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751	Salomo syn oue goudfelde : op die spoor van die retorika in die Afrikaanse romankuns Van Zyl, Dorothea Petronella 11 1900 (has links) Text in Afrikaans / Hoewel die retorika bykans 26 eeue oud is, word die relevansie daarvan vir ons eie tyd toenemend besef - as 'n sleutel tot die wyse waarop mense dinkargumenteer en oorreed. Hierdie studie ondersoek retoriese (oorredende) strategiee in Afrikaanse historiese romantekste, binne 'n historiese konteks en teen die agtergrond van eietydse historiografiese insigte. Die aspekte van die kommunikasiesituasie wat saamhang met die retorika, word verbind met die vernuwende denke daaroor binne die hedendaagse literatuurteorie en historiografie. Die konteks van die outeur en roman word telkens bestudeer, gevolg deur 'n retoriese analise. Aristoteles se idees oor die retorika kry hierby voorrang, vanwee sy nadruk op die inventio of vinding, maar die retorika word eerder geassosieer met 'n dinamiese metode as met rigiede kategorisering. Aandag word veral bestee aan retoriese strategies in S.J. du Toit se Di koningin fan Skeba (1898) en Andre P. Brink se Houd-den-bek (1982), maar ook aan resente historiese romans wat hedendaagse historiografiese en retoriese opvattinge en konvensies ontgin en problematiseer. Beide S.J. du Toit, wat kennelik 'n goeie kennis van die antieke retorika gehad het en Andre P. Brink, met sy romanonderwerp wat aansluit by die geregtelike rede, betree die retoriese terrain op sodanige wyse dat hul romans tipiese produkte van hul eie tyd genoem kan word. Beide die geskiedskrywing en die historiese roman is gemedieerde weergawes, gekenmerk deur 'n subjektiewe seleksie (inventio) van gegewens en die kombinasie daarvan binne eie verbale strukture (dispositio). Dit kan in verband gebring word met nie-tegniese oorredingsmiddele, waar die sender sy informasie van buite kry. Hy gebruik dan sogenaamde empiries-verifieerbare feite as retoriese strategie ten einde 'n waarheids- en I of werklikheidsillusie te skep wat bydra tot die roman se oorredingsskrag. Die keuse vir die skryf van 'n historiese roman, impliseer reeds ook 'n keuse vir die bakens van die geskiedskrywing, maar 'n skeppende skrywer is, anders as 'n historikus, eties vry om nie-tegniese bewysmiddele te transformeer tot tegniese bewysmiddele, in aanpassing by 'n nuutgeskepte argumentatio en 'n eie causa. Na aanleiding van die tekste kom die ontvanger op sy beurt tot 'n eie seleksie en skep sy eie kousale en argumentatiewe strukture / While rhetoric has been part of the history of mankind for nearly 26 centuries, it is increasingly regarded as extremely relevant for our time - as a key to the way in which people think, argue and persuade. This study investigates rhetorical (persuasive) strategies in Afrikaans historical novels. The novels and their authors are first situated in their historical contexts and against the background of contemporary historiographical inquiry, and then analyzed by means of rhetorical concepts. Aspects of communication, which coincide with rhetorical categories, are combined with recent developments in the field of literary theory and historiography. Aristotle's views on persuasion and rhetoric are used as point of departure, but rhetoric is regarded as a dynamic method rather than a rigid categorization. Attention is given to rhetorical strategies in the novel Di konlngin fan Skeba [The queen of Sheba] by S.J. du Toit (1898) and Andre P. Brink's Houd-denbek [translated into English by the author as A chain of voices], but also to recent Afrikaans historical novels which exploit contemporary historiographical and rhetorical conventions. In S.J. du Toit's novel (which illustrates his knowledge of ancient rhetoric) as well as Andre P. Brink's (where the topic can be linked to litigation) rhetorical strategies are employed in such a manner that their texts can be regarded as products of their historical contexts. Both historiography and historical novels are mediated representations, characterized by a subjective selection (inventio) of data and its combination in verbal structures (dispositio). This can be related to 'extrinsic' or 'inartificial' proofs, which are not contrived by the author. The author exploits the so-called empirically verifiable facts as rhetorical strategies to create an illusion of truth or verisimilitude, which greatly contributes to the persuasiveness of the novel. The decision to write a historical novel implies a choice to keep to the historical 'facts', but the writer, in contrast to the historiographer, is ethically free to transform the inartificial proofs into artificial proofs, in combination with his own invented argumentatio and causa. Prompted by these texts the reader, in his turn, makes his own selection and creates his own causal and argumentative structures / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans) Rhetoric Persuasion Inventio and dispositio Selection and combination Rhetorical stratefies Communication Literary theory Contextualization Historiography and historical novels Mediated representations Aristotle 839.36308109 Narration (Rhetoric) Discourse analysis, Literary Fiction -- Technique Persuasion (Psychology) in literature
752	Klasické teorie jako prameny přirozeného zákona / Classic theories as sources of natural law KOHOUT, Petr January 2012 (has links) This thesis is engaged in the theme of natural law, especially in sources of natural law - in theories, which are labelled as "classic". The thesis focuses on these theories (Aristotle, stoicism, Thomas Aquinas) and their common points, which are proper to these theories. That is the object of this thesis. These points present the essence of natural law. The first part explains problem of the term "natural law". The second part deals with the classic theories. The third chapter summarises findings of the second part. The fourth part is devoted to the similarity between the classic theories and the modern (enlightenment) theories. This chapter is devoted to the connection between natural law and positive law too.
753	The Kimberley Process and Certificate Scheme : a classical Aristotelian rhetorical analysis of the international tripartite regime against conflict diamonds Davis, Lori Leigh January 2018 (has links) Established in 2003, the Kimberley Process (KP) is a binding agreement; backed by the United Nations, that unites civil societies, state actors and the diamond industry to safeguard ‘conflict' diamonds from entering legitimate rough diamond trade around the world. The unique international tripartite organization is voluntary but mandates state participants to abide by the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) minimum requirements in order to stem the financing or wars against legitimate governments. This study represents the first to explore the communications within the KP. The linguistic turn relies on Classical rhetoric theory with an emphasis on Aristotle's three appeals of persuasion (“pisteis”): ethos, logos and pathos of elite actors in the KP. As for the precise nature of the contribution to rhetorical analysis, this project is best characterised as an application of Classical principals of rhetorical analysis, rather than as a development of theory. A comprehensive literature review of the KP and KPCS is another distinctive contribution. Furthermore, this academic endeavour offers a unique method as shown in the observation of a KP Intersessional meeting. Supplementing the qualitative inquiry, semi-structured interviews were conducted with all of the KP groups and included a wide sample of civil society international and national non-government organizations, state actors and industry members otherwise not represented in previous empirical efforts on the subject. The data chapters achieve the primary aim to add to the understanding of the KP. Firstly, the civil societies engage in boycott rhetoric using ethos and negative pathos. As for state actors, the KP Chair exhibits charismatic leadership rhetoric, while ‘recognized' established states use logical reasoning, the ‘outlier' states evoke positive pathos. Lastly, the diamond industry experts appeal to negative emotions, the World Diamond Council to logos, and De Beers to positive emotional appeals. Combined, the rhetoric shows (a) how KP rhētors use different rhetorical strategies; (b) which in turn shape distinct discourses; (c) and contain dissimilar claims; (d) points to different motivations; (e) highlight different identities; (f) reveal key characteristics, and; (g) the nature of relationships within the KP. The organization rhetorical analysis also entails how the multiple KP leaders view the KP and KPCS and change. While the rhetoric helps demonstrate the constraints surrounding the KP and KPCS it also underlines the primary human rights and human security in which they all share. This thesis provides an extended critical view of the rhetoric by connecting Aristotelian pisteis with different conceptions of power outlined by French and Raven (1959) and Lukes (2005/1974). Combined, the rhetoric helps to explain the ways the KP attempts to achieve their specific political and economic goals while also building relationships with their stakeholders. Rhetoric is a worthwhile theory and methodological approach in order to explore organizations. The KP, and other international organizations provide an opportune arena for further rhetorical attention.
754	La psychologie aristotélicienne dans l'Islam classique : traduction et commentaire de l'Épître sur le retour d'Avicenne / Aristotle's psychology in Classical Islam : translation and commentary on Avicenna's Epistle on Return Lamrani, Lila 24 November 2014 (has links) La Risala al-adhawiya fi al-ma`ad d’Avicenne, portant sur la question du Retour à la vie une fois la mort survenue, présente un certain nombre de thèses originales par rapport aux autres écrits de ce philosophe. Le Retour ne peut concerner les corps : il est en effet réserver aux âmes dans la mesure où l’essence de l’homme réside dans son âme. Les corps se corrompent définitivement au moment de la mort. Le Coran n’a rien d’un texte démonstratif, il s’agit d’un texte rhétorique visant à susciter chez ses lecteurs le comportement moral approprié. On ne peut donc déduire de l’affirmation coranique répétée selon laquelle les corps reviendront à la vie que les corps seront effectivement ressuscités. Par ailleurs, si dans le monde physique il existe une pluralité d’âmes, c’est uniquement en raison de la multiplicité de la matière corporelle qui les accueille. Si les âmes doivent survivre indépendamment des corps qui assurent leur individuation, comment pourraient-elles exister individuellement ? Il n’y aura pas d’existence individuelle des âmes après la mort, mais un Retour de ces âmes au Principe (l’Intellect Agent, ou, en dernière instance, le Principe Premier, Dieu) dont elles émanent : les âmes se résorbent donc dans leur origine et n’ont plus d’existence séparée. Le Retour est absolu. / Avicenna’s Risala al-adhawiya fi al-ma`ad, dealing with the question of Return to life once death has occurred, comes up with various original theses that do not appear in Avicenna’s other writings. The Return cannot affect the body : it is indeed dedicated to souls inasmuch as the essence of man lies in his soul. Bodies get corrupted once and for all when death occurs. The Quran has nothing to do with a demonstrative text, it is a rhetorical text that aims at provoking in its readers the appropriate moral behaviour. It is therefore impossible to deduce from the repeated coranic assertion saying that bodies will come back to life that bodies will effectively resurrect. If in the physical world there is a plurality of souls, it is only because of the multiplicity of the corporeal matter that receives them. If souls have to survive independently from bodies that allow their individuation, how then could they individually exist ? There will not be any individual existence of souls in the hereafter, but a Return of these souls to the Principle (the Agent Intellect, or, at last, the First Principle, God) from which they emanate : therefore souls resorb in their origin and do not have any separate existence. It is an absolute Return. Épître sur le Retour Avicenne Retour (ma,¯ad) Aristote Âme Psychologie Anthropologie Eschatologie Moi Individuation Herméneutique coranique Rhétorique Kal¯am Rétribution Métempsycose Production des âmes Alpago Epistle on Return Avicenna Return (ma,¯ad) Aristotle Soul Psychology Anthropology Eschatology Self Individuation Coranic hermeneutics Rhetorics Kal¯am Retribution Metempsychosis Production of souls Alpago
755	Uhakiki wa tamthilia za kiswahili zihusuzo VVU/UKIMWI Nicolini, Cristina 10 March 2017 (has links) Makala haya yanalenga kuchambua fani na maudhui, muundo na dhamira za tamthilia za Kiswahili zihusuzo VVU/UKIMWI, hasa tamthilia kutoka Tanzania, na uhusiano baina ya VVU/UKIMWI na mila za jadi kama sherehe za jando na unyago. Dhamira muhimu ya kujadili ugonjwa katika kazi za fasihi barani Afrika ilichimbuka katika sanaa za maonyesho ya jadi ya Kiafrika yaani katika shughuli za ngoma na miviga ya kidini kama matambiko kwa miungu, kumtolea Mungu kafara ili mgonjwa apate dawa au kupona. Maudhui yanayohusu ugonjwa yameingia katika tamthilia mamboleo kwa nia ya kuoanisha tamthilia ya kigeni na ngoma ya kijadi, hasa baada ya miaka ya 1980 (ling. Mlama 1983; Hussein 1983). Katika tamthilia za Tanzania za kisasa magonjwa yanayozungumziwa ni mengi, lakini kuanzia miaka ya themanini ugonjwa mpya, yaani VVU/UKIMWI, unachukua nafasi ya dhamira kuu katika kazi nyingi. Lengo kuu la makala haya ni kuchambua na kuhakiki tamthilia teule sita zihusuzo VVU/UKIMWI na kuandikwa zote na waandishi wa kutoka Tanzania. Ninachambua vipengele mbalimbali vya fani na maudhui nikiangalia uhusiano baina ya sifa za kimapokeo na za mamboleo. Ninafafanua pia athari za kimagharibi kutoka tamthilia ya Wayunani yaani vigezo vya Aristotle na dhana ya tanzia. Kwa kuunganisha nadharia za kale za Kimagharibi na za kisasa kutoka Afrika Mashariki, nitatumia pia nadharia ya korasi (Mutembei 2012), na vilevile kuchambua athari za ki-Brecht yaani ukengeushi ambazo zimekuwa na umuhimu mkubwa kwa tamthilia ya kutoka nchini kwingi Afrika na ulimwenguni kote. info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/496 ddc:496
756	Problém filosofie v arabském středověkém myšlení / Problem of Philosophy in Arabic Medieval Thinking Šenk Kopecká, Pavlína January 2018 (has links) Medieval philosophy in the Arabic world has sought to harmonize the Greek philosophic tradition with the Islamic religion. Many rulers, scholars and theologians were against this intellectual approach and defend the Islam from the philosophers. The position of philosophy and its followers in the Arabic realm was therefore uneasy. Many scholars had to hide their opinions between the lines and avoid to doing philosophy publicly. Alongside the unfriendly environment, the position of philosophy in the Arabic society was also determined by common notion of scholars, that the revealing of the philosophical thoughts can be harmful for uneducated citizen, as well as influenced by mysticism. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the main philosophical approaches responding to the problematic position of philosophy in the Arabic world. Crucial will be the philosophy of solitary by Ibn Bajja, where the author seeks to bond tight the philosopher's life with the city and thus present a new role of philosopher in the Arabic society. Keywords Ibn Bajja, Rule of the Solitary, Al-Farabi, Political Regime, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Plato, The Republic, political philosophy, mysticism, ethics, philosopher, virtue, city, weeds, knowledge, governance, happiness
757	Die Rezeption des Buches Lambda der Metaphysik des Aristoteles und dessen Prinzipienlehre García de la Garza, Enrique Jose 13 May 2015 (has links) Eine belangvolle Transformation ist das zwölfte Buch (Lambda) der „Metaphysik“ des Aristoteles durch verschiedene Interpretationen im Laufe der Jahrhunderte widerfahren, sodass es als eine theologische Schrift bis heute überliefert ist (1. Kapitel). Dabei waren sowohl der ursprüngliche Sinn des Autors als auch die Struktur des Textes kaum erkennbar geworden. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine historische Rekonstruktion der verschiedenen Interpretationen des Textes seit den ersten peripatetischen Denkern bis zur Gegenwart, insbesondere die von Michael Frede (2. Kapitel), Lindsay Judson (3. Kapitel) und Stephen Menn (4. Kapitel). Frede behauptet, das Buch Lambda sei eine Untersuchung der Substanz (Ousiologie); Judson denkt, dass es die erste Philosophie vorlegt; Menn argumentiert, es sei eher eine Forschung der ersten Prinzipien (Archäologie). Hier wird eine weitere Meinung vertreten, nämlich, dass Lambda die Untersuchung der Prinzipien der Substanz ist und somit verkörpert es Aristoteles’ Verständnis der Sophia (5. Kapitel). Überdies löst diese neuartige Lesart des Textes das Problem der Stelle des zwölften Buches innerhalb der „Metaphysik“ dank der Abfassung einer Karte, die seine Struktur verdeutlicht (Anhänge). / The twelfth book (Lambda) of the “Metaphysics” of Aristotle has undergone a crucial transformation through the diverse interpretations over the centuries. Thus it has been transmitted up to today as a theological writing (chapter 1). But this made hardly recognizable both the original intention of the author and the structure of the text. The present work is a historical reconstruction of the various interpretations of the text since the first Peripatetic thinkers until today, especially those by Michael Frede (chapter 2), Lindsay Judson (chapter 3) and Stephen Menn (chapter 4). Frede states that the book Lambda is an inquiry into the substance (ousiology); Judson thinks that it presents the first philosophy; Menn argues that it is rather an investigation about the first principles (archaeology). A different opinion is set forth here, namely, that the book Lambda explores the principles of the substance, and in doing so it embodies Aristotle’s understanding of the sophia (chapter 5). Moreover, this new reading of the text solves the problem of the position of the twelfth book in the “Metaphysics” thanks to the composition of a map, which clarifies its structure (appendix). Archäologie Metaphysik Aristoteles Substanz Lambda Karte der Metaphysik Prinzipienlehre Stephen Menn Michael Frede Ousia Prinzip Theologike erste Philosophie Sophia Sir William David Ross Lindsay Judson Rezeption Metaphysics Aristotle Archaeology Lambda Map of Metaphysics Doctrine of principles Stephen Menn Michael Frede Substance Ousia Principle Theologike first Philosophy Sophia Sir William David Ross Lindsay Judson Reception 10 Philosophie CD 2065 ddc:100
758	A theological response to the "illegal alien" in federal United States law Heimburger, Robert Whitaker January 2014 (has links) Today, some twelve million immigrants are unlawfully present in the United States. What response to this situation does Christian theology suggest for these immigrants and those who receive them? To this question about the status of immigrants before the law, the theological literature lacks an understanding of how federal U.S. immigration law developed, and it lacks a robust theological account of the governance of immigration. To fill this gap, the thesis presents three stages in the formation of the laws that designate some immigrants as aliens unlawfully present or illegal aliens, drawing out the moral argumentation in each phase and responding with moral theology. In the first stage, non-citizens were called aliens in U.S. law. In response to the argument that aliens exist as a consequence of natural law, Christian teaching indicates that immigrants are not alien either in creation or for the church. In the second stage, the authority of the federal government to exclude and expel aliens was established, leaving those who do not comply to be designated illegal aliens. To the claim that the federal government has unlimited sovereignty over immigration, interpretations of the Christian Scriptures respond that divine sovereignty limits and directs civil authority over immigration. In the third stage, legal reforms that were intended to end discrimination between countries allowed millions from countries neighboring the U.S. to become illegal aliens. These reforms turn out to be unjust on philosophical grounds and unneighborly on theological grounds. While federal law classes many as aliens unlawfully present in the United States, Christian political theology indicates that immigrants are not alien, the government of immigration is limited by divine judgment, and nationals of neighboring countries deserve special regard. 342.08
759	Embryo Adoption: Implications of Personhood, Marriage, and Parenthood McMillen, Brooke Marie 14 April 2008 (has links) Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / One’s personal claims regarding personhood will influence his moral belief regarding embryo adoption. In Chapter One, I consider the personhood of the human embryo. If the human embryo is a person, we are morally obligated to permit the practice of embryo adoption as an ethical means to save human persons. However, for those who do not claim that an embryo is a person at conception, embryo adoption is not a necessary practice because we have no moral obligation to protect them. There are still others who claim that personhood is gained at some point during gestation when certain mental capacities develop. I offer my own claim that consciousness and sentience as well as the potential to be self-conscious mark the beginning of personhood. Embryo adoption raises several questions surrounding the institution of marriage. Due to its untraditional method of procreation, embryo adoption calls into question the role of procreation within marriage. In Chapter Two, I explore the nature of the marriage relationship by offering Lisa Cahill’s definition of marriage which involves both a spiritual and physical dimension, and then I describe the concept of marriage from different perspectives including a social, religious, and a personal perspective. From a personal perspective, I explore the relationship between marriage and friendship. Finally, I describe how the concept of marriage is understood today and explore the advantages to being married as opposed to the advantages of being single. Embryo adoption changes the way we customarily think about procreation within a family because in embryo adoption, couples are seeking an embryo from another union to be implanted into the woman. This prompts some philosophers to argue that embryo adoption violates the marriage relationship. In Chapter Three, I further consider the impact of embryo adoption on the family as an extension of the marital relationship as well as the impact of embryo adoption on the traditional roles of motherhood and fatherhood. I examine motherhood by looking at how some philosophers define motherhood and when these philosophers claim a woman becomes a mother. After considering these issues regarding motherhood, I examine the same issues surrounding fatherhood. Peg Brand, PhD., Chair Embryo adoption Embryo rescue Embryo Adoption Rescue Motherhood Fatherhood Marriage Personhood Gestation Conception Reproductive technology Reproduction Surrogacy Conscious Consciousness Sentience Person Self-conscious Self-consciousness Procreation Conjugal union Marriage relationship Procreate Pregnancy Genetic motherhood Gestational motherhood Social motherhood Genetic father Social father Mother Motherhood Father Fatherhood IVF In vitro In vitro fertilization Pregnancy Postnatal adoption Althaus Aquinas Conee Crosby DeGrazia Finnis Ford Locke Lovering McMahan Parfit Quinn Singer Sumner Thomson Tooley Warren Cahill Moller Landau Mill Catholic Lutheran Calvinist Calvinism Aristotle Catholicism Kant Parsons Primoratz Feldman Firestone Tonti-Filippini Watt Geach Human embryo -- Transplantation Adoption -- Religious aspects Motherhood Fatherhood Marriage
760	Réexamen de la notion d'arbitraire linguistique. Définition et contribution à l'identification de sa problématique / Reconsideration of the notion of arbitrary linguistic. Definition and contribution to the identification of the problem / إعادة النظر في مفهوم الاعتباط اللغوي : تعريفه والإسهام في تشخيص إشكاليته Al-Hamdani, Hayja 30 March 2013 (has links) Cette thèse jette la lumière sur la notion d'arbitraire linguistique qui, depuis les premières réflexions sur la nature du langage, ne cesse d'être, plus ou moins, un objet de débat: l'origine du langage est-elle humaine ou divine? Son statut est-il conventionnel ou naturel? La dénomination des choses est-elle fondée sur l'arbitraire humain ou sur sa raison? Par conséquent, le signe linguistique est-il arbitraire ou motivé? Ce débat s'étend depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'à nos jours, dans une proportion d'intensité variable en temps et en lieu. Mais dans tout cela, qu'entendons-nous au juste par arbitraire? Et pourquoi représente-t-il toujours une problématique?Dans ce contexte, nous avons conduit un travail qui parcourt l'histoire, de l'Antiquité à la période actuelle, pour voir comment la question de l'arbitraire a été traitée chez les savants. La globalité de cette étude permet de construire une idée du point de divergence qui fait de l'arbitraire une question autant soutenue que débattue par les savants. Ainsi, cette étude est conçue pour réexaminer la notion de l'arbitraire afin de pouvoir la définir et identifier sa problématique.Conduite dans une méthode de travail qui repose sur l'analyse logique et philosophique des textes, cette étude montre en conclusion que le problème de l'arbitraire réside dans l'ambiguïté de sa notion. Celle-ci est due à la multiplicité des sens qu'il peut renfermer, donc à la multiplicité de sa conception chez les philosophes et linguistes, mais aussi à la multiplicité des points de vue pour déterminer la partie concernée par l'arbitraire dans la théorie du signe. Autrement dit, c'est en terme de l'arbitraire des idées, qu'on peut parler de l'arbitraire du langage.La thèse finit par présenter une position sur le langage et l'arbitraire, construite sur deux questions: i) le fait qu'il existe des lois dans le langage qui gèrent son fonctionnement selon un système propre; ii) le fait qu'il existe un lien pertinent entre la pensée du groupe et sa langue. / This thesis sheds light on the linguistic notion of arbitrariness, which, since the very first reflections on the nature of language, continues – to a greater or lesser extent – to be a subject of debate: is the origin of language human or divine? Is its status conventional or natural? Is the naming of things based on human arbitrariness or human reason? Consequently, is the linguistic sign arbitrary or motivated? This debate extends from antiquity to the present day, in a proportion of variable intensity in time and place. But in all this, what do we mean by arbitrary? And why has it always represented a problematic?In this context, we have conducted a survey which retraces the history of this notion from antiquity to the present day, to see how the question of arbitrariness has been treated by savants. The global nature of this study can enable the construction of an idea of the point of divergence which makes arbitrariness into a matter of such sustained and controversial debate among savants. Thus, this study was designed to review the concept of arbitrariness in order to identify and define the problem.This study has been conducted using a working method based on the logical and philosophical analysis of texts. It conclusively demonstrates that the problem of the arbitrary lies in the ambiguity of the concept. This is due to the multiplicity of meanings that it can contain, that is, the multiplicity of its conceptions among philosophers and linguists, but this is also due to the multiplicity of points of view applied to determining the part affected by the arbitrary within the theory of the sign. In other words, it is in terms of arbitrary ideas that we can speak of the arbitrariness of language.The thesis ends by presenting a position about language and arbitrariness, which has been constructed around two issues: i) the fact that there are laws in the language that manage its working according to an own system; ii) that there is a relevant connection between the thought of a group and its language. / تلقي هذه الأطروحة الضوء على مفهوم الاعتباط اللغوي الذي ما انفك يكون بشكل او بآخر موضوعا للجدل منذ البدايات الأولى للتفكير في طبيعة اللغة : فهل إن أصل اللغة إنسانيّ أم إلهي؟ وهل أنّ تشريعها جاء بشكل اتفاقي أم طبيعي؟ هل جرت التسمية على أساس اعتباطية الإنسان ام على عقلانيته؟ وبالنتيجة فهل ان الإشارة اللغوية اعتباطية ام معللة؟ امتد هذا الجدل منذ العصور القديمة وحتى يومنا هذا بنسب متفاوتة بالشدة في الزمان والمكان. ولكن في كل هذا ، ما الذي نعنيه بالضبط بالاعتباط؟ ولماذا يمثل دائما إشكالية؟في هذا السياق أجرينا بحثا طاف التاريخ برمته منذ العصر القديم حتى يومنا هذا كي نتعرف كيف تمت معالجة هذا الموضوع عند علماء اللغة. ان شمولية هذا العمل تسمح بتكوين فكرة حول نقطة الخلاف الذي جعل من الاعتباط موضوعا قابلا للتأييد والرفض على حد سواء بين العلماء. وعليه فقد صممت هذه الدراسة لإعادة النظر في مفهوم الاعتباط من اجل تعريفه وتحديد اشكاليته.تتألف الأطروحة من أربعة أجزاء فصلت في سياق زمني ، ولكن رتبت على وفق التوزيع ألموضوعاتي. يتناول الجزء الأول مكونات الاعتباط كعناصر تعريفية ، وأنواع الاعتباط ، ويبحث الجزء الثاني في إشكالية الاعتباط من خلال دراسة جذور فكره والحجج التي قدمت في هذا الطرح والطرح الذي عارضه ، الأمر الذي ترك المشكلة بلا حل، إضافة إلى المقترحات التي حاول من خلالها العلماء الخروج من المشكلة. وقد خصص الجزء الثالث حصرا حول ملامح الاعتباط عند سوسير ؛ في حين ناقش الجزء الرابع مفهوم الاعتباط في الفكر الحديث.أجريت هذه الدراسة على وفق منهج بحث استند على التحليل المنطقي والفلسفي للنصوص. وبينت بالنتيجة أن مشكلة الاعتباط تكمن في غموض مفهومه. ويعود ذلك إلى تعدد المعاني التي يمكن ان تحتويه المفردة، وبالتالي تعدد طريقة فهمه عند الفلاسفة وعلماء اللغة ، إضافة إلى تعدد وجهات النظر في تحديد الجانب المعني بالاعتباط في نظرية الإشارة اللغوية. وبعبارة أخرى، يمكننا القول إنّ اعتباطية اللغة تكمن في إطار اعتباطية الأفكار.تقدم الأطروحة في النهاية فكر المؤلف حول اللغة ومسألة الاعتباط اللغوي، وقد بناه على مسألتين: الأولى أن هناك قوانين في اللغة تدير حركته على وفق نظام خاص؛ والثانية أن هناك علاقة وثيقة بين فكر المجموعة ولغتها. Langue Arbitraire Conventionnel Naturel Artificiel Immotivé Imposé Nomination Platon Aristote Mots/choses Institution Caractères Usage Locke Choix Leibniz Condillac Saussure Signifiant/signifié Principe Système Valeur Contradictions Diversité des langues Lois du langage Language Signs Arbitrary Conventional Natural Artificial Symbol Imposed Unmotivated Hazard Name Nomination Plato Aristotle Words / things Institution Symbol Reality Analogy Characters Ideas Habit Usage Locke Freedom Choice Leibniz Condillac Saussure Signifier / signified Principle System Value Contradictions Proper noun Reference Diversity of languages Logic Laws Thought اللغة الإشارات الاعتباط اتفاقي طبيعي اصطناعي مفروض مفروض الصدفة الاسم التسمية أفلاطون أرسطو الكلمات الأشياء الرمز مؤسسة اتفاق الواقع القياس الحروف الأفكار التعود الاستخدام الفعل الإرادي الحرية الاختيار ليبنز لوك كوندياك سوسير الدال والمدلول المبدأ النظام القيمة التناقضات اسم العلم المرجع تنوع اللغات المنطق القوانين الفكر الثقافة

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