Scania is well known for its agriculture, previously the region consisted of mostly agricultural landscape and farming. Scania is the wealthiest part in Sweden of agricultural landscape and stands out from the rest of the country’s landscape. In the late eighteenth century the industrialization came to the region and the agriculture developed in pace with the industry. Most previous studies have described the evolution from agriculture to industrialization and urbanization of the region but seemed to fail to investigate the embedded drivers that drove the transformation. Therefore this study investigated embedded drivers during the period from agriculture to industrialization in the region of Scania. The result showed that factors of agricultural transformation, social change and entrepreneurship were the key embedded drivers for transformation.

The analysis of agrarian change presented in this thesis integrates state practices and wider politics to the study of rural differentiation, using a case study of Zimbabwe. Most studies of agrarian change in the 21st century have tried to come to grips with rural differentiation in Africa, its causes and effects, by using particular models such as those of neo-classical economics, livelihood approaches, Marxist analysis of accumulation and social and cultural networks, or a combination of variables from the four approaches. However, these theoretical approaches fail to comprehensively integrate the role of the state and politics into the analysis of rural differentiation. My study explains differentiation by exploring beneficiary selection, production and accumulation processes on Zimbabwe’s Fast Track land reform resettlement schemes. Fast Track involved a series of partisan and violent invasions of largely white owned commercial farms from 2000, which constituted the largest land redistribution in post-colonial Africa. Scholars exploring politics and the Zimbabwean state have not applied their insights to an analysis of field based data on production and accumulation on Zimbabwe’s resettlement farms. I argue that the restructuring of the state and politics as an instrument of violence and as a site of accumulation dominated by patronage-both justified through ideology-was central to agrarian change after 2000. I find the three concepts of violence, patronage and ideology more useful in capturing the nuances and modalities of empirical realities on resettlement schemes than neo-patrimonial theories that provide generalised accounts of the African state. Though still acknowledging the role of other differentiating factors such as social networks, hard work by resettled farmers and economic factors, it is through the integration of political processes into the analysis of agrarian change that, I argue, one can understand better the dynamics shaping rural differentiation in post-2000 Zimbabwe.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / A major and unresolved challenge facing South Africa’s post-apartheid government, is how best to overcome the historical injustices of land dispossession and the resultant poverty now found in the communal areas of the former 'homelands'. In line with the South African government’s hybrid of neo-liberal and social welfare approaches to development, one important strategy for addressing these challenges has so far been the promotion of inclusive business models such as joint ventures (JVs), especially in the context of land restitution claims, but also in communal areas. This study explores the impacts of the JV model on livelihoods and land rights and use, and engages with key debates regarding the dynamics of class formation in the former 'homelands' of South Africa. The study undertakes a comparative analysis of two Joint Venture (JV) dairy farms, involving the same agribusiness partner, Amadlelo Agri. The farms are located on irrigation schemes in the former Ciskei of South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province. The JVs involve residents from the rural settlements of Keiskammahoek and Shiloh, as both landowners and workers. The comparative case study presented here illustrates quite divergent outcomes when the same JV model is implemented in different rural settlements, most powerfully because of differences in the class structure of each settlement. Class analysis helps to explain the more intense intragroup conflicts that have emerged around the JV in Shiloh. Intragroup dynamics and conflicts, which have historical roots extending beyond the implementation of the JV intervention, are also critical to understanding divergent outcomes. A class-analytic approach assists in understanding the tensions that the JV model of capitalist farming generates in relation to household reproduction, in a class-differentiated manner. The sole focus in much of the literature on agricultural investments has been on relationships between agribusiness, and what are too often portrayed as homogenous 'communities’. However, this thesis illustrates that this approach is misleading when applied to analysis of the real politics on the ground. Struggles over jobs, dividends and land take place within highly differentiated communities. Investigating the inter- and intra-household distribution of JV benefits and risks is central to understanding the impacts of the JV on livelihoods and incomes, and also the emerging contentions and conflicts. To this end, I explore how class interacts with other aspects of social difference, particularly gender, kinship, ethnicity, race, generation and religious affiliation. A class-analytic approach is significant because it illuminates the emerging agrarian class structure that a JV-type intervention both reflects and in turn conditions, in dialectical fashion. It thus allows exploration of the implications of the JV model for wider processes of agrarian change in South Africa. Although there is evidence of livelihood benefits being derived by some households, as well as limited opportunities for accumulation, the JV model does not appear to stimulate the emergence of a class of productive black farmers. Significantly, the study could not identify any households as 'middle farmers', reliant on 'accumulation from below', which many authors consider to be a more progressive, dynamic and desirable pathway of agrarian reform. The JV model is at risk of equating ‘black emerging farmers’ with a group of customary landowners, who are in reality workers and 'passive recipients' of JV dividends and land rents.

A produção cafeeira da segunda metade do século XIX não só atraiu fotógrafos para atestar reconhecimento à nova elite agrária, por meio do retrato em estúdio, como também gerou subsídios à imigração europeia para trabalhar nas fazendas de café. No sistema de colonato, a unidade de produção era familiar, mas a mulher, mesmo conjugando o trabalho na roça com o de subsistência, não era considerada trabalhadora rural. A mecanização da produção, a concentração da propriedade de terra e a aprovação de direitos trabalhistas no campo geraram uma expulsão em massa desses trabalhadores para as cidades, surgindo a figura da boia-fria. Mesmo com sua força de trabalho considerada individualmente, as mulheres ganhavam menos que os homens, enfrentavam o preconceito por andar de pau-de-arara, além de assumir uma segunda jornada na criação dos filhos e nas tarefas domésticas. Movimentos de retorno ao campo por meio da ocupação de latifúndios improdutivos foram se consolidando a partir da década de 1960, mas essa nova estrutura social construída nos acampamentos mantinha a mesma tradição patriarcal, em que o homem assume as posições de liderança e o título da terra, quando dividida. As mulheres exigiram seus direitos criando diferentes movimentos de emancipação, em busca de reconhecimento do seu trabalho, direitos previdenciários e mais participação política, e essas mudanças conquistadas foram alavancadas por políticas públicas de equidade de gênero no campo a partir de 2003. Não só o papel social da mulher camponesa de reforma agrária mudou, como também a imagem que ela tem de si. Nesse contexto que algumas mulheres do Assentamento Dandara, na cidade de Promissão, estado de São Paulo, foram retratadas fotograficamente e conduziram a forma como gostariam de ser vistas. As produções fotográficas foram acompanhadas de análise individual e coletiva, fabulações de si e dos seus pares pela mediação da memória e do imaginário. / The coffee production of the second half of the 19th century draw not only photographers that acknowledged the new rural elite\'s recognition through the practice of studio portraits, but also enabled the migration of European workers to the coffee plantations. In the system of \"colonato\", the production unit was typically familiar, but women were not considered rural workers per se, even though they worked both at home and in the farms. Production mechanization, property concentration of land and new labour legislation forced a huge migration of these rural workers to big cities, giving birth to the \"boias frias\". Women, even though regarded as an individual work force, were paid less than men and had to face prejudice for sharing the \"pau-de-arara\" system of transportation. They also faced a second working day burden by raising the children and keeping up with housework. From the 1960\'s on, the return of these people to rural areas was marked by the occupation of unproductive land properties. This new social structure built in the settlements, though, kept the same patriarchal traditions, in which men hold leadership positions and own the land titling. Women, then, started to demand their own rights by creating different emancipation movements focused on having their work recognized, as much as access to retirement rights and political emancipation. Those changes were accomplished with the support of new gender equity public policies and helped change not only the social role of the peasant women involved in the agrarian reform but the image these women had of themselves. It is in this context that some women from Dandara settlement, in Promissão city, São Paulo state, were portraited in photographs by deciding the way they wanted to be seen. These photographic productions were followed by individual and collective analyses, as much the fabulation of themselves and their rural peers through memory and imaginary.

No description available.

Orientador: Claudinei Magno Magre Mendes / Banca: José Geraldo Bertoncini Poker / Banca: Francisco Graziano Neto / Banca: Aureo Busetto / Banca: Milton Carlos Costa / Resumo: A partir da década de 50 intensificam-se os debates em torno da efetivação de medidas legais que pudessem viabilizar a execução da reforma agrária no país. Com objetivos ideológicos diversos, direita e esquerda proclamavam a execução da reforma agrária. Paralelamente a esse debate e como conseqüência deste, seguiu-se um período marcado por impasses políticos que obstruíram qualquer tentativa de aprovação de uma legislação agrária para o país. As discussões invariavelmente recaíam sobre os instrumentos, o alcance e a natureza que a reforma agrária deveria assumir. Após o golpe militar, na vigência do governo do Marechal Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco ocorreu, para a surpresa de alguns e inconformismo de outros, a promulgação da Lei n.º 4.504. Sob a denominação Estatuto da Terra a lei englobava vários instrumentos anteriormente reivindicados para a execução da reforma agrária. A presente pesquisa objetivou analisar a origem do Estatuto da Terra no governo Castello e sua trajetória, nos governos militares posteriores à Castello Branco. Constatou-se que motivação para a organização do Estatuto da Terra no governo Castello inseria-se numa concepção econômica para o desenvolvimento nacional, neste sentido o posterior esvaziamento, ou ainda a execução parcial da Lei, não resultariam do fato dela ter sido elaborada apenas com fins políticos, mas sim das incompatibilidades dentro do próprio meio militar e das interpretações dos demais agentes envolvidos na questão agrária. / Abstract: Right from the 50's there was an intensification of debates around the legal ways that could allow the execution of an Agrarian Reform in the country. With a range of various ideologies, the right and the left politicians proclaimed the execution of the Agrarian Reform. At the same time of this debate and as its own consequence, there was began a period characterized by political obstacles able to obstruct any try of approval of an Agrarian law to the country. Invariably, all these discussions lead to the instruments, the magnitude and nature the Agrarian Reform should assume. After the Military Stroke, under the Marechal Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco Govern, there was a visible surprise of some and indignation of others as results of the promulgation of the Law n.º 4.504. Denominated Earth Statute Law, it included many instruments before claimed to the Agrarian Reform execution. This present research had as its main purpose the analysis of the Earth Statute origin on Castello's Govern and also its trajectory on subsequent governments. It was realized that the motivation for the organization of Earth Statute on Castello's Govern was insert into an economic conception to the national development, in this way an subsequent emptying, or even a partial law execution, would not result in the fact that it was elaborated only with politics goals, but of incompatibilities inside the military environment and also inside the interpretation of the other agents evolved to the agrarian issues. / Doutor

Os assentamentos rurais tornaram-se objeto de estudo em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Entretanto, são poucos os estudos baseados na subjetividade destes agricultores. Desta forma, este trabalho procura, através da análise do discurso, discutir a percepção ambiental dos agricultores vinculados à Cooperacra e ao assentamento Milton Santos, ambos situados na região de Americana, em São Paulo. Este último está inscrito na modalidade PDS - Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, concebida no âmbito do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA) para atender particularidades da reforma agrária na Amazônia. Enquanto dispositivo de política pública, o PDS permite assentar população não tradicional em áreas de interesse ambiental, com vistas à preservação. No estado de São Paulo, o PDS constitui uma resposta à proposta de Comuna da Terra, por parte do MST, desenvolvida desde o início dos anos 2000. Tanto a modalidade PDS quanto a proposta de Comuna da Terra têm em comum a perspectiva de incentivo a práticas agrícolas mais zelosas com o ambiente, tal como a agroecologia. Desta forma, este trabalho realiza, através da análise do discurso, uma interpretação acerca da percepção ambiental destes assentados, considerando discurso e prática. Foi possível, então, identificar discursos mais produtivistas, pouco crítico, por exemplo, à produção de cana-de-açúcar que circunda o assentamento. É possível identificar ainda um segundo tipo de discursos, que mobilizam imagens positivas de uma vivência anterior no campo como orientação para a adoção de práticas agrícolas favoráveis à preservação ambiental. Neste trabalho, também discutimos a percepção e a crítica dos entrevistados acerca das representações difundidas pela mídia sobre a agricultura, o MST e a reforma agrária, no que se refere tanto aos assentados no Milton Santos quanto aos agricultores da Cooperacra. / Rural settlements have become the object of study in several areas of knowledge. However, few studies are based on the subjectivity of these farmers. In this way, this work seeks, through discourse analysis, to discuss the environmental perception of the Cooperacra farmers and the Milton Santos settlement, both located in the Americana region of São Paulo. The latter is enrolled in the modality PDS - Sustainable Development Project, conceived within the scope of the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) to attend particularities of agrarian reform in the Amazon. As a public policy device, the PDS allows non-traditional populations to settle in areas of environmental interest with a view to preservation. In the state of São Paulo, the PDS is a response to the proposal of the Commune of the Earth, by the MST, developed since the beginning of the 2000s. Both the PDS modality and the Earth Commune proposal have in common the perspective of incentive to Agricultural practices that are more environmentally friendly, such as agroecology. In this way, this work performs, through discourse analysis, an interpretation about the environmental perception of these settlers, considering discourse and practice. It was possible, then, to identify more productive discourses, not critical, for example, to the production of sugarcane that surrounds the settlement. It is also possible to identify a second type of discourse that mobilizes positive images of a previous experience in the field as a guide to the adoption of agricultural practices favorable to environmental preservation. In this paper, we also discuss the perception and criticism of the interviewees about the representations made by the media about agriculture, the MST and the agrarian reform, regarding both the settlers in Milton Santos and the Cooperacra farmers.

Ao chegar ao planalto de Piratininga, o português encontrou uma vasta região de campos, habitada por populações indígenas, despertando o interesse pela região. Os jesuítas implantaram o projeto dos aldeamentos, cuja finalidade relacionava-se a catequese, ao controle da mão-de-obra indígena, e a desobstrução de terras para a expansão da colonização. No decorrer dos séculos os aldeamentos transformaram-se em freguesias ou vilas, e sua população original desapareceu em meio à miscigenação, integrando-se a gama dos livres pobres da capitania. Este trabalho destina uma atenção especial ao aldeamento de Barueri, por ter sido o maior em população, e alvo de longas disputas e contendas, desde o século XVI período de sua fundação até o século XIX quando desfaz-se em decorrência de aforamentos em suas terras. / When arriving to the plateau of Piratininga, the Portuguese found a vast area of fields. These fields were inhabited by indigenous populations, waking up the interest for the area. The Jesuits implemented a project to aldeamentos. The project plan was for the catechesis to control the indigenous labor, and have that labor clear the lands for the expansion of colonization. In the coming centuries the aldeamentos became either parishes or towns. The original population disappeared amid the interbreeding of races, causing a range of poor under the captaincy. This work intends special attention to the aldeamento of Barueri, for being the largest in population. Being the object of long disputes and contentions since the XVI century, period of foundation, until the XIX century, when the inheritance of payments on their land resulted in them dispersing.

O presente trabalho identifica a presença de brasileiros no desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva da soja em Santa Cruz, Bolíva, e a analisa em termo sociais, políticos e econômicos, regional e nacionalmente. Para tanto, fazemos um estudo sobre a natureza do Estado, sobre geopolítica regional (em especial sobre a postura do Brasil em relação aos demais países sulamericanos), e sobre questão agrária, de maneira a compreender o desenvolvimento do capitalismo no campo em nível mundial, e do agronegócio em nível nacional. Também nos pareceu importante fazer um resgate histórico da questão agrária boliviana e uma contextualização da conjuntura política atual no país. O estudo de caso foi realizado a partir de pesquisa de campo e vivência na Bolívia, em Santa Cruz de la Sierra (território que abriga o caso estudado) e La Paz (sede do governo nacional boliviano), que consistiu em entrevistas aos atores envolvidos no recorte temático, visitas a órgãos governamentais e institutos de pesquisa e contato com bibliografia local sobre o tema. Foram selecionadas algumas entrevistas e, a partir delas, pudemos fazer uma análise sociológica desta presença brasileira, podendo, também, inferir sobre questões que dizem respeito à política nacional boliviana e relacionamento internacional Brasil-Bolívia. / This work identifies the brasilian presence in the soybean production chain in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and analyzes it in a social, politic and economic way, regionally and nationally. For that, was done a study about the State´s nature, about regional geopolitics (specially about the Brazilian attitude toward the other countries in South America), and about agrarian question, in order to understand the development of capitalism in the field worldwide, and of agribusiness nationwide. Also seemed important to make an historical review about the Bolivian agrarian question and a contextualization of the current political conjuncture in the country. The case study was developed from the fiel research and from the experience of living in Bolivia, at Santa Cruz de la Sierra (territory in wich lies the case studied) and La Paz (seat of the bolivian national government), and consisted in interviews to people involved in the theme, visits to government agencies and research institutes, and contact to local literature on the subject. A few interviews were selected, and, from them, was possible to make a sociologic analysis of this Brazilian presence in Bolivia, including inferring about issues that concern to bolivian national policy and international relations Brazil-Bolivia.

Este trabalho visa realizar uma análise histórica da concepção de fertilidade na agricultura, observando de que forma a constituição deste conceito se relaciona com transformações históricas da sociedade, considerando a logica econômica que preside a agricultura industrial. Procura-se ressaltar as origens da formação do atual conceito de fertilidade e em que medida este foi influenciado pelo desenvolvimento da economia e da ciência moderna. Buscaremos também, ressaltar como as formas de produção que se colocam como contraponto a agricultura industrial entendem a questão da fertilidade, quais as alternativas por elas apresentadas ao manejo da fertilidade para os sistemas de produção ditos mais sustentáveis, e sobre que fundamentos epistemológicos e metodológicos elas se assentam. A fertilidade do solo na agricultura e, aqui, encarada como objeto de análise. Entendemos que o estudo do conceito de fertilidade, seu desenvolvimento teórico e as suas relações com a economia e a ciência apresenta a totalidade dos determinantes que moldaram e consolidaram a concepção cientifica e agronômica de fertilidade. O desenvolvimento histórico do conceito cientifico de \"fertilidade\" e suas implicações sócio-históricas espelham, portanto, um emaranhado de relações entre a economia, a sociedade e a ciência agronômica, que mostra, sob outro angulo, que ele próprio e o resultado de um processo histórico e social. Essa análise teórica possibilita elucidar caminhos analíticos para o entendimento e a construção de uma agricultura na perspectiva de uma sociedade mais justa e mais sustentável. Aparentemente pontual, a questão da fertilidade e aqui apreendida como a \"ponta de um iceberg\" de complexas e profundas relações entre o desenvolvimento da economia e da agronomia no âmbito da ciência, que contribuem para o agravamento das crises ambiental e civilizatória atuais ao validarem um conjunto de tecnologias que nada mais são do que a base instrumental de um modelo de desenvolvimento rural socialmente excludente e concentrador de riquezas. Complexa por natureza, a análise dessas inter-relações e das próprias crises acima citadas demandam um olhar crítico e que, sobretudo, supere as fronteiras disciplinares, enriquecendo o conhecimento com os achados de ciências especializadas numa perspectiva interdisciplinar. Dessa forma, o atual trabalho busca fazer uma leitura da fertilidade como um aspecto de destaque relacionado a crise da agricultura industrial através de um dialogo entre literaturas técnicas agronômicas e sociais. Esse dialogo interdisciplinar visa aumentar a amplitude de analise, e promover uma abordagem mais abrangente e historicamente situada sobre o tema em questão. / This project establishes a historical analysis of the soil fertility concept in agro-ecosystems, noticing how its constitution is related to historical transformations of society, considering the economic logic which presides the industrial agriculture. We highlight the origins of the formation of the current concept of fertility and to what extent, and how, this concept was influenced by the economy and modern science development. We also emphasize how the ways of production which arise in opposition to industrial agriculture face the issue of fertility, which alternatives to fertility management for more sustainable production systems they present, and which epistemological and methodological basis they have. Fertility is here understood as the \"top of the iceberg\" of deep and complex relations between economic and agronomic development in the scope of science that contribute to the worsening of the recent environment and civilization crisis by the validation of a set of technologies that are no more than the instrumental basis of rural social excluding development model which concentrates wealth. The analysis of the referred complexes interrelations demands a critic theoretical perspective in order to overcome the disciplinary boundaries and to enrich knowledge with the findings of the specialized science fields with an interdisciplinary perspective. Finally, the present project aims to highlight the fertility as a relevant aspect of the industrial agriculture crisis through a dialog between technical agronomic theory and social literature. This interdisciplinary dialog aims to promote a breadth and historical based analysis about this subject.