This thesis examines the presence of modernist ideas regarding identity, language and narrative in the work of the neglected Sardinian author, Grazia Deledda (1871-1936). It has the overall aim of redefining Deledda’s later work as modernist for she has been disregarded by most critics and is generally classed as a minor, veristic writer. Drawing Deledda out of these restricted interpretations, this thesis demonstrates that Deledda straddles two literary modes, for she matures beyond veristic influences and looks forward to modernist ideas, particularly regarding the complex nature of the self. The thesis approaches Deledda from an entirely new perspective in that it focuses upon the crisis of identity in Deledda’s work, and its construction in the narrative of her novels, and its integral relationship with the theme of language. The theoretical framework of Julia Kristeva, Paul Ricoeur and Adriana Cavarero enables an innovative study of identity as a linguistic and narrative construct in Deledda’s work. I maintain that Deledda’s characters construct, control and understand their identities through their application of language or their command of narrative perspective, voicing their inner selves through linguistic self-expression. This study engages in a close textual analysis of three of Deledda’s key texts. La madre (1920) and Il segreto dell'uomo solitario (1921) illustrate Deledda’s movement away from verismo. Their protagonists suffer a crisis of identity which is bound up in linguistic expression and/or narrative control. Cosima (1937), which is Deledda’s most autobiographical text, displays the author’s close affinity with her writing. Creating a fiction of her own life, Deledda becomes both narrator and protagonist, self and other in the exploration of her own identity, which is integrally connected to the act of writing. The very composition of this text demonstrates the construction of identity in language and narrative which is illustrated within Deledda’s other works.

« Ce qu’il y a de plus profond en l’homme, c’est la peau – en tant qu’il se connaît » écrit Paul Valéry dans L’Idée fixe. Peu d’œuvres autobiographiques se sont pourtant abandonnées à l’exploration de cette profondeur : depuis Rousseau, les impératifs du genre exigent d’aller in cute. L’Histoire de ma vie est de ce petit nombre. Casanova, longtemps l’homme de toutes les superficialités, parcourt sans discontinuer cette surface de l’être, non pour s’y oublier, mais justement « en tant qu’il se connaît ». Sur l’épiderme, s’affichent les plus vertigineuses métamorphoses autant que se dévoilent les plus éclatantes révélations : l’homme y découvre de quelle étoffe il est fait. La réflexivité du récit de soi ne saurait faire l’économie de cette médiation, et ce que tente de retrouver l’écrivain au fil des pages, c’est moins une vérité ou une essence qu’un corps à nouveau capable de profondeur. L’œuvre tend à recomposer ses tissus, à rétablir sa splendeur et à rejouer ses élans, espérant ainsi triompher de la seule réalité véritablement superficielle : le Temps. La mémoire du désir renvoie à cette anamnèse charnelle, qui se déploie à l’écart de la conscience et de l’intériorité mais au sein du théâtre des peaux et des parures. L’Histoire de ma vie tente d’en recueillir et d’en relancer l’intensité, de redonner au sujet écrivant cette chair perdue, la seule qu’il connaisse et que chaque ligne tente de reconquérir. Cette mémoire à sa temporalité propre, elle façonne un sujet inédit et génère un régime d’écriture singulier : elle ouvre ainsi au sein de l’univers des écritures du Moi un espace immense et encore insuffisamment exploré. / «What is deepest in man, it is the skin - as he knows himself," wrote Paul Valéry in L’idée fixe. Few autobiographical works have quite explored of this depth: since Rousseau, the imperatives of the genre require to go in cute. L’Histoire de ma vie belongs to this little number. Casanova, for long man of all superficialities, runs continuously the surface of being, not to forget himself, but precisely "as he knows himself." On the epidermis, appear the most dizzying metamorphoses as the most brilliant revelations: man discovers of what stuff is made. The reflexivity of the narrative itself cannot do without this mediation, and that the writer tries to find as the pages go by, it's less a truth or essence than a body again capable of depth. The work tends to recompose its tissues, to restore its splendor and to replay his impulses, hoping to overcome the only truly superficial reality: Time. Desire’s memory refers to this carnal anamnesis, which unfolds away from consciousness and interiority but in the theater of skins and ornaments. L’Histoire de ma vie tries to collect and to raise the intensity, giving back to the subject writing this flesh lost, the only one he knows and that each line is trying to regain. This memory has its own temporality; it shapes a unique subject and generates a unique writing system: it opens within the world of writing of the self an immense space and still insufficiently explored.

This thesis concerns with the literary theory of autobiography and its use for comics. The goal is to try to modify literary theory for comics and apply it in practical analysis. The fundamental theoretical framework constitutes of The autobiographical Pact by Philippe Lejeune and a theory of paratexts according to Gérard Genette. In practical analysis the thesis bases on the comparison of comics with literary work and uses the knowledge acquired in the theoretical part. The emphasis is put on designing of autobiographical pact and on para- and metatexts which are connected to both of the books. Klíčová slova anglicky Autobiography, autobiographic elements, comics, literature, paratext, metatext

L'autobiographie pose problème quand elle est envisagée dans le genre théâtral. Du fait que l'auteur dramatique s'exprime par la bouche d'êtres fictifs, la parole des personnages ne pourrait être assimilée à la sienne. Pourtant, il semble que, tant dans les dialogues qu'elles donnent à entendre que dans les situations, personnages et lieux qu'elles mettent en scène certaines pièces, en particulier à partir du XVIIIe siècle, qui constitue une étape majeure dans l'expression de soi, portent en elles les signes d'une expression autobiographique. Si l'autobiographie n'existe pas au théâtre dans les termes dégagés par des théoriciens comme P. Lejeune ou G. Gusdorf, nous étudions ici les modalités sous lesquelles elle se manifeste néanmoins, quasiment toujours de manière cachée, implicite, ambiguë, détournée mais affective. En plus d'une méthode qui permettrait, au lecteur d'une part, au spectateur d'autre part, d'identifier et d'attester cette expression autobiographique en dégageant certains aspects textuels et scéniques, nous nous attachons à réfléchir à l'expression autobiographique avec la relation qu'entretiennent les oeuvres de notre corpus avec le public, une relation toute entière épanouie dans l'émotion. Des sentiments qu'accompagnent des réactions physiques ressenties par le lecteur/spectateur sont donc générées par la reconnaissance de la voix de l'auteur dans un drame qui mêle autobiographie et fiction. Nous nous intéressons à l'expression autobiographique de l'auteur dramatique dans la perspective d'une relation particulière de celui-ci avec le public, relation qui contraste avec les principes brechtiens qui ont dominé la création théâtrale au XXe siècle. / The autobiographical genre is a problem when it is considered inside the theatral genre. Because the dramatical author express himself through the mouth of fictional characters, the words of the characters could not be considered as the expression of the author himself. However, it seems that through the dialogues that can be heard, the situations, the characters and the places that are staged, some plays, especially since the 18th century, which represents a major step in self-expression, contains the signs of an autobiographical expression. Although the autobiographical genre as defined by P. Lejeune or G. Gusdorf does not exists in the theatre genre, we will study here how it nevertheless expresses itself, that is to say almost always in a hidden, implicit, ambiguous, diverted, but probable way. We will think of a method allowing the reader, but also the member of the audience, to identify and testify the presence of this autobiographical expression by emphazising some textual and scenic aspects. We will also work on connecting the autobiographical expression with the relationship that live the authors of the new work contained in our corpus with the audience. This relationship being fully opend up in emotion. Some feelings, coming with physical reactions felt by the reader/audience, are created by the recognition of the author's voice in a drama that mixes autobiographical and fiction. We will take an interest in the autobiographical expression of the dramatical author through the perspective of his particular relationship with the audience, relationship that contrasts with Brecht's principles, which have ruled the theatrical creation in the 20th century.

Since the 1992 republication of On Our Own Ground: The Complete Writings of William Apess, a Pequot, most academic work on Apess has focused on his Methodism, his Native American identity, or the intersection between these two parts of his life and work. Dr. Tim Fulford is the only scholar to have written about Apess and Romanticism. In his book Romantic Indians: Native Americans, British Literature, and Transatlantic Culture, 1756-1830, Fulford illustrates the elegiac modes often present in the work of Apess. This thesis will examine William Apess’ Son of the Forest as an expression of early nineteenth century American Romanticism from a post-colonial standpoint. Apess uses Romantic rhetoric to define Native American identity and through that identity, argue for Native American political agency.

Bakgrund: Bipolär sjukdom är en livshotande sjukdom som karaktäriseras av hypomani, mani och depression som påverkar både personen själv och dennes anhöriga. Då sjukdomen inte kan botas riktas behandlingen mot att lindra symtomen. Problem: Bipolär sjukdom ger en komplexitet som kan vara svår för vårdpersonalen att hantera då förändringar i stämningslägena kan vara såväl subtilt som påfallande. Därav behöver vårdpersonalen kunskap för att kunna ge ett adekvat stöd. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med bipolär sjukdom. Metod: Fem självbiografier analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra kategorier och tretton underkategorier. Kvinnorna uttryckte att livet med bipolär sjukdom var som en känslomässig berg- och dalbana där stämningslägena var uppe eller nere, vilket gjorde livet svårt att hantera och svårt att skapa en identitet. Vidare beskrevs relationernas inverkan på kvinnorna. Slutligen beskrevs vardagen med bipolär sjukdom som kantades av kontrollförlust, bristande konsekvenstänk samt strategier för att hantera sjukdomen. Slutsats: Att leva med bipolär sjukdom är som att leva i en känslomässig berg- och dalbana. Sjukdomen kan leda till problem med identitetsskapande. Personens interaktion med omgivningen påverkas och det kan uppkomma problem med att hantera vardagen. / Background: Bipolar disorder is a life-threatening disease characterized by hypomania, mania and depression, which influences both the affected as well as the relatives. The disease cannot be cured and the treatment therefore aims to ease the suffering. Problem: Bipolar disorder gives a complexity that can be difficult for health professionals to handle as the changes in mood can be both subtle as striking. The health professionals need knowledge to be able to provide adequate support. Purpose: The purpose is to describe women’s experiences to live with bipolar disorder. Method: Five autobiogrophies were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: The result gave four categories and thirteen subcategories. The examined women expressed that living with a bipolar disorder were like an emotional rollercoaster. Their mood were either up or down, which made their life hard to handle and to form an identity. At last, aspects of relationships and the everyday life was described. Conclusion: To live with bipolar disorder is like living in an emotional rollercoaster. The disease can lead to problems in creating an identity. People’s interaction with the surrounding environment is affected and problems with handling the every day life. Keywords

The study examines the experiences of autism and the strategies women with autism use to bridge the socio-communicative difficulties that autism may result in. The investigated material consists of autobiographical books written by women with an autism diagnosis. The method used is a qualitative content analysis, focusing on the manifest content. The result is discussed in relation to norms and normality and to hide stigma with the help of Goffman's theories on stigma and dramaturgical perspectives. The study shows that women use different strategies to mask their autistic difficulties. It also suggests that women use camouflage to reach up to the expectations and standards that are in interaction with neurotypical people. The study also shows that there is a downside to using a masking method. To constantly hiding their true self to others can lead to stress, psychological distress and confusion about their identity. Furthermore, the study shows that the use of strategies is based on an internal and external pressure to fit into social contexts. / Studien undersöker upplevelser av autism och de handlingsstrategier kvinnor med autism använder för att överbrygga socio-kommunikativa svårigheter som autism kan medföra. Det undersökta materialet utgörs av självbiografiska böcker som är skrivna av kvinnor med en autism diagnos. Metoden som använts är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med fokus på det manifesta innehållet. Resultatet diskuteras i förhållande till normer genom Goffmans teorier om stigma och det dramaturgiska perspektivet. I studien framgår att kvinnorna använder sig av olika strategier för att maskera sina autistiska svårigheter samt för att nå upp till förväntningar och normer som finns i samspelet med neurotypiska personer. Studien visar även på att det finns en baksida med att använda en maskerande metod. Att ständigt dölja sitt sanna jag för andra människor kan leda till stress, psykisk ohälsa och förvirring kring den egna identiteten. Vidare visar studien att användandet av strategier bottnar i en inre- och yttre press för passa in i sociala sammanhang.

[pt] Análise de Bodenlos, uma autobiografia filosófica, de Vilém Flusser. A abordagem discute três pontos importantes para compreensão da construção das identidades do filósofo judeu, natural de Praga, que se exilou no Brasil devido à perseguição nazista: a ruptura com a noção de tempo historicista e a possibilidade de identidades múltiplas convivendo simultaneamente; o clima de absurdo e aqueles sujeitos que estão sempre fora do lugar; e a língua como espaço onde as identidades podem ser construídas e pensadas. / [en] This article is a analysis of Bondelos, a philosophical autobiography, from Vilém Flusser. The approach discusses three important points for understanding the construction of the Jewish philosopher’s identities, a native from Prague, who was exiled in Brazil due Nazism persecution: first – He breaks with the historicista notion of time and the possibility of multiple identities coexisting simultaneously; second - the climate of absurdity and those who are always out of place; and thirdthe language as a space where identities can be constructed and thought out.

Cette thèse porte sur l’oeuvre de l’auteur espagnol de bande dessinée Carlos Giménez, l’un des dessinateurs et scénaristes les plus importants en Espagne, et dont une grande partie de l’oeuvre constitue un témoignage précieux de plus de cinquante ans d’Histoire en Espagne, depuis la guerre civile jusqu’à la transition démocratique. Auteur résolument engagé, véritable pionnier en matière de bande dessinée autobiographique, Carlos Giménez est en outre doté d’un style caractéristique : un graphisme en noir et blanc, un trait personnel, à la fois réaliste et parfois très caricatural, toujours au service d’une critique idéologique ou sociétale. Ce travail de recherche s’est articulé autour de deux grands axes constitutifs de son oeuvre : le souvenir, qui correspond à la réflexion sur l’Histoire et la mémoire, et la dénonciation. Une dénonciation qui semble aujourd’hui devenir peut-être moins criante au bénéfice de ce que l’on pourrait appeler la finalité éducative, chez un auteur qui met de plus en plus l’accent sur l’héritage de la mémoire, ou comment transmettre la mémoire aux générations futures. Aussi ses dernières productions s’avèrent-elles plus que jamais en phase avec les débats qui agitent l’Espagne aujourd’hui autour du thème de la mémoire historique et montrent jusqu’à quel point le neuvième art, cet « art séquentiel », production accessible à un public éclectique (mais peut-être aussi plus jeune),constitue même une base « didactico-pédagogique »,dont la finalité édifiante des jeunes générations est indéniable chez l’auteur madrilène. / This research focuses on the Spanish cartoonist Carlos Giménez, one of the most important artists and scriptwriters in Spain. A large part of the work is avaluable testimony of more than fifty years of history in Spain, since the Civil War to the Democratic Transition. Author resolutely committed, genuine pioneer ofautobiographical comic, Carlos Giménez is further provided with a characteristic style: a black and white graphics, a personal trait, both realistic and sometimesvery cartoonish, always at the service of ideological or social criticism. This research revolves around two main axes constituent of his work: memory and enunciation. A denunciation that now seems to be perhaps less glaring in favor of what might be called the educational purpose, for an author who puts more emphasis on the legacy of memory. Thus his last productions are more than ever in tune with the debates which agitate Spain today on the theme of Historical Memory and show how far the 9th art, production accessible to a large public is even a "didactic-pedagogic"base for younger generations.

Nesta dissertação, propomos uma leitura de Lecciones para una liebre muerta (2005a) e El gran vidrio (2007) do escritor Mario Bellatin. Analisamos tais obras no que diz respeito à reelaboração estética que elas promovem de duas formas narrativas, o romance e a autobiografia. Nesse sentido, as noções teóricas do pós-estruturalismo francês, desenvolvidas pelos filósofos da linguagem (Barthes, Blanchot, Derrida e Foucault), como a escritura, o fragmento, o gênero enquanto horizonte de criação artística (não como norma) e a transgressão foram fundamentais para abordar as novas propostas que as referidas obras de Bellatin comportam. O romance e a autobiografia propuseram-se, historicamente, a traçar a vida. Aquele, ao ambicionar uma forma totalizante que reconstituiria o sentido perdido na existência empírica e esta, ao visar ao entendimento de si. Assim, perscrutamos o lugar que o mundo bellatiniano confere ao vivido ao trabalhá-lo nesses gêneros. Nossa hipótese é a de que, ao apostar na exacerbação de alguns recursos formais, tais como: a figuração de si, a abertura a outras linguagens artísticas, a fragmentação do relato e a retomada da própria obra, a literatura bellatiniana desvela um universo singular que tensiona os ideais da modernidade literária, sem romper, em definitivo, com eles. Lecciones para una liebre muerta permitiu-nos colocar a pergunta acerca da existência de uma nova configuração do romance no contexto da contemporaneidade ou da explicitação de sua ineficácia simbólica no presente. Por outra parte, El gran vidrio possibilitou-nos indagar acerca do estatuto do discurso de si num cenário cultural que reconfigurou a noção do sujeito. / In this dissertation we propose a reading of Lecciones para una liebre muerta (2005a) and El gran vidrio (2007) written by Mario Bellatin. These works were analyzed concerning the aesthetic reworking they put forward of two narrative features: the novel and the autobiography. In this sense, the theoretical notions of the French post-structuralism, developed by the philosophers of language (Barthes, Blanchot, Derrida e Foucault), such as the writing, the fragment, the genre appearing as a guidance for the artistic creation instead of a norm and the transgression were central to approach the new proposals embraced by the aforementioned works of Bellatin. Both the novel and the autobiography have had the purpose, historically, to trace life. The former by ambitioning a totalizing form that would recompose the meaning lost in the empirical existence, and the latter by aiming the understanding of the self. Therefore, it has been explored this place which the bellatinian world has granted to the living by working it within these genres. Our hypothesis is that by waging on the exacerbation of some formal features, such as: the self-figuration, the opening to other artistic languages, the narrative fragmented and the resumption of the work itself, the bellatinian literature uncover an unique universe that tensions the ideals of the literary modernity, without rupturing ultimately with them. Lecciones para una liebre muerta has enabled us to position a question about the existence of a new configuration of the novel inside the context of the contemporaneity or about the explicitation of its symbolic ineffectiveness on the present. On the other hand, El gran vidrio allowed us to enquire the discourse status of the self in a cultural scenery that has reconfigured the notion of the subject.