Il y aurait interaction constante entre théâtre comique, masque et pouvoir que nous examinons à travers une lecture intertextuelle et comparative des pièces françaises, francophones et égyptiennes des XIXe et XXe siècles, en mettant l’accent sur les techniques de camouflage et leurs objectifs, témoins d’une continuité entre les cultures. Nous démontrons que la distanciation, bien que rattachée au monde sérieux de la dramaturgie brechtienne, excelle surtout dans le théâtre comique du masque. Ce projet comporte en fait trois parties. Dans une première partie, nous passons en revue dans le premier chapitre les métamorphoses du masque avec ses procédés en arrimant théâtre comique et notion du pouvoir. Nous posons ensuite dans un second chapitre l’assise théorique et méthodologique qui sert de base à notre étude, en abordant le théâtre du masque comme un procédé dramaturgique de distanciation. Nous examinons premièrement la distanciation à travers les zones du texte (didascalies, prologue, spectacle enchâssé), où le théâtre se dit comme tel. Nous consacrons la deuxième partie à l’exploration de tous les procédés d’étrangéisation employés par les dramaturges en vue de distancier le personnage portant le masque du pouvoir, en mettant en lumière son caractère bouffon et carnavalesque. Le travestissement sous ses divers aspects impose un rapport de forces entre les personnages qui se manifeste à travers l’échange verbal et non verbal derrière le masque ainsi que l’espace et la temporalité, et constitue un vecteur de distanciation, comme on le voit dans la troisième partie. Le cadre spatio-temporel, étant le support d’un jeu de faire-semblant, enracine la relation de domination occasionnée par le masque. Du fictif se dégage une image du réel. / There would be constant interaction between comic theater, mask, and power that we examine through a comparative and intertextual reading of French francophone, and egyptian plays from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; focusing on the techniques of camouflage and their targets, which affirm continuity between cultures. We show that “distanciation”, although attached to the serious world of Brechtian dramaturgy, excels in the comic theater of the mask. This project comprises of three parts. In the first chapter of the initial part, we review the metamorphoses of the mask with its processes, by matching comic theater and concept of power. Then we put in a second chapter ,the theoretical basis and methodology, used as the basis for our study; addressing the theater of the mask as a dramatic process of “distanciation”. Firstly we examine the distance through the zones of the text (stage directions, prologue, & embedded shows), where the theater is presented alike. We devote the second part to the exploration of all the processes employed by the playwrights, in order to distance the character wearing the mask of power, highlighting its comic and carnivalesque aspects. The travesty in its various facets imposes a balance of power (relationship of power) between the characters. Which is manifested through verbal and non verbal exchange behind the mask ,space, and time which are vectors of distanciation (as seen in the third part). The spatio-temporal framework, being the holder of a game of make-believe, rooted the relationship of domination caused by the mask. The fictitious emerges an image of reality.

Oggetto della tesi è lo studio dell’esegesi paleocristiana dei “racconti” contenuti nel libro di Daniele, in una prospettiva pludisciplinare che esamina le testimonianze provenienti dall’iconografia e dalla letteratura. Il lavoro prende in considerazione la documentazione dalle origini della produzione figurativa (fine II sec) alla cosiddetta “svolta costantiniana”, includendo materiali provenienti da tutti i contesti geografici dei primi cristianesimi. L’elaborato si articola in tre sezioni che ricostruiscono le principali tradizioni ermeneutiche della ricezione “tipologica”, “allegorica” e “letteraria” del testo biblico, sottolineando in particolare il ruolo che i “racconti” ebbero nella formazione della teologia del martirio antico. L’analisi assume un metodo storico-critico particolarmente attento all’integrazione e al raffronto fra tipologie documentarie distinte, che testimoniano la varietà e l’eterogeneità dell’interpretazione biblica applicata presso le primitive comunità cristiane. L’inclusione della fonte figurativa muove dal presupposto della sua rivalutazione: più che “biblia pauperum”, l’iconografia delle origini, prodotta in ambito liturgico, testimonia una tradizione indipendente e originale della ricezione dei “racconti”. Da questo punto di vista, la complessa interpretazione del libro di Daniele fornisce un valido paradigma per comprendere, in senso più ampio, i meccanismi che determinano la formazione del pensiero cristiano antico. / The subject of the present work is the study of the paleochristian exegesis of the “tales” included in the Book of Daniel, in a pluridisciplinary perspective which examines the evidences coming from both iconography and literature. The work takes into account the documentation from the origins of iconography (end of the II century), to the so-called “Constantinian period”, including materials coming from every geographic context of ancient Christianity. The research is divided in three sections, according to the principal hermeneutic traditions of the “typological”, “allegoric” and “literary” reception of the biblical text, mainly highlighting the role assumed by the “tales” in the formation of the ancient martyrdom theology. The analysis assumes an historical-critical method, mainly focusing on the comparison between two different documentary categories, which attest the variety and the heterogeneity of the biblical interpretation activated in the first communities. The inclusion of the figurative source derives from its revaluation: more than “biblia pauperum”, the ancient iconography, produced in the context of liturgy, expresses an independent and original tradition of the “tales” reception. Under this point of view, the complex interpretation of the Book of Daniel offers a good paradigm to understand, in a wider sense, the processes determining the formation of paleochristian thought.

Si un texte ne peut être blessé comme l’est un corps, une lecture peut effectivement avoir cet effet blessant qui se porte sur le corps textuel, et sur celui de la personne qui lit. Le remède s’incarnera autant dans la langue que dans l’attention – comme prélude, et forme de soin – portée à l’humain. Le théâtre et ses scènes sont depuis longtemps le lieu où est accomplie la guérison, à l’aide du langage et des gestes : lieux où les regards médical et littéraire mettent en œuvre leurs méthodes interprétatives respectives. À partir du personnage Woyzeck dans la pièce éponyme (1836) de Georg Büchner, seront comparées ces perspectives de lecture en contexte de soin. Woyzeck, lui-même un patient, vu les troubles indicibles qui l’animent, devient malgré lui la scène d’expérimentations médicales et de jeux de pouvoir qui le rendent de plus en plus « illisible », à lui-même et à qui le lit. Le présent travail est consacré au rôle du lectorat dans le processus herméneutique et sur la valeur que sa résistance à une interprétation pathologisante – qui ne cherche pas de symptômes dans le texte – peut apporter au récit, et au remède. La forme même de la pièce fragmentaire rapproche la position de Woyzeck de celle du lectorat, condamnant ce dernier à errer d’une scène à l’autre, comme le personnage accablé de visions insensées. À chaque lecture le choix s’impose soit de faire avec l’incomplétude du texte, posture nécessaire à l’interprétation littéraire, ou d’en diagnostiquer les absences. Au premier chapitre, il est question du lien opéré par le corps malade comme médium premier qui relie les domaines médicaux et théâtraux : un survol historique de ce rapport vient le complexifier par l’exemple. Au deuxième chapitre, le corps malade et la scène sont considérés ensemble comme lieu de savoir, et le corps défini selon ce que ce lieu permet comme limites et possibilités. Enfin, le troisième chapitre expose l’exercice d’une lecture non-pathologique du cas Woyzeck – le personnage, le texte, les mises en scènes – afin de composer une interprétation qui prenne en compte les multiples langages inhérents au texte. L'hermétisme apparent de la pièce y est excavé en procédant depuis plusieurs perspectives. L’approche intermédiale qui sous-tend cette analyse, à travers la relation du théâtre avec le remède, permet d’éclairer la profondeur de l’influence de la pièce de Büchner sur l’histoire du théâtre, et de la lecture. / If a text cannot be injured as can the body, reading can effectively have an injurious effect that is carried by the text, and by the person who reads it. Its remedy is embodied as much in the language as in the attention – as a prelude, and form of care – carried to the human. Theatre and its stages have long been places of healing, through language and gesture: a place where medical and literary perspectives carry out their respective interpretative methods. From the character Woyzeck in Georg Büchner’s eponymous play (1836), a comparison of these reading perspectives is made in the context of care. Woyzeck, himself a patient, given his ineffable illnesses, becomes despite himself the stage of medical experiments and power games that rend him more and more unreadable, to himself and those who read him. The present study is dedicated to the role of the reader in the hermeneutic process and to the value that one’s resistance to a pathologizing interpretation – that does not look for symptoms in the text – can contribute to the story, and to the remedy. Even the fragmentary form of the play positions Woyzeck close that of the reader, condemning the latter to ramble from one scene to another, as the character who is afflicted with frantic visions. At each reading one must compose with the incompleteness of the text, a posture necessary for literary interpretation, or one must diagnose the gaps in the text. The first chapter concerns the link between the diseased body as the first medium that links the domains of medicine and theatre: a historic review of this link will complexify it through examples. In the second chapter, the diseased body and the stage are considered as a combined space of knowledge, and the body defined according to the limits and possibilities of this site. Finally, the third chapter presents a non-pathologic reading of the case of Woyzeck – the character, text, the staging – in order to compose an interpretation that considers the multiple languages inherent to the text. The apparent hermeticism of the play is excavated by proceeding from several perspectives. The intermedial approach underlying this analysis, through the relation between theatre and healing, illuminates the profound influence of the play of Büchner on the history of theatre, and of reading.

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[pt] Essa tese investiga as noções de colonialismo e dependência e as alegorias do Brasil na historiografia literária de Antonio Candido na década de 1960 e início dos anos 1970. Nesse contexto, o crítico circulou por diversos países e teve contato com novos repertórios intelectuais, conceituais e políticos que o possibilitaram promover, com base numa hermenêutica da distância, uma transformação das ideias com as quais sua obra operava nos decênios anteriores, especialmente no que diz respeito à interpretação da própria realidade sociocultural latino-americana. A partir daí, e já imbuído de uma descrença em relação à panaceia desenvolvimentista, Candido buscou averiguar os efeitos deletérios do colonialismo na formação da América Latina, vinculando-os ainda à estruturação de uma situação de dependência que, no século XX, legou ao continente a persistência dos caracteres do subdesenvolvimento no processo de ordenação das sociedades. Além disso, o crítico buscou apresentar, por uma perspectiva dialética, algumas alegorias da historicidade brasileira presentes na ficção realista-naturalista, de modo a tensionar a própria condição política do país à época, sob a égide da ditadura militar. Por fim, procurou identificar os motivos de, mesmo mergulhado nessa condição histórica de “atraso”, ter emergido no continente uma forma poética de grande vigor estético, o Superregionalismo que, em tons esteticamente inventivos, tratou de questões consideradas universais, rompendo com as tópicas estritamente nacionais. / [en] This thesis investigates the notions of colonialism and dependency and the allegories of Brazil in Antonio Candido s literary historiography in the 1960s and early 1970s. In this context, the critic traveled to different countries and came into contact with new intellectual, conceptual and political repertoires that enabled him to promote, based on a hermeneutics of distance, a transformation of the ideas with which his work had operated in the previous decades, especially with regard to the interpretation of Latin America s own socio-cultural reality. From then on, and already imbued with a disbelief in the developmentalist panacea, Candido sought to investigate the deleterious effects of colonialism on the formation of Latin America, also linking them to the structuring of a situation of dependence which, in the 20th century, left the continent with the persistence of the characteristics of underdevelopment in the process of ordering societies. In addition, the critic sought to present, from a dialectical perspective, some allegories of Brazilian historicity present in realist-naturalist fiction, to tension the very political condition of the country at the time, under the aegis of the military dictatorship. Finally, it sought to identify the reasons why, despite being immersed in this historical condition of backwardness, a poetic form of great aesthetic vigor emerged on the continent, Superregionalism, which, in aesthetically inventive tones, dealt with issues considered universal, breaking with strictly national topics.

On considère traditionnellement l'interprétation allégorique comme une défense face aux critiques que les premiers philosophes Ioniens ont adressées aux poètes pour leur représentation de la divinité. Ainsi, l'allégorie grecque aurait été au coeur d'une polémique théologique entre les poètes et les philosophes ou plus largement au coeur de l’opposition de la philosophie au mythe. Il est pourtant désormais admis que la relation entre le logos et le muthos ne peut se réduire à une telle antinomie. Il est donc essentiel de redéfinir à son tour le rôle de l’allégorie afin de nuancer son caractère apologétique et son cadre polémique. L’entreprise a déjà été entamée par la recherche des deux dernières décennies et c’est dans cette actualisation historiographique que souhaite s’inscrire ce mémoire. L’organisation du développement est à la fois chronologique et thématique. L’examen de la réception des mythes à l’époque archaïque, celle du premier commentaire allégorique met en avant un aspect négligé de la critique philosophique : la réécriture du mythe théogonique en cosmologie philosophique. Cette réécriture n’est pas sans effet sur l’allégorie qui peut être conçue dès le Vème av. J.-C. comme un outil de réappropriation du mythe, à la fois dans sa matière et dans sa forme discursive, par la philosophie désormais affirmée. Enfin, la mise en perspective de l’allégorie avec les traditions discursives qui entourent sa naissance révèle que l’allégorie est certes le reflet d’une relation co-évolutive du logos et du muthos mais surtout la conséquence d’une conception du langage complexe dans la pensée grecque. / Allegorical interpretation is traditionally seen as a defence against the criticism that the early Ionian philosophers levelled at the poets for their depiction of the deity. Thus, Greek allegory would have been at the heart of a theological polemic between poets and philosophers and more broadly at the heart of the opposition of philosophy to myth. It is now accepted, however, that the relationship between logos and muthos cannot be reduced to such an antinomy. It is therefore essential to redefine the role of allegory in order to nuance its apologetic character and its polemical framework. This undertaking has already been initiated by the research of the last two decades and it is in this historiographic update that this thesis wishes to be inscribed. The organisation of the development is both chronological and thematic. The examination of the reception of the myths in the archaic period, that of the first allegorical commentary, brings out a neglected aspect of the philosophical criticism: the rewriting of the theogonic myth in philosophical cosmology. This rewriting is not without effect on allegory, which can be conceived from the 5th century BC onwards as a tool for the reappropriation of myth, both in its subject and in its discursive form, by the philosophical discourse. Finally, putting allegory into perspective with the discursive traditions surrounding its birth reveals that allegory is the reflection of a co-evolutionary relationship between logos and muthos and above all the consequence of the idea of a complex language.

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Artworks that use found or appropriated images and objects often function as collections. These collections simulate the everyday collections of mementos and souvenirs that come to represent aspects of an individual's personality and past. The collections of objects mirror the individual's collection of memories that help to define himself and provide a means of communication with others. The artist as collector takes on roles similar to that of storyteller and anthropologist, providing a narrative of conscious preservation. Through various devices of display and denial a curiosity cabinet I Wunderkammer representing and simulating a Self is created and the role of collector is passed on to the viewer. / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / Thesis (M.A. (Art History))

Artworks that use found or appropriated images and objects often function as collections. These collections simulate the everyday collections of mementos and souvenirs that come to represent aspects of an individual's personality and past. The collections of objects mirror the individual's collection of memories that help to define himself and provide a means of communication with others. The artist as collector takes on roles similar to that of storyteller and anthropologist, providing a narrative of conscious preservation. Through various devices of display and denial a curiosity cabinet I Wunderkammer representing and simulating a Self is created and the role of collector is passed on to the viewer. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / Thesis (M.A. (Art History))