MENVSC (Geography) / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Science / Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has devastating impacts on different parts of the environment and is a source of environmental degradation and contamination. ASGM degrades water resources, contaminate soil, sediments and water and lead to serious land degradation problems. ASGM activities are also associated with socio-economic issues such as child labour, prostitution and health and safety concerns. Insufficient understanding of the environmental and social problems of ASGM in Giyani Greenstone Belt has led to lack of mitigation strategies to reduce such problems. The main aim of this research was to assess and manage the environmental and socio-economic impacts of ASGM in Giyani Greenstone Belt. Remote sensing and GIS and Normalised Differential Vegetation Index were used to assess the effects of mining activities on vegetation cover. Assessment of the effects of ASGM on water, sediments and soil quality involved collection of samples in order to establish their physical and chemical properties. The concentration of toxic and trace metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) instruments. The pH meter was used to determine the pH level of the collected samples. Questionnaires, interviews and SPSS were used to assess socio-economic impacts of ASGM. The study culminated in devolvement of NDVI maps and this was used to assess the effects of ASGM on vegetation cover. Results showed that the mining activities in the area had caused extensive environmental degradation due to serious removal of vegetation cover in the site. ASGM had serious effects on soil, water and sediments quality such as environmental contamination by toxic and trace elements. Soil samples were found with high concentration of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn as compared to the recommended South African Soil Quality and WHO threshold values for plants. It was found that Klein Letaba had high concentration of Ba, La, V, and Ce above the World Soil Averages for plants. Sediments were heavily contaminated with Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, As and Ba as compared to the recommended standards prescribed by US EPA and WHO. The pH of water, soil and sediments samples collected from both mining sites were found to be strongly alkaline which affects the plants growth as well as aquatic flora and fauna. Socio-economic issues such as child labour, injuries, educational problems, health and safety issues, police disturbance, creation of jobs and income generation were identified at mine sites. ASGM had serious effect on vegetation cover through environmental degradation. ASGM also had serious environmental contamination by toxic and trace elements. ASGM had both positive and negative socio-economic issues at mining site which include employment opportunities, income generation, occupational health and safety, police disturbance and arrests and the use of child labour. Mine site rehabilitation is recommended in this study to reduce environmental degradation. The remediation of contaminated area by concentrated toxic and trace elements should be applied at both mining sites. ASGM should be legalised to enhance positive aspects of the mining such as increase in income generation and creation of more employment opportunities. However, there should be enforcement of mining policies to reduce social and environmental problems.

Der Kleinbergbau ist ein bedeutender Wirtschaftszweig. Ein großer Anteil der Kleinbergbauaktivitäten wird informell oder illegal durchgeführt. Wichtige Merkmale dieser Formen des Kleinbergbaus sind ein hoher Beschäftigungsgrad, eine geringe Technisierung und Mechanisierung aller Arbeiten, sowie ein niedriger Kapitaleinsatz. Diese Bergbauaktivitäten sind vor allem in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern auf den Kontinenten Mittel- und Südamerika, Afrika und Asien verbreitet. Der informelle und illegale Kleinbergbau ist Lebensgrundlage für weltweit ca. 15 Mio. Menschen, die in diesem Sektor direkt beschäftigt und etwa 100 Mio. die indirekt davon abhängig sind. Neben der positiven Tatsache, dass der Kleinbergbau ein wichtiger Wirtschaftsfaktor ist sowie Beschäftigung und Wertschöpfung schafft, sind mit ihm erhebliche negative soziale und ökologische Auswirkungen verbunden. Um gezielte Handlungsempfehlungen in Form von Projekten zur Weiterentwicklung des Kleinbergbausektors aufzuzeigen, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein computergestütztes Expertensystem (XPS) entwickelt. / Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is an important economic sector. A large amount of ASM activities are carried out in an informal or illegal way. These specific types of ASM are characteristic for being labor-intensive and capital-, mechanization- and technology-poor. In general ASM takes place within developing and emerging countries of Middle and South America, Africa and Asia. Informal and illegal ASM forms a livelihood for a population of approx. 15 Mio people worldwide, who are directly employed within the sector and about 100 Mio, who are indirectly dependent on it. On the one hand ASM is an important economic factor but on the other hand it has significant negative social and environmental impacts. In order to develop targeted recommendations for the further development of ASM, a computer-based expert system (XPS) was programmed within this dissertation.

Revisión sistemática sobre la calidad microbiológica y prevalencia de patógenos causantes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) en queso fresco artesanal pasteurizado y sin pasteurizar. Objetivo: El objetivo principal de esta revisión sistemática fue determinar si hay diferencias en la calidad microbiológica y prevalencia de patógenos causantes de ETA en quesos frescos artesanales pasteurizados y sin pasteurizar. Criterios de elegibilidad: Artículos de investigación primaria, publicado dentro de 2000-2020, en los idiomas inglés, español o portugués y cuyos términos claves fueron queso fresco artesanal, calidad microbiológica, prevalencia de ETA. Fuente de datos: La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science y OpenGrey. Evaluación de riesgo de sesgos de los estudios: Se adaptó el instrumento SYRCLE´S para evaluar los distintos sesgos que pudieron afectar a los estudios seleccionados para el análisis. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 estudios para el análisis. Los microorganismos patógenos más comunes encontrados en los quesos frescos artesanales fueron L.monocytogenes, E.coli y Salmonella spp. Se encontró mayor prevalencia de microorganismos patógenos en el queso fresco artesanal sin pasteurizar a comparación de aquellos pasteurizados. Discusión: Los resultados señalan que la pasteurización es un proceso tecnológico clave para asegurar la inocuidad del queso. Los estudios presentaron sesgos de selección de datos, de información y de medición. Ninguno presentó un protocolo publicado, lo cual le resta credibilidad y validez a los artículos evaluados. Por otro lado, no se evaluaron pre-prints ni literatura gris a nivel mundial (solo europea). Otros: Registro en PROSPERO: CRD42020220568. / Revisión sistemática sobre la calidad microbiológica y prevalencia de patógenos causantes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) en queso fresco artesanal pasteurizado y sin pasteurizar. Objetivo: El objetivo principal de esta revisión sistemática fue determinar si hay diferencias en la calidad microbiológica y prevalencia de patógenos causantes de ETA en quesos frescos artesanales pasteurizados y sin pasteurizar. Criterios de elegibilidad: Artículos de investigación primaria, publicado dentro de 2000-2020, en los idiomas inglés, español o portugués y cuyos términos claves fueron queso fresco artesanal, calidad microbiológica, prevalencia de ETA. Fuente de datos: La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science y OpenGrey. Evaluación de riesgo de sesgos de los estudios: Se adaptó el instrumento SYRCLE´S para evaluar los distintos sesgos que pudieron afectar a los estudios seleccionados para el análisis. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 estudios para el análisis. Los microorganismos patógenos más comunes encontrados en los quesos frescos artesanales fueron L.monocytogenes, E.coli y Salmonella spp. Se encontró mayor prevalencia de microorganismos patógenos en el queso fresco artesanal sin pasteurizar a comparación de aquellos pasteurizados. Discusión: Los resultados señalan que la pasteurización es un proceso tecnológico clave para asegurar la inocuidad del queso. Los estudios presentaron sesgos de selección de datos, de información y de medición. Ninguno presentó un protocolo publicado, lo cual le resta credibilidad y validez a los artículos evaluados. Por otro lado, no se evaluaron pre-prints ni literatura gris a nivel mundial (solo europea). Otros: Registro en PROSPERO: CRD42020220568. / Tesis

El mar peruano atesora zonas de intenso afloramiento marino, por lo que es considerado dentro de las cuatro áreas principales pesqueras del mundo, siendo el norte del Perú la zona que concentra el mayor porcentaje de la diversidad hidrobiológica. La actividad pesquera en los diversos departamentos norteños se ha desarrollado con suma importancia con el transcurso del tiempo, lo que ha contribuido al crecimiento del PBI del país. La propuesta de un nuevo terminal pesquero para el puerto Malabrigo en el distrito de Rázuri, nace de la necesidad por abastecer de infraestructura nueva y especializada al distrito favoreciendo a la Población Económica Activa (PEA) que se dedica a la pesca artesanal y en ese sentido, contribuir indirectamente al desarrollo de la zona comercial pesquera y el turismo del lugar. El desarrollo del presente documento inicia con el análisis de la problemática que presenta esta zona, para lo cual se exponen argumentos que justifican el desarrollo de la tipología arquitectónica propuesta. Asimismo, se desarrollan los aspectos históricos, geográficos y climáticos como parte de la determinación del lugar de intervención. Dentro del desarrollo de carácter arquitectónico se analizan proyectos referenciales ubicados en diferentes partes del mundo con el objetivo de conocer y entender el funcionamiento y diseño de la tipología planteada. También se expone la definición teórica, el marco histórico y el marco normativo que refieren a la tipología escogida. En esa misma línea, se desarrolla un énfasis en arquitectura sostenible en torno a la cual girará todo el proyecto arquitectónico. / The Peruvian sea treasures areas of intense marine outcrop, which is why it is considered within the four main fishing areas of the world, with northern Peru being the area that concentrates the highest percentage of hydrobiological diversity. Fishing activity in the various northern departments has developed with great importance over time, which has contributed to the growth of the country's GDP. The proposal for a new fishing terminal for the Malabrigo port in the Razuri district arises from the need to supply new and specialized infrastructure to the district, favoring the Economically Active Population (EAP) that is dedicated to artisanal fishing and in that sense , indirectly contribute to the development of the commercial fishing zone and tourism of the place. The development of this document begins with the analysis of the problems presented by this area, for which arguments are presented that justify the development of the proposed architectural typology. Likewise, the historical, geographic, and climatic aspects are developed as part of the determination of the place of intervention. Within the architectural development, referential projects located in different parts of the world are analyzed with the aim of knowing and understanding the operation and design of the proposed typology. The theoretical definition, the historical framework and the normative framework that refer to the chosen typology are also exposed. Along these same lines, an emphasis is developed on sustainable architecture around which the entire architectural project will revolve. / Trabajo de investigación

La civilisation de l’Indus marque les esprits par une apparente uniformité de la culture matérielle sur la totalité de son territoire (environ 1 million de km carré) durant sa période d’apogée (2600-1900 av. J.-C.). Cette étude cherche à tester deux hypothèses qui pourraient expliquer cette homogénéité : 1) Un pouvoir centralisateur contrôlant la production artisanale; et 2) Un vaste réseau d’échanges et de distribution de la production. Dans ce but, la grande majorité des publications accessibles portant sur la production artisanale d’objets en céramique, en pierres semi-précieuses, en coquillage et en métal ont été inventoriées et analysées. Axée sur la spécialisation du travail artisanal, l’étude a identifié quelques objets dits de prestige (perles classiques harappéennes, bracelets en grès cérame) très probablement liés à une élite. La nature de cette élite est ensuite examinée et un nouveau modèle d’organisation sociopolitique de cette civilisation est proposé. / The Indus civilization puzzles archaeologists in that it shows a seeming uniformity in its material culture during the period from 2600 to 1900 BC and over its huge geographical extent (approximately 1 million square km). In this study two hypotheses are tested: 1) This uniformity in material culture is due to a central political force monitoring craft production; or 2) This uniformity results from an extensive trade and distribution network of craft production. In order to assess these, all available data concerning the craft production of ceramic, lapidary, shell-working and metal artefacts were inventoried and analyzed. A study of craft specialization identified a few wealth items (long carnelian beads, stoneware bangles), which were most probably related to an elite. After reassessing the nature of this elite, a new model of sociopolitical organization for this civilization is proposed.

Questa tesi si propone di approfondire il significato del concetto di 'artigianato' dal punto di vista di tre differenti tipologie di stakeholder: 1) Associazioni e Camere di commercio; 2) Aziende, Fornitori ed Esperti e 3) Consumatori. L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è riassumere i più recenti sviluppi in materia di artigianato evidenziandone lo stato dell'arte e proponendo osservazioni critiche in merito al concetto stesso di artigianalità. Verranno identificati eventuali limiti e lacune concettuali sul tema dell’artigianato nonché indicati suggerimenti per la ricerca futura. Questa tesi è articolata in tre ricerche: la prima, " Artisanship: A review of the conceptualization of the “craftmanship ", impiega la content analysis per esaminare le definizioni di 'artigianato' fornite da diverse fonti tra cui Fondazioni, Associazioni, Organizzazioni Internazionali e Intergovernative e Camere di Commercio. La seconda ricerca "Crafting the craft - evidence from Italian experts" utilizza la metodologia qualitativa delle interviste semistrutturate con manager, esperti e opinion leader che gravitano nel mondo dell’artigianato. L’ultima ricerca " Understanding of the concept of “craft” – from the perspective of Italian consumers " è un'indagine finalizzata a capire le percezioni del consumatore in merito all’artigianato e le sue preferenze per i diversi tipi di prodotti artigianali. Grazie all’intrinseca interdisciplinarietà di questa tesi, che collega diverse basi teoriche e discipline come sociologia, economia, arte, filosofia e storia sociale, si cercherà di colmare le attuali lacune presenti nella ricerca sull'artigianato offrendo, così, un nuovo contributo in materia. / This thesis aims to deepen the meaning of ‘craft’ by looking at the concept from the perspective of different stakeholders, including 1) Guilds and Chambers of Commerce; 2) businesses, providers and experts and 3) consumers. The overarching purpose of this dissertation is to summarize recent developments, to highlight the state of the art and to offer some critical observations of various understandings of the concept of artisanship, in order to identify conceptual gaps and limitations and directions for future research. This dissertation includes three studies: Study 1 - “Artisanship: A review of the conceptualization of the “craftmanship” – employs content analysis to examine definitions of ‘artisanship’ provided by different sources from Craft Foundations and Associations, international and intergovernmental organizations, and European Chambers of Commerce. Study 2 – “Crafting the craft – evidence from Italian experts” is based on a qualitative methodology and includes semistructured interviews with managers and experts of artisanal products. Study 3 – “Understanding of the concept of “craft” – from the perspective of Italian consumers” is a survey aimed at investigating consumer perceptions of artisanship and preference for different types of artisanal products. By bridging different theoretical bases and disciplines, such as sociology, economics, arts, philosophy and social history, this research will offer a novel contribution and fill gaps in the research on artisanship.

Une recherche de souches bactériennes lactiques productrices de bactériocine a été entreprise à partir daliments traditionnels dorigine sénégalaise et les souches les plus actives ont été mises en uvre comme barrière en supplément du sel (NaCl) contre la croissance de la flore contaminante de différents poissons maigre [sompat (Pomadasys jubelini)], moyennement gras [capitaine (Polydactylus quadrifilis)], et gras [mâchoiron (Arius heudeloti)] de production artisanale au Sénégal. La prévalence des bactéries lactiques a été déterminée à 109 UFC/(g ou ml) dans les produits fermentés traditionnels à base de céréale et de lait, et 103 UFC/g dans les produits de la pêche fermentés. Douze souches bactériennes à activité inhibitrice de type bactériocine ont été détectées au sein de 220 souches de bactéries lactiques isolées de 32 échantillons de ces différents types de produits. Les 11 souches ont été caractérisées (API 50 CH, 16S rDNA) comme étant des souches de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis qui portent le gène codant pour la nisine, la souche restante est une souche dEnterococcus faecium et possède le gène codant pour lEntérocine B. Les deux souches, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CWBI-B1410, isolée de farine de mil fermentée et productrice de nisine, et la souche Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI-B28 provenant de la collection du CWBI de la FUSAGx, produisant trois bactériocines de type curvalicine 28a, b et c, ont été mises en uvre en combinaison avec du sel comme barrière contre la croissance de la flore contaminante dans les poissons. La flore totale dans les poissons de production artisanale atteingnait 5,70 log UFC/g. La transformation des poissons par fermentation naturelle à 30°C (sans traitement préalable : procédé traditionnel), entraîne une prolifération de bactéries Gram-négatives comme Proteus sp, Shewanella putrefaciens et des souches de Bacillus sp qui atteignent 109-10 UFC/g en moins de 24 h dans les produits. Lutilisation de CWBI-B1410 (107 UFC/g) comme ferment avec ajout de glucose (1% m/m) dans les filets, entraîne une production in situ de substances antagonistes (acides organiques et bactériocine). Il en résulte une réduction du niveau de la flore contaminante entérique de 2 (P. quadrifilis) et de 4 (P. jubelini) log UFC/g par rapport aux poissons préparés traditionnellement. Lajout de sel dans des produits ainsi fermentés réduit la flore entérique. Laddition des surnageants de culture neutralisés (pH 6) bactéricides issus de CWBI-B1410 ou de CWBI-B28 en combinaison avec du chlorure de sodium (0,14 g/ml) sur les filets crus (100 ml/100 g) incubés à 10°C réduit le niveau de la contamination bactérienne de 1,5 log UFC/g et retarde laugmentation de la flore qui reste à un niveau < 106 UFC/g pendant 13 à 18 jours dincubation à 10°C selon le type de poisson, alors que pour les filets contrôles, traités avec des surnageants de culture neutralisés de souches non productrices de bactériocines (Lactobacillus curvatus LMG 21688 et Lactococcus lactis LMG 6890) salés (NaCl 0,14 g/ml), la flore contaminante dépasse 106 UFC/g au bout de 3 à 7 jours. Les effets antibactériens des surnageants de cultures neutralisés bactéricides et salés (NaCl 0,14 g/ml), sont par ailleurs, plus importants que ceux dune solution salée (NaCl 0,14 g/ml) supplémentée de sels de benzoate et de sorbate en concentration de 0,5 mg/ml chacun sur les poissons riches en lipides. Ces résultats suggèrent que, la combinaison des effets antibactériens des bactéries lactiques productrices de bactériocines et du sel, plus particulièrement lutilisation de SCN salés, comme préservatifs, peut constituer un moyen approprié damélioration de la conservation et de la qualité microbiologique des produits de la pêche artisanale au Sénégal. Le traitement des poissons selon lune ou lautre des stratégies décrites précédemment, combiné à un système de séchage devrait permettre de produire des produits halieutiques traditionnels de meilleures qualités microbiologiques et de durée de conservation plus longue, justifiant limportance de continuer cette étude sur lamélioration de la productivité de bactériocine par CWBI-B1410, et les impacts des nouveaux traitements sur les qualités organoleptiques et nutritionelles des produits. A screening of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria from Senegalese traditional food products was undertaken and the most active strains were tested in combination with sodium chloride as barrier to control spoilage bacteria growth on different artisanal fish products [lean sumpat grunt (Pomadasys jubelini), moderarely fat giant African threadfin (Polydactylus quadrifilis) and fat smoothmouth sea catfish (Arius heudeloti)] in Senegal. The prevalence of lactic acid bacteria was determined at 109 CFU/(g or ml) in traditional fermented cereals and fermented milk products, and 103 CFU/g in fermented seafood products. Twelve bacteriocin-producing strains were detected of 220 lactic acid bacteria strains randomly selected from such products. The eleven were characterized (API 50CH and 16S rDNA) as Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis strains and contain gene encoding nisin, and the remaining one an Enterococcus faecium strain which contains gene encoding Enterocin B. Two strains, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CWBI-B1410, a nisin producer isolated from fermented millet flour from Senegal, and Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI B28 which produces three bacteriocins (Curvalicin 28a, b et c) from CWBI collection, were tested in combination with sodium chloride as barrier to control spoilage bacteria growth on fish from artisanal production. The total bacterial counts of fishes reached 5.7 log CFU/g. The processing of such products by natural fermentation at 30°C (without any preliminary treatment as in traditional process) result in proliferation of Gram-negative bacteria such as Proteus sp and Shewanella putrefaciens, and some Bacillus sp strains, which reached 109-10 CFU/g in products within less than 24 h of incubation. When using CWBI-B1410 living culture (107 CFU/g) with glucose (1% wt/wt) supplementation as barrier against bacterial growth in fishes, a depression of the pH as well as a bacteriocin-like activity were noted, resulting in a decrease of the Gram negative strains counts of 4 log CFU/g (P. jubelini) and 2 log CFU/g (P. quadrifilis) in comparison to fishes prepared in using traditional process. The addition of salt in such fermented products reinforced the antimicrobial effect by CWBI-B1410 strain. The addition of neutralized (pH 6) culture supernatants of CWBI-B1410 or CWBI-B28 strains in combination with sodium chloride (0.14 g/ml) as preservatives on fishes (100 ml/100 g) incubated at 10°C, declined the level of total bacterial counts of 1.5 log CFU/g within 48 h, and delayed the increase of bacteria number in fishes: bacterial counts remained under 106 CFU/g for 13 to 18 days of storage at 10°C following the fish, whereas they were over 106 CFU/g after 3 to 7 days fish storage at 10°C in controls, treated with salted (NaCl 0.14 g/ml) neutralized (pH 6) culture supernatants of non-bacteriocin producers (Lactococcus lactis LMG 6890 and Lactobacillus curvatus LMG 216888). The antimicrobial effects by salted neutralized culture supernatants of the bacteriocin producers were higher to those of salted solution (NaCl 0.14 g/ml) supplemented with benzoate and sorbate acid salts each at concentration of 0.5 mg/ml on the moderate and fat fishes. These data suggest that the use of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria in combination with sodium chloride as described above, particularly the use of salted bactericidal culture supernatant, as preservatives, can be a suitable strategy to enhance the storage and the bacterial quality of traditional fish products in Senegal. The treatment of fishes in using one of the strategies as described above combined with a drying process could permit production of seafood commodities with higher bacterial quality and time of storage, justifying to continue this investigation on the enhancement of the bacteriocin-productivity by CWBI-B1410, and the evaluation of the effects of the new treatments on the organaoleptic and nutritional quality of products.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present PhD thesis assumes that the mediation between nature / society - the ontological labor existence condition and life production - common to the traditional people from the lands and water land environment, it is absorbed by labor capitalist relations and human nature needs, then changing territories and territoriality. In this way, we analyze the artisanal fishing from lukacsian ontology conception and labor as mediator between society / nature relations that has the transition character from biological to social being. In this way, it gives meaning to social being and its sociability, once, there is a capital growth in natural environments like land and water, it is increasingly appropriate as a universal means of production superimposed on use of value. This research conducted through the study of artisanal fishing in the state of Sergipe, in its spatial and territorial logics, before the territorialization of capital in agro-hydro business form, using nature as a landscape to be sold for real estate speculation, tourism, expropriation of property of land and water. The advancement consolidation of capital system in political entities has the propagation of the discourse of productivity and natural environment control, as investments form and policies. They use aquaculture as a solution for fish production chain to guarantee that the country as a major world producer. The consequences for artisanal fishing in Sergipe can be noticed in its increased reduction by the imposed restrain on access to water and livelihoods, it has been done through local policies of incentives to shrimp farming and fish farming that ignores the fishing communities life style, Pushing nature as a form of commodity, accumulation of capital. A market that is an ontological condition for alienation. We conclude in this thesis that the socialization of nature as a condition of human life can be determined by the relation of domination, or by the production of social life from needs that do not represent destruction of the human condition. Understanding relation need, quality and use, as an opposition to the vicious circle of the reified capital system, which transforms men into things, and ensures the increasing expansion of production wealth. In order to resist to it, we must reconstitute perspectives that shift the metabolism of capital into a metabolism beyond capital and, consequently, reestablish essential needs for human condition. / A presente Tese de doutorado parte do pressuposto de que a mediação natureza/sociedade – condição de existência ontológica do trabalho e de produção de vida –, comum dos povos das terras e das águas, é subsumida por relações capitalistas de trabalho e de produção, alterando territórios e territorialidade. Nessa direção, analisamos a pesca-artesanal a partir da concepção lukacsiana da ontologia e do trabalho como mediador da relação sociedade/natureza, que tem o caráter de transição do ser biológico ao ser social. Dessa maneira, dá sentido ao ser social e as suas sociabilidades. Com a reprodução do capital voltada à natureza, a terra e a água são cada vez mais apropriadas na condição de meio universal de produção sobreposto ao valor de uso. Realizamos nossa pesquisa com o estudo da pesca-artesanal no estado de Sergipe, nas suas lógicas espaciais e territoriais, diante da territorialização do capital na forma do agrohidronegócio, no consumo da natureza enquanto paisagem a ser vendida, para a especulação imobiliária, turismo, expropriação da propriedade da terra e da água. A consolidação do avanço do sistema do capital tem no Estado a propagação do discurso da produtividade e do controle da natureza, na forma de investimentos e políticas, tendo a aquicultura como solução na cadeia produtiva de pescados para garantir o país como grande produtor mundial. Os rebatimentos para a pesca-artesanal em Sergipe são verificados na diminuição dos pescados, nos limites impostos no acesso à água e aos meios de vida, via políticas a nível local de incentivos à carcinicultura e à piscicultura as quais ignoram o modo de vida das comunidades pesqueiras, sujeitando as forças da natureza como forma de mercadoria, com o objetivo de acumulação do capital, sendo o mercado condição ontológica para a alienação. Concluímos na nossa Tese que a socialização da natureza como condição de vida dos homens pode ser determinada pela relação de dominação, ou pela produção da vida social a partir de necessidades que não representem a destruição da condição humana. É na compreensão da relação necessidade, qualidade e uso, em contraposição ao círculo vicioso do sistema reificado do capital, que transforma os homens em coisas, que se garante a crescente ampliação da riqueza de produção. Resistir significa reconstituir perspectivas que desloquem o metabolismo do capital para um metabolismo além do capital e, consequentemente, no devir da condição humana. / São Cristóvão, SE

L’exploitation minière artisanale est une activité qui intervient dans un contexte de précarité et suscité plus interrogations sur le respect des règles de l’art minier, la protection de l’environnement ainsi que la préservation de la santé, de la sécurité et du bien-être au travail des personnes impliquées. Dans le cas particulier de la Province du Katanga, en République Démocratique du Congo, elle a connu un essor particulier suite à l’effondrement de la GECAMINES, société d'État qui exploite le cuivre et le cobalt et était le principal pourvoyeur des emplois directs et indirects dans cette partie du pays. Cet essor s’est également trouvé conforté par l’envolée des prix des produits miniers et a accentué l’ampleur des problèmes posés par l’artisanat minier.<p>Alors que la plus grande attention est tournée vers la gestion des problèmes environnementaux, nous avons voulu évaluer l’impact des conditions de travail dans ce secteur d’activité sur la santé et la sécurité des exploitants artisanaux. En matérialisant cet impact, notre ambition est d’identifier les facteurs-clé sur lesquels construire une politique de promotion, d’éducation et d’amélioration de la santé au travail dans ce milieu.<p><p>Matériel et méthodes<p>Notre étude repose sur deux enquêtes réalisées en vue de circonscrire les éléments caractéristiques de la situation de travail dans l’exploitation minière artisanale. Ces enquêtes se sont déroulées dans les mines artisanales de la Ruashi et de Lupoto. Elles nous ont permis également de procéder à une observation de cette activité, telle qu’elle se pratique sur le terrain et la première enquête a été couplée à une analyse d’exposition et d’imprégnation des mineurs artisanaux aux contaminants contenus dans la gangue minéralisée.<p>L’exploitation des résultats de ces enquêtes a donné lieu à plusieurs études descriptives à visée étiologiques dans lesquelles nous avons présenté, en plus des statistiques usuelles, les Odds Ratio et les tests d’association calculés grâce au logiciel SPSS version 17. Nous avons également procédé à des revues de la littérature, principalement pour circonscrire les pathologies liées aux risques toxicologiques spécifiques à cette activité ainsi que pour identifier les facteurs-clé de succès des expériences de réforme de la mine artisanale.<p><p>Résultats<p>Les résultats obtenus ont fait l’objet des publications compilées dans la présente thèse. Pour l’essentiel, ils consistent aux constatations suivantes :<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This paper pretends to analyze the functioning and the limitations of some legal tools that the Peruvian state has posed as a part of his normative answer to the grave phenomenon of illegal gold mining, organized form of criminality whose utilities have surpassed the ones of drug trafficking. With this purpose, two axes of analysis has been proposed with incidence upon the illegal commercialization of gold: (i) the criminal tools, which specifically involve the crimes of illegal mining, clandestine commerce and money laundering; and (ii) the administrative tools, which involve the Legislative Decrees N° 1103 and 1107, the Supreme Decrees N° 012-2012-EM and N° 17-2009-MTC, among others. The authors have noticed several legislative policy errors in these elements and therefore implement recommendations to increase the global effectiveness of the regulation. / El presente trabajo apunta a evaluar el funcionamiento y las limitaciones de algunas de las herramientas jurídicas que el Estado peruano ha planteado como parte de su respuesta normativa frente al grave fenómeno de la minería ilegal, forma organizada de criminalidad cuyas ganancias ilícitas han superado en los últimos años a las del tráfico ilícito de drogas. Con tal finalidad, se han propuesto dos ejes de análisis con incidencia en la comercialización del oro ilegal: (i) las herramientas penales, que específicamente comprenden los delitos de minería ilegal, comercio clandestino y lavado de activos; y (ii) las herramientas administrativas, compuestas por los Decretos Legislativos No. 1103 y 1107, los Decretos Supremos No. 012-2012-EM y No. 17-2009-MTC, entre otros. Los autores han advertido diversos errores de política legislativa en estos elementos e implementan recomendaciones para incrementar la eficacia global de la regulación.