4 wt%), Pt precursor (H2PtCl6 (H)/K2PtCl6 (K)), Ag and Pt impregnation order, and morphology of Pd-Sn nanoparticles (spherical and nanorods) have been studied. Different experimental conditions (presence/absence of H2; λ = 254 or 365 nm; 4W; 45.4 mW/cm2) have been also evaluated and the experiments performed in a PTFE batch reactor under inert standard operational conditions (0.7 mg/L catalyst ; 100 mg/L NO3- ; 500 r.p.m). Contrary to most previous studies, any hole scavenger (e.g. formic or oxalic acid) was used in the reaction . Analyses were performed by ionic chromatography or photometry. Physico-chemical characterizations of the catalysts were done by XRD, N2-physisorption, TEM, DRUV-Vis, XPS, TPR and H2-Chemisorption in order to explain both the catalytic and photocatalytic performances.The support TiO2 P25 was inactive in both processes. The physical mixture Ag(2)/P25+Pt(4)/P25(H) showed better conversion (ca. 56 %) and N2 selectivity (ca. 76%) under non-photocatalytic conditions than each monometallic catalyst, however NO2- and NH4+ were obtained. Bimetallic Ag-Pt(Pt-Ag)/P25 catalysts exhibit a versatile behavior being active both in the non-photocatalytic and photocatalytic processes. The best photocatalytic conditions were interestingly obtained under the ultraviolet irradiation of 365 nm and in presence of hydrogen. Photocatalytic activity was enhanced in presence of H2 due to synergetic effect induced by light between photogenerated electrons and dissociation of hydrogen on Pt. Therefore, all bimetallic catalysts based on Ag and Pt were tested under these conditions. Pt impregnated first leads to higher conversion due to improved accessibility of NO3- to active Ag0 sites partially covering Pt than the opposite impregnation order where the Pt decorates Ag and reduces the number of active sites. However, high NO2- selectivity at the expense of N2 is obtained in the former case due to low Pt accessibility. The bimetallic catalyst Pt(4)-Ag(2)/P25(K) led to the most interesting conversion (ca. 45%) with the highest selectivity to N2 (ca. 80%) under photocatalytic conditions. This was assigned to the highest electronic transfer between Ag et Pt particles in close contact revealed by XPS. Nevertheless, NO2- and NH4+ are obtained too. Further studies must be done to enhance the catalytic and photocatalytic activity towards desired N2.

This thesis is deals with the suitability of Ag-Sn-Sb alloy for extrusion and selection of suitable materiál for the extruder nozzle. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with the general possibilities of 3D metal printing, especially the metal printing in the semi-solid phase and with it‘s problems. The experimental part describes the development of semi-solid alloys testing device and the research od the alloy and its interactions with solid materials in mutual motion. Analyzis of mechanical and chemical influence between alloy and solid material were performed by visual investigation and analysis of elements by EDS detector. The results of these analyzes led to the choise of nozzle material suitable for extrusion of Ag-Sn-Sb alloy.

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