For a more complete understanding of the significance of fascism in inter-war Britain, it is important to consider the extent to which fascist views were an expression or extension of existing mainstream views. This thesis uses original research to examine how far the promotion of fascist views converged with mainstream opinion and identifies the issues on which British fascists went beyond the acceptable boundaries of mainstream society. Examining attitudes to antisemitism, refugees, the left, continental dictatorship and appeasement, culture, and, finally, the response of the mainstream press to the British Union of Fascists (BUF) and their reaction to what they perceived as a conspiracy against them, the thesis explores the possibility that there is a sufficient area of discursive overlap to locate British fascists within the mainstream. Significantly, comparison of the British fascist press and mainstream newspapers reveals that, while there were considerable areas of overlapping discourse, nonetheless, the underlying motivations of the fascists and the mainstream clearly differed. With one notable yet brief exception, the majority of the mainstream press regarded British fascists as belonging to the political margins and, increasingly, British fascism and the BUF in particular, defined itself in counter-cultural opposition to the mainstream.

This thesis illuminates meaning(s) of religion in a Swedish radical nationalist context. The empirical study is based on a critical text analysis of author Jonas De Geer, key ideology producer of Swedish radical nationalism. The research questions concern how the publications of Jonas De Geer, during the period 1996-2016, address issues related to religion and Christian imagery. The primary aim of the thesis – to study how the concept of religion is understood, negotiated and used in a Swedish radical nationalist context – is enunciated through an examination of how identity and antagonists are construed through the notions of religion in the material, and how these concepts change over time. An applied text analysis, informed by critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, constitutes the methodological framework of the study. The empirical analysis suggests that Christianity and national identity are construed as intertwined and natural, while Judaism is portrayed as the primary antagonist. Additionally, Islam and modernist ideals are depicted as weapons used by Jewish influence to dominate the West. Drawing on these empirical implications, the study concludes that religion functions as a racist configuration in De Geer's symbolic universe.

A partir do registro das narrativas orais sobre o Holocausto, pretendemos analisar um conjunto de testemunhos que expressem as trajetórias das mulheres judias sobreviventes do nazismo radicadas no Brasil entre 1933-1960. A historiografia sobre o tema revela que um grande número de mulheres judias foram perseguidas, torturadas e confinadas em guetos, campos de trabalho e de extermínio. No entanto, muito pouco se sabe sobre a trajetória daquelas que optaram por viver no Brasil. Suas histórias de vida estão diretamente relacionadas à política antissemita adotada após a ascensão de Adolf Hitler ao poder, em 1933, na Alemanha. É fato que o cotidiano dos judeus foi totalmente alterado a partir deste momento em que o Estado nacional-socialista passou, gradativamente, a segregá-los enquanto seres inferiores. As mulheres judias, por sua vez, foram tratadas como representantes de uma raça degenerada, e, como tais, tornaram-se o foco das ações racistas previstas como parte do plano de exclusão e extermínio idealizado pelo Terceiro Reich. São as narrativas de algumas destas mulheres que, enquanto sobreviventes do Holocausto, nos interessam analisar em busca de suas visões de mundo, seus traumas, dores e alegrias / From the record of the oral narratives about the Holocaust, we intend to analyze a set of testimonies that express the trajectories of Jewish women survivors of Nazism, established in Brazil between 1933-1960. The historiographyon the subject reveals that a large number of Jewish women were persecuted, tortured and confined in ghettos, labor camps and death camps. However,the history of those who have chosen to live in Brazil remainsnot widely known. Their life stories are directly related to the anti-Semitic policy adopted after the rise ofAdolf Hitlerin Germany. It is a fact that the daily life of Jews was totally changed from that moment in which the national socialist State started gradually to segregate them as inferiorbeings. The Jewish women, in turn, were treated as representatives of a degenerate race, and, as such, have become the focus of racist actions planned as part of the exclusion and extermination created by the Third Reich. The narratives of these women, asHolocaust survivors, are the focus of our research. We analyze their worldviews, their traumas, sorrows and joys

O Holocausto como Tema nos Livros Didáticos Brasileiros. Realidades e alternativas, orienta-se, em sua totalidade, para dois momentos: o da análise e o da proposta. No primeiro momento, o da análise, o estudo buscou definir, em primeiro lugar, de que maneira os livros didáticos abordam o tema, principalmente no que se refere ao protagonismo dos judeus como alvo de um genocídio sem precedentes na história da humanidade. Ao mesmo tempo, a atenção concentrou-se na presença de elementos que, muitas vezes, com o intuito de descomplicar, facilitar ou popularizar o ensino do Holocausto, resultam em sua banalização. Por último, a análise apontou a verificar a existência de elementos de instrumentalização no contexto do discurso do antissemitismo contemporâneo ou antissionismo. No segundo momento, o da proposta, apresentamos um projeto-piloto para o desenvolvimento de materiais através dos quais a história do Holocausto é contada com base no testemunho de um sobrevivente radicado no Brasil. Para tal fim, utilizamos entrevistas feitas no âmbito do Projeto Vozes do Holocausto, do Núcleo de Estudos Arqshoah/LEER/USP. Com base nos testemunhos, buscamos estabelecer a simbiose com fatos, documentos, personagens e lugares históricos. Dessa maneira, aos dizeres das testemunhas, enlaçaram-se os saberes da historiografia de modo a estabelecer um diálogo que tenta devolver às vozes dos sobreviventes ao menos parte do protagonismo que, como pudemos detectar na fase de análise, encontra-se ausente nos livros didáticos. / The Holocaust as a Theme in Brazilian Textbooks. Realities and Alternatives, is oriented towards two moments in the realm of Holocaust education: an analysis and a proposal. The analysis seeks to determine, first, how the theme is approached in Brazilian schoolbooks, especially in terms of the role attributed to Jews as targets of an unprecedented genocide in the history of humanity. At the same time, another aspect was taken into account. It relates to a practice, common among educators, that, although aimed at untangling, facilitating or even popularizing the teaching of the Holocaust, holds at its core the seeds for a potential banalization. Finally, we focused on trying to detect if the texts, in some way, instrumentalize the discourse in order to fit certain ideologically-charged narratives that could be linked to the context of contemporary antisemitism or antizionism. The second moment in this dissertation - the proposal - constitutes in fact a pilot project that approaches the history of the Holocaust through the voice of a survivor. For that purpose, we worked with witnesses living in Brazil interviewed by the researchers of the Projeto Vozes do Holocausto (Voices of the Holocaust Project, LEER/Arqshoah/USP). Based on those testimonies, we sought to establish a symbiosis with facts, documents, characters and historical places connecting the saying of the witnesses to the knowing of historiography in an attempt to establish a dialogue that gives back to the survivors voice its central role.

En s’engageant massivement dans l’affaire Dreyfus, les écrivains n’ont pas seulement redéfini les formes de l’engagement, ils ont aussi mis leur plume au service d’une cause politique. Des articles écrits au cœur de la polémique aux romans inspirés de l’affaire, l’affaire Dreyfus est donc devenue un objet littéraire, interrogeant la frontière et les relations entre l’Histoire et la fiction. L’affaire Dreyfus a tout d’abord été une prise de conscience collective construite autour d’un discours idéologique sous-jacent. Les années qui ont précédé l’affaire ont été marquées par la genèse de cette bataille littéraire : la mise en place des discours idéologiques qui allaient s’affronter, l’émergence des formes de la mobilisation collective qui allaient servir au mouvement des intellectuels ont créé le terrain sur lequel l’affaire Dreyfus a eu lieu. Au cœur des événements, ce sont essentiellement les témoignages privés qui révèlent l’impact de l’affaire dans le milieu des écrivains : un mouvement qui a bouleversé la société littéraire jusque dans ses cercles intimes, dont la force de mobilisation ne laissait que peu de place aux voix dissidentes. La dimension collective de cette mobilisation a par ailleurs directement influencé le texte de l’affaire Dreyfus : dessinant entre les discours polémiques un intertexte à la fois idéologique et stylistique, les écrivains ont construit au croisement de leurs articles de combat une rhétorique dreyfusarde. Prolongeant cette vision littéraire collective, les œuvres de fiction ont donné une postérité littéraire à l’affaire Dreyfus au confluent des différents regards et sensibilités des écrivains / Through their massive commitment in the Dreyfus Affair, French writers have not only redefined the ways of commitment, they have also used their writing as a weapon to defend their political cause. From the articles written during the battle to the novels based on the Affair, the Dreyfus Affair has thus become a litterary object, questionning the frontier between History and Fiction. The Affair was a case of collective awareness linked to an underlying ideological debate. This litterary battle was born before the actual Affair began : the writers defined the main guidelines of the ideological debate and employed the means of collective mobilization, creating the background in which the Dreyfus Affair took place. During the battle itself, they privately expressed how much the Affair turned the litterary world upside down, leaving little room for dissident voices. The collective aspect of the mobilization has moreover directly influenced the Dreyfus littérature : creating between the lines of the debate an ideological and rhetorical unity, French writers have built this public controversy over common references. Influenced by this collective litterary vision, the fiction works based on the Affair gave it a litterary posterity at the crossroads of different sensitivities

This is a qualitative study with an argumentation and discourse approach with the purpose to compile what the Swedish democrats (SD) and the Nordic resistance movement (NMR) writes about religion in their current party program. The two main questions in this study were as follows: Are there any signs of islamophobia, antisemitism or cultural racism in the party programs of Swedish democrats and the Nordic resistance movement and how is this expressed? also Is it religion that is more represented as threat in each party program? The main theories that are discussed in this study are islamophobia, antisemitism and cultural racism. The result of the study shows that the Nordic resistance movement have many arguments that are antiemetic, and this organization especially believes that we live in a world where majority of medias and politicians are controlled by a Zionist elite group. The study of The Swedish democrat’s party program shows that many arguments have cultural racism intendencies and that the party favorites Christianity in their party program.

A partir do registro das narrativas orais sobre o Holocausto, pretendemos analisar um conjunto de testemunhos que expressem as trajetórias das mulheres judias sobreviventes do nazismo radicadas no Brasil entre 1933-1960. A historiografia sobre o tema revela que um grande número de mulheres judias foram perseguidas, torturadas e confinadas em guetos, campos de trabalho e de extermínio. No entanto, muito pouco se sabe sobre a trajetória daquelas que optaram por viver no Brasil. Suas histórias de vida estão diretamente relacionadas à política antissemita adotada após a ascensão de Adolf Hitler ao poder, em 1933, na Alemanha. É fato que o cotidiano dos judeus foi totalmente alterado a partir deste momento em que o Estado nacional-socialista passou, gradativamente, a segregá-los enquanto seres inferiores. As mulheres judias, por sua vez, foram tratadas como representantes de uma raça degenerada, e, como tais, tornaram-se o foco das ações racistas previstas como parte do plano de exclusão e extermínio idealizado pelo Terceiro Reich. São as narrativas de algumas destas mulheres que, enquanto sobreviventes do Holocausto, nos interessam analisar em busca de suas visões de mundo, seus traumas, dores e alegrias / From the record of the oral narratives about the Holocaust, we intend to analyze a set of testimonies that express the trajectories of Jewish women survivors of Nazism, established in Brazil between 1933-1960. The historiographyon the subject reveals that a large number of Jewish women were persecuted, tortured and confined in ghettos, labor camps and death camps. However,the history of those who have chosen to live in Brazil remainsnot widely known. Their life stories are directly related to the anti-Semitic policy adopted after the rise ofAdolf Hitlerin Germany. It is a fact that the daily life of Jews was totally changed from that moment in which the national socialist State started gradually to segregate them as inferiorbeings. The Jewish women, in turn, were treated as representatives of a degenerate race, and, as such, have become the focus of racist actions planned as part of the exclusion and extermination created by the Third Reich. The narratives of these women, asHolocaust survivors, are the focus of our research. We analyze their worldviews, their traumas, sorrows and joys

Resumé This thesis titled "Legal aspects of persecuting Jewisch citizens in Nazi Germany" discusses a fairly brief period in history in relation to a specific group of individuals. It provides the viewpoint of the persecution of the Jewish citizens by the Nazi State from a predominantly legal aspect, focusing on specific laws and regulations accepted in relation to the Nazis' anti-Semitic policy. The goal of this work was the endeavour to summarise this brief period of Jewish history, point out the most important legal aspects of separation of German Jews from society and prove that assumption of power by the Nazis and implementation of the anti-Semitic policy had a legal basis. This work is divided (not counting the introduction and conclusion) into six chapters, which are further divided into sub-chapters, possibly into additional parts. The first chapter is an excursion into the general concept of human races, racism and racist ideology, essential for understanding the reasoning of society at the beginning of the 20th century. The Nazis were convinced of the existence of higher and lower races and the danger of their mixing, on which they based their anti-Semitic policy, chiefly directed in the interests of maintaining "racial purity". The second chapter focuses on defining the concepts of anti-Semitism...

O Holocausto como Tema nos Livros Didáticos Brasileiros. Realidades e alternativas, orienta-se, em sua totalidade, para dois momentos: o da análise e o da proposta. No primeiro momento, o da análise, o estudo buscou definir, em primeiro lugar, de que maneira os livros didáticos abordam o tema, principalmente no que se refere ao protagonismo dos judeus como alvo de um genocídio sem precedentes na história da humanidade. Ao mesmo tempo, a atenção concentrou-se na presença de elementos que, muitas vezes, com o intuito de descomplicar, facilitar ou popularizar o ensino do Holocausto, resultam em sua banalização. Por último, a análise apontou a verificar a existência de elementos de instrumentalização no contexto do discurso do antissemitismo contemporâneo ou antissionismo. No segundo momento, o da proposta, apresentamos um projeto-piloto para o desenvolvimento de materiais através dos quais a história do Holocausto é contada com base no testemunho de um sobrevivente radicado no Brasil. Para tal fim, utilizamos entrevistas feitas no âmbito do Projeto Vozes do Holocausto, do Núcleo de Estudos Arqshoah/LEER/USP. Com base nos testemunhos, buscamos estabelecer a simbiose com fatos, documentos, personagens e lugares históricos. Dessa maneira, aos dizeres das testemunhas, enlaçaram-se os saberes da historiografia de modo a estabelecer um diálogo que tenta devolver às vozes dos sobreviventes ao menos parte do protagonismo que, como pudemos detectar na fase de análise, encontra-se ausente nos livros didáticos. / The Holocaust as a Theme in Brazilian Textbooks. Realities and Alternatives, is oriented towards two moments in the realm of Holocaust education: an analysis and a proposal. The analysis seeks to determine, first, how the theme is approached in Brazilian schoolbooks, especially in terms of the role attributed to Jews as targets of an unprecedented genocide in the history of humanity. At the same time, another aspect was taken into account. It relates to a practice, common among educators, that, although aimed at untangling, facilitating or even popularizing the teaching of the Holocaust, holds at its core the seeds for a potential banalization. Finally, we focused on trying to detect if the texts, in some way, instrumentalize the discourse in order to fit certain ideologically-charged narratives that could be linked to the context of contemporary antisemitism or antizionism. The second moment in this dissertation - the proposal - constitutes in fact a pilot project that approaches the history of the Holocaust through the voice of a survivor. For that purpose, we worked with witnesses living in Brazil interviewed by the researchers of the Projeto Vozes do Holocausto (Voices of the Holocaust Project, LEER/Arqshoah/USP). Based on those testimonies, we sought to establish a symbiosis with facts, documents, characters and historical places connecting the saying of the witnesses to the knowing of historiography in an attempt to establish a dialogue that gives back to the survivors voice its central role.

Antisemitism is a word connected with the rise of the Third Reich during the 30s and 40s in Europe. But it is still very relevant today with alt-right movements growing and becoming stronger. This essay aims to show how the growing alt-right movements in Sweden expresses their antisemitic ideologies. Studies has shown that antisemitism has become stronger and more spread across Europe and Sweden. This essay will explain different scenarios from the past two years, which are connected to antisemitism in Sweden. These scenarios will later be analysed through different methods. Examples from alt-right websites and twitter accounts will also be presented to contribute to a thorough analysis. Later a parallel will be drawn between the scenarios and the ideologies of the Third Reich.