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Mucosal passive immunization is the transfer of active antibodies from one organism to the mucosal surfaces of another organism for preventing or treating infectious diseases. Mucosal passive immunization has a great potential for the prevention and treatment of enteric infections like Rotavirus, which causes more than 114 million episodes of diarrhoea annually with a death toll of more than 450.000 per year. However, the high cost of recombinant antibodies with the current manufacturing systems based on mammalian cells hampers the production of the high antibody quantities required for passive immunization strategies. Alternative expression platforms such as plants could provide higher scalability and reduced costs. Moreover, the use of edible plant organs, which are Generally¿Regarded¿As¿ Safe (GRAS), could reduce manufacturing costs even further by easing the requirements for antibody purification. We analyze here the feasibility of utilizing fruits as inexpensive biofactories of human antibodies that can be orally delivered as crude extracts or partially purified formulations in mucosal passive immunization strategies. In the first section of this thesis, the construction of tomato plants producing a model human Immunoglobulin A (IgA) against rotavirus in their fruits is described. As a result, an elite homozygous line was obtained whose fruits produced on average 41 ¿g of IgA per gram of fresh weigh, equivalent to 0.69 mg IgA per gram of dry tomato powder. Minimally processed products derived from IgA¿expressing tomatoes were shown to strongly inhibit virus infection in an in vitro neutralization assay. Moreover, in order to make IgA¿expressing tomatoes easily distinguishable from wild¿type tomatoes, they were sexually crossed with a transgenic tomato line expressing the genes encoding Antirrhinum majus Rosea1 and Delila transcription factors, which confer purple colour to the fruit. The resulting transgenically¿labelled purple tomatoes contained not only high levels of recombinant neutralizing human IgA but also increased amounts of anthocyanins. In the second section of the thesis the composition of IgA¿expressing tomatoes was analyzed in search of possible unintended effects that could compromise the GRAS status of the final product. To this end, transgenic IgA¿tomatoes were compared with wild type tomatoes and also commercial tomato varieties using proteomic and metabolomic approaches. 2D¿DIGE gels coupled with LC¿MSMS for protein identification showed that all the uptrend differential proteins detected corresponded only to immunoglobulin chains or antibody fragments. On the other hand, non¿targeted metabolite data obtained by UPLC¿MS / Juárez Ortega, P. (2014). Production of recombinant Immunoglobulin A in plants for passive immunotherapy [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37015

The base-catalysed reaction of 4H-pyran-4-one with a range of nucleophiles, namely diethyl malonate, ethyl acetoacetate, nitromethane, acetylacetone and ethyl cyanoacetate, was developed as a reliable, high yielding method for the preparation of para-substituted phenols. The methodology was extended to include the use of the substituted pyranones, maltol, 2,6-dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-one and diethyl chelidonate. Reactions were studied using conventional heating methods and microwave irradiation. Microwave irradiation had definite beneficial effects, with improved yields, reduced reaction times and cleaner reaction profiles. The potential of this methodology was examined for the regioselective placement of ¹³C-atoms into benzene rings using ¹³C-labelled nucleophiles or ¹³C-labelled 4H-pyran-4-ones. [3,5-13C₂]4H-Pyran-4-one and [2,6-13C₂]4H-pyran-4-one were prepared from various ¹³C-labelled versions of triethyl orthoformate and acetone. This methodology was applied to the synthesis of [1,3,5-¹³C₃]gallic acid, via the base-catalysed reaction of [3,5-¹³C₂]4H-pyran-4-one with diethyl [2-¹³C]malonate, followed by subsequent transformations to yield [1,3,5-¹³C₃]gallic acid. The preparation of [2-¹³C]phloroglucinol was carried out via [2-¹³C]resorcinol, with regioselective placement of a single ¹³C-atom into the aromatic ring. This was accomplished from non-aromatic precursors, with the source of the ¹³C-atom being [¹³C]methyl iodide. The key step in this synthesis was the introduction of the third hydroxyl group, which was achieved using a modified iridium-catalysed C-H activation/borylation/oxidation procedure. The scope of an existing C-H activation/borylation reaction was modified and expanded to include a range of protected resorcinol derivatives. A catalyst system was developed which allowed high conversion to the intermediate arylboronic acids, followed by oxidation using aqueous Oxone® to yield the corresponding phenols. Finally, to demonstrate the potential of these new methods for application in the synthesis of isotopically labelled natural products and polyphenols, the syntheses of ¹³C-labelled anthocyanins were studied. A route was developed that could be applied to the synthesis of either cyanidin-3-glucoside or delphinidin-3-glucoside. Only the final coupling/cyclisation step to yield the desired anthocyanin targets remains to be carried out.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Piauà / Objetivo: Investigar o potencial biotecnolÃgico do bagaÃo de uva, variedade Benitaka, cultivada no municÃpio de SÃo JoÃo do PiauÃ, PiauÃ, por meio de metodologias analÃticas cientificamente reconhecidas, buscando reconhecer os principais grupos de metabÃlitos responsÃveis por atividade antioxidante. Metodologia: As uvas (Vitis vinifera L.), variedade Benitaka, foram resultantes da safra 2011/2012 e coletadas no Polo de Viticultura do Assentamento Marrecas, no MunicÃpio de SÃo JoÃo do PiauÃ/PI e posteriormente higienizadas, prensadas em despolpadeira para separaÃÃo do bagaÃo, o qual foi submetido à desidrataÃÃo, trituraÃÃo, peneiramento e formaÃÃo do bagaÃo de uva em pÃ. A partir do bagaÃo de uva em pà foram realizadas anÃlises da composiÃÃo centesimal, conteÃdo de minerais, fibra dietÃtica total, solÃvel e insolÃvel, determinaÃÃo de Vitamina C, conteÃdo de antocianinas, perfil de Ãcidos graxos e investigaÃÃo de sua qualidade microbiolÃgica. Foram tambÃm elaborados extratos a partir de diferentes solventes, os quais foram analisados quanto à toxicidade frente à Artemia salina sp., conteÃdo de fenÃlicos totais, flavonÃides totais e taninos totais; atividade antioxidante in vitro pelos mÃtodos de DPPHâ e autooxidaÃÃo do sistema &#946;-caroteno/Ãcido linoleico; estabilidade oxidativa em Ãleo de soja e identificaÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo de polifenÃis por HPLC-UV. Os resultados foram expressos como mÃdia e desvio padrÃo (n=3) e utilizou-se o programa estatÃstico SAS para AnÃlise de VariÃncia e Teste de Tukey. Adotou-se o nÃvel de significÃncia de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que no bagaÃo de uva em pà a quantidade de fibra dietÃtica total (46,17g/100g) se destacou quantitativamente em relaÃÃo aos carboidratos (29,2g/100g), proteÃnas (8,49g/100g) e lipÃdeos (8,16g/100g). O valor energÃtico total encontrado foi de 224Kcal/100g. A fraÃÃo fibra insolÃvel (79%) foi superior à fraÃÃo solÃvel (21%). O conteÃdo de Vitamina C foi de 26,25mg de Ãcido ascÃrbico/100g e de antocianinas, 131mg/100g. Os minerais ferro (18,08mg/100g), potÃssio (1,40mg/100g), zinco (0,98mg/100g), manganÃs (0,82mg/100g) e cÃlcio (0,44mg/100g) estavam presentes em maiores concentraÃÃes. A fraÃÃo lipÃdica foi composta principalmente por Ãcido linoleico (89,61%) e o teor de PUFA (89,61%) >MUFA (21,37%) >SFA (18,46%). O rendimento dos extratos variou de 6,85% a 45,5%, dependendo do solvente de extraÃÃo, sendo que o menor rendimento foi observado no extrato acetÃnico e o maior no extrato metanÃlico. O conteÃdo de fenÃlicos totais, flavonoides totais e taninos totais variaram em funÃÃo do solvente de extraÃÃo. Os extratos etanÃlico e acetÃnico conseguiram estabilizar o radical DPPHâ de forma eficiente, com valores de EC50 de 0,31 Âg/mL e 0,39 Âg/mL, os quais nÃo diferiram estatisticamente dos padrÃes quercetina (0,22 Âg/mL) e BHT (0,11 Âg/mL). Em relaÃÃo à avaliaÃÃo da atividade antioxidante pelo mÃtodo de autooxidaÃÃo do sistema &#946;-caroteno/Ãcido linolÃico, os extratos agiram de forma similar ao antioxidante sintÃtico BHT, com mÃdias de EC50 de 0.34 Âg/mL a 0.36 Âg/mL. O extrato etanÃlico aumentou a vida de prateleira do Ãleo de soja de forma similar ao BHT. O composto fenÃlico presente em maior concentraÃÃo foi isoquercitrina (12,94 mg/100g), seguido de rutina (7,54 mg/100g), quercetina (5,4 mg/100g) e resveratrol (2,5 mg/100g). ConclusÃo: Os resultados mostraram que o bagaÃo de uva representa uma fonte potencialmente importante de nutrientes e compostos fenÃlicos; alÃm de elevado potencial antioxidante, o que contribui para o seu elevado valor como um subproduto de frutos, com possibilidades de comercializaÃÃo como antioxidante natural.

Un nombre croissant de preuves suggèrent le rôle bénéfique des anthocyanes alimentaires, composés phyto-chimiques principalement présents dans les baies et les produits dérivés, sur la santé cardiovasculaire. Ces bénéfices peuvent être attribués à leur effet sur les cellules endothéliales ou les plaquettes qui sont les acteurs clés dans le développement des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV). Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents aux effets cardio-protecteurs de l'anthocyanine ne sont pas entièrement compris. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer l'effet in vitro des anthocyanines et de leurs métabolites, dans des conditions physiologiques, sur la fonction endothéliale et plaquettaire et d'identifier les mécanismes sous-jacents à leur action. Les résultats de ma thèse ont montré que le prétraitement des cellules endothéliales avec des concentrations physiologiques d'anthocyanes et de leurs métabolites circulants diminue l'adhésion des monocytes aux cellules endothéliales activées ainsi que leur migration transendothéliale qui sont les étapes initiales du développement de l'athérosclérose précédant le MCV. En accord avec ces résultats, l'analyse de l'expression génique a révélé que le traitement des cellules endothéliales avec ces molécules modulait l'expression des gènes impliqués dans la régulation de l'adhésion cellulaire, le réarrangement du cytosquelette d'actine, l'adhésion focale et la transmigration leucocytaire. Les analyses bioinformatiques de ces données ont permis d'identifier les facteurs de transcription potentiellement impliqués dans les effets nutrigénomiques observés ainsi que les protéines de signalisation cellulaire régulant leur activité. Les analyses bioinformatiques ont permit d’identifier des protéines de signalisation cellulaire auxquelles ces bioactifs peuvent se lier et potentiellement affecter leur activité entraînant modification d’activité des protéines de signalisation en aval. L’impact sur des facteurs de transcription a également été cherché et ces effets ont été confirmés par les résultats obtenus des analyses par Western blot. Les anthocyanines et leurs métabolites ont également modulé l'expression de microARN, en particulier ceux impliqués dans la régulation de la perméabilité des cellules endothéliales, contribuant ainsi aux changements observés dans la fonction endothéliale. En plus de leurs effets sur les cellules endothéliales, les résultats de mes travaux ont également montré la capacité des anthocyanes et de leurs métabolites à moduler la fonction plaquettaire en diminuant l'activation plaquettaire et leur agrégation avec les leucocytes, qui contribuent fortement au développement des MCV.En conclusion, les résultats de ma thèse ont révélé les effets positifs des anthocyanes et de leurs métabolites, aux concentrations physiologiques, sur la fonction endothéliale et plaquettaire et ont fourni de nouvelles informations sur les mécanismes sous-jacents de leurs effets cardio-protecteurs. / Increasing number of scientific evidence suggests the beneficial role of dietary anthocyanins, phytochemicals mainly present in berries and derived products, in cardiovascular health. These anthocyanin health benefits may be attributed to their effect on endothelial cells or platelets that represent the key players in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin cardioprotective effects are not fully understood. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of anthocyanins and their metabolites in vitro on endothelial and platelet function and identify the underlying mechanisms of their action using physiologically relevant conditions.Results from this thesis showed that the pretreatment of endothelial cells with physiologically relevant concentrations of circulating anthocyanins and their metabolites attenuated monocyte adhesion to activated endothelial cells as well as their transendothelial migration, which are the initial steps in the development of atherosclerosis that precede CVD. In agreement with these results, gene expression analysis revealed that the treatment of endothelial cells with these compounds modulated the expression of genes involved in regulation of cell-cell adhesion, actin cytoskeleton reorganisation, focal adhesion and leukocyte transmigration. Bioinformatics analyses of gene expression data allowed the identification of potential transcription factors involved in the observed nutrigenomic effects and cell signalling proteins regulating their activity.Molecular docking analyses further revealed cell signalling proteins to which these bioactives may bind to and potentially affect their activity and the activation of downstream signalling proteins and transcription factors, effects that were in agreement with the results of Western blot analyses. Anthocyanins and their metabolites also modulated the expression of microRNAs, especially those involved in regulation of endothelial cell permeability, contributing to the observed changes in endothelial cell function.In addition to their effects on endothelial cells, anthocyanins and their metabolites displayed the capacity to modulate platelet function by decreasing platelet activation and their aggregation with leukocytes, the processes that are important contributors to CVD development.In conclusion, results from this thesis revealed the positive effects of anthocyanins and their metabolites, at physiologically relevant concentrations, on endothelial and platelet function and provided new insights into the mechanisms underlying their cardioprotective effects.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1623130 bytes, checksum: ccf5d30dde8e071e571fd76cece6358d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of cut roses, aiming to evaluate the potential for being used as food. For this purpose, it was used thirteen genotypes of fresh roses petals subjected to analysis of coloration, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, soluble solids/ titratable acidity, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, total pectin soluble pectin, bioactive compounds (flavonoids yellow, anthocyanins, carotenoids, total extractable polyphenols), total antioxidant activity (ABTS method) , chlorophyll, minerals (phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc and sulfur), chemical composition (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, moisture). The results showed that the roses are low-acid vegetables, with a moderate level of soluble sugars (2,89g.100g-1) and reducing sugars (2,75g.100g-1), low levels of total and soluble pectin (0,07mg.100g-1 and 0,04mg.100g-1), good amount of ascorbic acid (70,47mg.100g-1), flavonoids yellow and anthocyanins reached values of 140,60mg.100g-1 and 356,77mg.100g-1, respectively. They have low levels of carotenoids, obtaining average 1.25mg.100g-1, high content of total extractable polyphenols (2550,03mg.100g-1), high antioxidant capacity (222,27μM trolox-1). The evaluation of the mineral contents reported that roses presents low contents of phosphorus (1,31mg.100g-1), potassium (18,77mg.100g-1), sodium (0,29mg.100g-1), calcium (2,07mg.100g-1), magnesium (2,12mg.100g-1) and sulfur (2,67mg.100g-1) and values that have considered copper (9,27mg.100g-1), iron (85,76mg.100g-1), manganese (22,06mg.100g-1) and zinc (35,20mg.100g-1). The descriptive statistics of the results was obtained by the use of software M-statc and Genes. Values quantified in this study were within the variations found in other plant foods commonly consumed. Thus, the roses have potential to be used for human feeding. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de compostos bioativos e a capacidade antioxidante de variedades de rosas de corte visando verificar suas potenciais utilizações para fim alimentício. Para tanto, foram estudadas treze genótipos de rosas in natura asnas quis foram realizadas análises de coloração, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável, açúcares solúveis totais, açúcares redutores, ácido ascórbico, pectina total, pectina solúvel, compostos bioativos (flavonóides amarelos, antocianinas totais, carotenóides totais, polifenóis extraíveis totais, atividade antioxidante total (método ABTS) e clorofila), minerais (fósforo, potássio, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, cobre, ferro, manganês, zinco e enxofre), composição química (lipídeos, proteínas, carboidratos, fibras, cinzas, umidade). Os resultados mostraram que as rosas são vegetais pouco ácidos, com razoável teor de açúcares solúveis totais (2,89g.100g-1) e açúcares redutores (2,75g.100g-1), baixos teores de pectina total e solúvel (0,07mg.100g-1 e 0,04mg.100g-1), boa quantidade de ácido ascórbico (70,47mg.100g-1), os flavonóides amarelos e as antocianinas totais alcançaram valores de 140,60mg.100g-1 e 356,77mg.100g-1, respectivamente. Possuem baixos níveis de carotenóides totais, obtendo valor médio 1,25mg.100g-1, elevado conteúdo de polifenóis extraíveis totais (2550,03mg/100g), alta capacidade antioxidante (222,27μM Trolox.g-1). A avaliação do conteúdo de, minerais reportou que as rosas apresentam baixos teores de fósforo (1,31mg.100g-1), potássio (18,77mg.100g-1), sódio (0,29mg.100g-1), cálcio (2,07mg.100g-1), magnésio (2,12mg.100g-1) e enxofre (2,67mg.100g-1) e, que possuem valores consideráveis de cobre (9,27mg.100g-1), ferro (85,76mg.100g-1), manganês (22,06mg.100g-1) e zinco (35,20mg.100g-1). A estatística descritiva dos resultados foi obtida pela utilização dos softwares M-Statc e Genes. Os valores quantificados no presente estudo mostraram-se dentro das variações encontradas em outros alimentos de origem vegetal consumidos comumente. Desta forma, as rosas apresentam potencial para ser inseridas na alimentação humana.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-24T19:51:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Márcio Fernando Cardoso Zago - 2014.pdf: 2344826 bytes, checksum: 785eb9d33a3c85c094d7e3cfc111730d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-24T19:54:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Márcio Fernando Cardoso Zago - 2014.pdf: 2344826 bytes, checksum: 785eb9d33a3c85c094d7e3cfc111730d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-24T19:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Márcio Fernando Cardoso Zago - 2014.pdf: 2344826 bytes, checksum: 785eb9d33a3c85c094d7e3cfc111730d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg) is a much appreciated fruit and nutritional importance mainly found in south-central Brazil. Its peel is a by-product discarded in Brazilian agribusiness. The concern about the environmental impacts and the high rate of losses and waste leads to the need to establish means for recovery of such waste. This study aimed to produce flour with peel Jaboticaba, develop biscuit cookie type - enriched with Jaboticaba skin flour instead of wheat flour and oatmeal, analyze technological aspects as much flour as biscuits made from mathematical models and analyze the chemical and functional aspects as much flour as the elaborate cookies. Chemical, microbiological and physical analyzes technological peel blemish in flour and crackers cookie type , according to official methods . All regression models cookies with bark were significant blemish . The water activity of all the cookies found below the recommended limit for the growth of microorganisms . Cookies formulations with higher proportions of bark flour have minor blemish that cookies formulations with higher proportions of oatmeal and wheat flour thicknesses . Moreover , they absorb more water , show lower values of breaking strength and have a decrease in color parameters ( L *, a * and b *) . Cookies made with larger fractions of oatmeal have lower values of specific volume . Formulations with higher percentages of bark jabuticaba flour and wheat flour tend to be more soluble in water . Both the standard cookie and cookie with Jabuticaba bark , selected from the desirability test meal were accepted among children 9-14 years. Embed shell flour blemish on cookies cookie type , increases the health benefits , since this has a high antioxidant capacity and high content of dietary fiber . It is necessary to apply further studies shell flour blemish in food products , since high levels of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds were detected in the peel blemish flour and crackers which were developed in this study. / A jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg) é um fruto muito apreciado e de importância nutricional encontrado principalmente no centro-sul do Brasil. Sua casca é um subproduto descartado nas agroindústrias brasileiras. A grande preocupação com os impactos ambientais e o elevado índice de perdas e desperdícios leva à necessidade de se criarem meios para o aproveitamento desses resíduos. Este estudo teve como objetivo produzir farinha com casca de jabuticaba, desenvolver biscoito tipo cookie - enriquecido com a farinha de casca de jabuticaba em substituição da farinha de trigo e farinha de aveia, analisar os aspectos tecnológicos tanto da farinha quanto dos cookies elaborados a partir de modelos matemáticos e analisar os aspectos químicos e funcionais tanto da farinha quanto dos cookies elaborados. Foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas, microbiológicas e tecnológicas na farinha de casca de jabuticaba e nos cookies, conforme metodologias oficiais. Todos os modelos de regressão dos cookies com casca de jabuticaba foram significativos. A atividade de água de todas as formulações encontrou-se abaixo do limite recomendado para o desenvolvimento de microrganismos. Cookies com maiores proporções de farinha de casca de jabuticaba possuíram espessuras menores que formulações com maiores proporções de farinha de aveia e farinha de trigo. Além disso, absorveram mais água, apresentaram menores valores de força de ruptura e possuíam diminuição nos parâmetros de cor (L*, a* e b*). Cookies produzidos com frações de farinha de aveia maiores apresentaram menores valores de volume específico. Formulações com maiores percentuais de farinha de casca de jabuticaba e farinha de trigo foram mais solúveis em água. Tanto o cookie padrão e o cookie com farinha de casca de jabuticaba, selecionado a partir do teste de desejabilidade, foram aceitos entre crianças de 9 a 14 anos. Incorporar farinha de casca de jabuticaba em cookie, aumenta os benefícios à saúde, visto que, esta possui atividade antioxidante e fibras alimentars. Faz-se necessário mais estudos de aplicação de farinha de casca de jabuticaba em produtos alimentícios, uma vez que foram verificadas fibras alimentares e compostos bioativos na farinha de casca de jabuticaba e nos cookies que foram desenvolvidos neste estudo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:42:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Miriane Lucas Azevedo.pdf: 711423 bytes, checksum: 1434a3d0c7af1c168d1730ce49dc9d17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-28 / Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) is considered a fruit rich in the phytochemical compounds, mainly phenolic acids and anthocyanins, which have a high potential for antioxidant and are also present L-ascorbic acid, carotenoids and tocopherols. Based on the concentration changes that these compounds undergo during the fruit ripening stages, this work aims to study the changes in the phytochemical profile of blackberry cv. Tupy, grown in temperate climates, in Pelotas, and effects on antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Were determined five stages of ripening from green to mature through the external color of the fruit, and to confirm the differences between them, each stage was measured physical-chemical, determining total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (SS),ripening index (SS/TA) and instrumental analysis of color (hue angle). With regard to the phytochemical profile were analyzed phenolic compounds, L-ascorbic acid, carotenoids and tocopherols. It can be stated that according to the results of the different ripening stages did not affect significantly (p≤0.05) the total phenolic compounds, catechin and L-ascorbic acid. For the individual phenolic compounds during the fruit development, the derivatives of benzoic acid increased, the same behavior occurs with epicatechin, that among these is composed of higher concentration, the levels of cinnamic acid derivatives showed a different behavior, there fall of these levels. Anthocyanins increased during the fruit ripening, detaching the cyanidin-3-glucoside. The carotenoids and tocopherols decreased during ripening. One can conclude that it is possible to mount a phytochemical profile of blackberry cv. Tupy, grown in temperate climates, to differentiate their ripening stages, but it is necessary to carry out several determinations, since it is not possible to say which assessment contributed most to the differentiation of stages along the ripening. Another observation concerns the antioxidant activity increased during ripening, in vitro and in vivo, but noted that it is not possible to determine which compound has a higher antioxidant capacity in isolation, but found that there was a synergism between the phytochemical compounds present in fruit, which vary over the course of its development. Likewise, we can not say if there was an increase in antimicrobial activity over the course of ripening, and even if there was a specific secondary compound responsible for this antimicrobial activity, but that it exists, since the bacterium Salmonella enteritidis showed sensitivity to the extracts but with different answers. / Amora-preta (Rubus fruticosus) é considerada um fruto rico em compostos fitoquímicos, principalmente ácidos fenólicos e antocianinas, que possuem um elevado potencial antioxidante e também estão presentes ácido L-ascórbico, carotenóides e tocoferóis. Com base nas mudanças de concentração que esses compostos sofrem ao longo dos estádios de amadurecimento do fruto, este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar as alterações no perfil fitoquímico da amora-preta cv. Tupy, cultivada em clima temperado, na região de Pelotas, e os efeitos na capacidade antioxidante e antimicrobiana. Foram determinados cinco pontos de maturação do verde ao mais maduro, através da coloração externa do fruto, e para confirmar as diferenças entre estes, cada estádio foi avaliado físico-químicamente, determinandose acidez total titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis totais (SS), índice de maturação (SS/AT) e análise instrumental da cor (ângulo hue). Com relação ao perfil fitoquímico foram analisados os compostos fenólicos, ácido L-ascórbico, carotenóides e tocoferóis. Pode-se afirmar que de acordo com os resultados os diferentes estádios de maturação não afetaram significativamente (p≤0,05) os compostos fenólicos totais, a catequina e o ácido L-ascórbico. Para os compostos fenólicos individuais ao longo do desenvolvimento dos frutos, os derivados do ácido benzóico aumentaram, o mesmo comportamento ocorre com a epicatequina, que dentre todos é o composto de maior concentração, os teores dos derivados do ácido cinâmico apresentaram um comportamento diferenciado, houve queda destes teores. As antocianinas aumentaram ao longo da maturação do fruto, destacando a cianidina-3-glicosídeo. Os carotenóides e os tocoferóis decresceram no decorrer da maturação. Pode-se concluir que é possível montar um perfil fitoquímico da amora-preta cv. Tupy, cultivada em clima temperado, para diferenciar seus estádios de maturação, porém é necessária a realização de diversas determinações, uma vez que não é possível afirmar qual avaliação contribuiu em maior parte para a diferenciação dos estádios ao longo da maturação. Outra observação, diz respeito à atividade antioxidante que aumentou ao longo da maturação, tanto in vitro quanto in vivo, contudo foi observado que não é possível determinar qual composto tem maior capacidade antioxidante isoladamente, mas sim foi verificado que há um sinergismo entre os compostos fitoquímicos presentes no fruto, que variam ao decorrer do seu desenvolvimento. Da mesma maneira, não podemos afirmar se houve um aumento na atividade antimicrobiana ao decorrer da maturação, e nem se houve um composto secundário específico responsável por esta atividade antimicrobiana, mas sim que esta existe, uma vez que a bactéria Salmonella Enteritidis mostrou sensibilidade aos extratos, porém com diferentes respostas.

L’agrobiodiversité s'étudie au niveau génotypique mais également au niveau de l'expression chimique de ce génotype, le chimiotype. Les plantes à racines et tubercules tropicales (manioc, patate douce, ignames et taros) sont multipliées par voie asexuée et les bases génétiques sont bien souvent étroites chez les cultivars traditionnels. Malgré les faibles diversités génétiques révélées à l'aide de marqueurs ADN, les chimiotypes sont très variables et leur étude est riche d’informations. Ces cultures vivrières, plantes amylacées mais aussi sources de molécules intéressantes pour les industries alimentaire et pharmaceutique, tiennent un rôle déterminant dans la garantie de la sécurité alimentaire des pays du Sud. Dans cette optique, leur amélioration génétique par voie conventionnelle est une contribution majeure aux enjeux actuels. De nombreux efforts restent néanmoins à réaliser pour analyser, compiler et disséminer les informations liées à la diversité des compositions et teneurs de plantes qui restent sous-utilisées ou non appréciées à leur juste valeur. La biofortification qui vise une amélioration des propriétés nutritionnelles de ces plantes, présente de nombreux avantages dont le principal est de ne pas modifier les comportements alimentaires tout en permettant une meilleure adaptation environnementale des nouveaux génotypes. Leur amélioration passe par une sélection des parents basée sur leurs valeurs propres et le criblage de grands nombres d'individus hybrides. Le processus est long et fastidieux. L’élaboration de nouveaux outils permettant une optimisation de cette tâche est donc nécessaire. L'analyse d'échantillons représentatifs de la variabilité chimiotypique des collections du Vanouatou, un archipel Mélanésien abritant une riche agrobiodiversité, a permis d'étudier les relations entre composés majeurs, métabolites secondaire et préférences alimentaires locales. Les corrélations mises en évidence permettent d'apporter des éléments utiles à la compréhension du processus de sélection traditionnelle. L’identification des préférences visées par ce processus aident à comprendre les goûts et les attentes des consommateurs, et donc à mieux définir les idéotypes ciblés par les programmes d'amélioration. Ce travail a permis un premier criblage chimiotypique d'un grand nombre de cultivars appartenant aux deux espèces majeures, le taro (Colocasia esculenta) et la grande igname (Dioscorea alata). L'étude des caroténoïdes et des anthocyanes a permis d’identifier un certain nombre de cultivars comme parents potentiellement intéressants pour la biofortification mais aussi pour l'exploitation commerciale directe des clones. La caractérisation des hybrides, obtenus par panmixie et pollinisations libres au cours de cycles de sélection récurrente, indique que des gains importants sont obtenus pour des composés et métabolites essentiels. Les avancées réalisées dans le cadre de ce travail, et leurs conséquences pour les programmes d'amélioration génétique en cours, sont discutées. Les perspectives de mise au point de nouveaux outils de criblage et de nouvelles méthodes de caractérisation qui permettront in fine une meilleure approche de la biofortification de ces cultures vivrières, sont aussi envisagées / Agronomic selection generates and maintains agrobiodiversity which can be regarded as an essential resource. To describe phenotypic diversity, genotypes as well as their chemical expression, chemotypes, have been widely used. Tropical root and tuber crops are vegetatively propagated and their genetic bases are often narrow. Therefore, unveiling the impressive phenotypic diversity is still rather difficult through genotyping alone, whereas chemotype studies are very informative. Tropical root crops are staples and represent a good source of compounds related to health benefits and used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Those crops have key-roles to play in food security for developing countries and so plant breeding cannot be neglected. Biofortification is effective and does not imply change of dietary behaviours. Analysing, computing and compiling data bases for chemical data on diversity of neglected crops are still needed. Biofortification involving mass selection and profiling of numerous accessions is, however, time-consuming. Thus, efficient protocols and tools facilitating this process are required. Chemotypic variability within Vanuatu germplasm was characterised through core samples from different species and relationships between primary compounds, secondary metetabolites and local preferences have been studied. Useful correlations were shown, thus clarifying traditional selection process. This process has permitted the definition of ideotypes that will be interesting for the management of breeding programmes. At least for the two most important species in Vanuatu - taro Colocasia esculenta and the greater yam - Dioscorea alata -our work is the first broad screening of germplasm. The study of carotenoid and anthocyanin content indicates that some cultivars show potential for commercial exploitation. With the aim of improving staple foods by plant breeding, we identified accessions to be selected as parents for future crosses