Regulation of transcription initiation is the major determining event employed by the cell to control gene expression and subsequent cellular processes. The weak promoters, with low basal transcription activities, are activated by activators. Bacteriophage Mu mom gene, which encodes a unique DNA modification function, is detrimental to cell when expressed early or in large quantities. Mu has designed a complex, well-controlled and orchestrated regulatory network for mom expression to ensure its synthesis only in late lytic cycle. The phage encoded transcription activator protein C activates the gene by promoter unwinding of the DNA and thereby recruiting of RNAP to the promoter. C protein functions as a dimer for DNA binding and transcription activation. Mutagenesis and chemical crosslinking studies revealed that the leucine zipper motif, and not the coiled coil motif in the N terminal region, is responsible for C dimerization. The DNA binding domain of C is a HTH domain which is preceded by the leucine zipper motif. The C protein is one of the few examples in the bacterial proteins containing both leucine zipper and HTH domain. Most of the transcription activators either influence initial binding of RNAP or conversion of closed to open complex formation. Very few activators act at subsequent steps of promoter-polymerase interaction. Earlier studies showed high level of transcription from a mutant mom promoter, tin7. Addition of C further increased transcription from Ptin7 indicating that C may have a role beyond polymerase recruitment. Each steps of transcription initiation have been dissected using the Ptin7 and a positive control (pc) mutant of C, R105D. The results revealed multi-step transcription activation mechanism for C protein at Pmom. C recruits RNAP at Pmom and subsequently increases the productive RNAP-promoter complex and enhances promoter clearance. To further understand the C mediated transactivation mechanism, interaction between C and RNAP was assessed. C interacts with holo and core RNAP only in presence of DNA. Positive control mutants of C, F95A and R015D, were found to be compromised in RNAP interactions. These mutants were efficient in RNAP recruitment to Pmom but do not enhance promoter clearance. Trypsin cleavage protection experiment indicated that probably C protein interacts with b¢ subunit of RNAP. Interaction between C and RNAP appears to enhance the formation of productive RNAP-promoter complex leading to promoter clearance. The connection between activator-polymerase interaction and transcription activation is well documented where the recruitment of RNAP is influenced. In case of activators acting at post recruitment steps of initiation, the role of polymerase contact is poorly understood. Our study shows that activator-polymerase interaction can lead to increased promoter clearance at Pmom by overcoming abortive initiation.

The gammaproteobacterium Arsenophonus nasoniae infects Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitic wasp that attacks filth flies. This bacterium kills virtually all male offspring of infected females. Female wasps transmit A. nasoniae both vertically (from mother to offspring) and horizontally (to unrelated Nasonia developing in the same fly). This latter mode may enable the bacterium to colonize novel species and spread throughout a filth fly-parasitoid guild. This spread may be important for maintenance of the bacterium. The ecology of novel hosts may be significantly impacted by infection. The actual and potential host range of A. nasoniae was assessed. I used Arsenophonus-specific primers to screen a large sample of filth flies and their parasitoids. The bacterium infects a wide range of wasp species in the environment. The potential host range was determined by inoculating three wasp and one fly species with an isolate of A. nasoniae from Lethbridge, AB. The bacterium successfully infected all insects and was transmitted by two wasp species. It reduced host longevity, but did not kill males, in Trichomalopsis sarcophagae. It also caused pupal mortality in Musca domestica.

Restriction endonucleases are a group of enzymes that cleave DNA at or around specific sequences, which are typically palindromic. A fosmid library was constructed from a metagenome isolated from soil from the Kogelberg Nature Reserve, Western Cape and was functionally screened for restriction endonucleases. Next-generation (NGS) Illumina sequencing technology was used to identify putative endonucleases. The sequence data generated was assembled and analysed using CLC Bio Genomics Workbench and bioinformatics tools (NCBI BLAST, REBASE and MG-RAST). Using these tools, genes encoding restriction-modification systems and endonuclease homologues were discovered. Three genes were identified and were recombinantly produced in Rosetta™ (DE3) pLysS and purified with IMAC using Ni-TED resin and subsequently characterised. These three genes were selected based on the identity percentage when compared to sequences on the NCBI database. Production of Endo8 was scaled up using 2 l fermenter and the purification done using ÄKTA Avant 150 FPLC using a HiScale 50 column packed with Ni-TED resin and the total amount of protein achieved was 58.82 mg.g-1. The productivity achieved at 17 hours (8 h harvest) was 2-fold greater than at 12 hours. Endonuclease activity of endo8 and endo52 was tested, both exhibited strong non-specific activity at 37 °C with an incubation period of 30 min. This work demonstrates that environmental soil samples are a valuable source for discovery of novel enzymes and also the utility of functional metagenomics to discover and purify these enzymes. These endonucleases may contribute to the next generation of reagent enzymes for molecular biology research. / Chemistry / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

O gênero Xylella é composto de uma única espécie, Xylella fastidiosa, bactéria Gram-negativa, não flagelada, que coloniza o xilema de uma diversidade de plantas cultivadas e silvestres em várias partes do mundo. Em algumas dessas plantas, a bactéria é considerada agente causal de doenças, como a Clorose Variegada do Citros em laranjeiras, a Doença de Pierce das videiras e escaldadura da folha de cafeeiro. Onze diferentes cepas de X. fastidiosa, isoladas de distintos hospedeiros, já tiveram seus genomas sequenciados, entre essas, as cepas 9a5c, isolada de laranjeira, e Temecula 1, isolada de videira. Análises desses genomas indicam uma razoável variabilidade entre suas respectivas sequências e evidenciam vários genes associados a mecanismos de virulência e patogenicidade desta bactéria. No presente trabalho descrevemos o sequenciamento, a montagem e a anotação dos genomas das cepas U24d e Fb7, isoladas de laranjeiras, e da cepa 3124 isolada de cafeeiro, os quais apresentam, respectivamente 2.681.334 pb, 2.733.974 pb e 2.748.594 pb. Destas, apenas a cepa U24d apresenta um plasmídeo, o qual é idêntico ao pXF51 previamente identificado na cepa 9a5c. O genoma da cepa U24d é praticamente colinear ao genoma da cepa 9a5c enquanto que os genomas das cepas Fb7 e 3124 apresentaram maior colinearidade com a cepa Temecula1. Entre as diversas alterações encontradas nas análises comparativas destes genomas, destacamos a inserção no gene pilQ verificada no genoma da cepa U24d. Essa mutação causa ausência do pilus do tipo IV com consequente deficiência na motilidade twitching, sendo que plantas infectadas com a cepa U24d apresentam sintomas localizados restritos ao ponto de inoculação. Na cepa Fb7, detectamos a ausência de formação de biofilme no cultivo in vitro possivelmente devido ausência da expressão dos transcritos de mrkD e pspA, que codificam respectivamente adesina do pilus curto e adesina similar à hemaglutinina. Postulamos que estes genes não são expressos em decorrência de um defeito na via de sinalização de DSF (Fator de Sinalização Difusível) reflexo de uma mutação em rpfC no genoma de Fb7. Assim como as demais cepas de X. fastidiosa, também os genomas de U24d, Fb7 e 3124 apresentaram elevado conteúdo de Elementos Genéticos Móveis (EGM), que aparecem em maior número nas cepas sul-americanas. Os estudos do pangenoma de X. fastidiosa mostraram que essa espécie tem um genoma aberto e grande parte dos genes de EGMs correspondem a genes acessórios. A grande quantidade de EGMs em X. fastidiosa pode estar relacionada a falta do sistema CRISPR/cas completo, um provável resultado de eventos de erosão do genoma desta espécie. A inferência filogenética por MSLA mostrou uma clara distinção dos grupos de cepas da América do Norte em relação às do Sul, sugerindo a ocorrência de mais eventos de recombinações genéticas nas cepas sul-americanas, provavelmente pela falta de isolamento geográfico. Assim, é possível que as cepas norte e sul-americanas sofreram divergência alopátrica e simpátrica, respectivamente. / The genus Xylella consists of a single species, Xylella fastidiosa, a Gram-negative and non-flagellated bacterium that colonizes the xylem of a diversity of cultivated and wild plants in several parts of the world. In some of these plants, this bacterium is considered causal agent of diseases such as the Citrus Variegated Cholorosis in orange trees, Pierce\'s Disease of grapevines and coffee leaf scald. Eleven different strains of X. fastidiosa isolated from different hosts had their genomes sequenced, including 9a5c and Temecula1 strains, respectively isolated from orange tree and grapevine. Analyses of these genomes indicate a reasonable variability in their sequences and showed several genes associated with pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms of this bacterium. In this work we describe the genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of the strains U24d and Fb7, isolated from orange trees, and 3124 isolated from coffee, which have, respectively, 2,681,334 bp, 2,733,974 bp and 2,748,594 bp. Of these, only strain U24d has a plasmid, identical to pXF51 from strain 9a5c. The genome of U24d strain is almost collinear to the genome of strain 9a5c while the genomes of strains Fb7 and 3124 had higher collinearity to Temecula1 strain. Among many changes found in the comparative analysis of these genomes, we highlight an on insertion in pilQ gene that was found in U24d strain genome. This mutation causes lack of type IV pilus with a consequent deficiency in twitching motility. Moreover orange trees infected with U24d strain showed localized symptoms near to the inoculation point. We verified that Fb7 strain does not form biofilm in vitro possibly due to the absence of expression of mrkD and pspA transcripts, which encode, respectively, a short pilus adhesin and a hemagglutinin-like adhesin. We postulate that these genes are not expressed due to a defect in the signaling pathway of DSF (Diffusible Signal Factor) reflecting a mutation on rpfC in the Fb7 genome. Similarly to other X. fastidiosa strains, the genomes of U24d, Fb7 and 3124 also showed high content of mobile genetic elements (MGE), which appear in larger numbers in South American strains. Pan genome studies of X. fastidiosa showed that this species has a open genome and that most of MGE genes correspond to accessory genes. The large number of MGE in X. fastidiosa may be related to the lack of a complete system CRISPR/cas, likely a result of erosion events of the genome of this species. The phylogenetic reconstruction by MLSA showed a clear distinction between groups of strains from North and South America, suggesting the occurrence of more recombination events in South American strains, probably due to lack of geographical isolation. Thus it is possible that North and South American strains underwent allopatric and sympatric divergence, respectively.

Abstract Species of Lactobacillus (L.) are important starter and probiotic lactic acid bacteria used in the dairy industry. Industrial fermentation processes are prone to phage infections, which can cause severe economic losses. The main objective of this thesis was to examine in more depth the genetic variation and evolution of L. delbrueckii and L. rhamnosus phages. Aspects of interactions and co-evolution of a phage and its host have also been included in this study. In this study, the complete genomic DNA sequences of four Lactobacillus phages were determined and analyzed in detail. Specific phage genes and genetic elements were identified and studied in more depth. The L. delbrueckii phage JCL1032 was found to be a temperate phage which is able to integrate into two distinct genes of L. delbrueckii, but with exceptionally low frequency. The isolated JCL1032-lysogenic bacteria expressed a complex phage resistance against several L. delbrueckii phages. The rarely reported coexistence of phage adsorption resistance and immunity could not be explained by lysogenic conversion. Instead, the spontaneously induced JCL1032 may have provided a selective advantage to adsorption resistant lysogens. The biological activity of two group I introns residing within the terminase large subunit and tape measure genes of the JCL1032 genome (49,433 bp) was demonstrated. The diversification of L. delbrueckii phages is mainly due to insertions, deletions and recombination, as was demonstrated by comparative analyses of the LL-Ku and c5 genomes of 31,080 bp and 31,841 bp, respectively. Interestingly, both phages have possible autonomous transcription units of genes within their genomes. It seemed that evolution of the 36,366-bp genome of the L. casei phage Lc-Nu has been fuelled by deletions as well. The lytic phage Lc-Nu has an imperfect lysogeny module and the phage is genetically closely related to L. casei prophages. This clearly demonstrated that Lc-Nu has a recent temperate origin. This study provides genetic tools, genes, and regulatory elements for biotechnological applications and for developing starter strains with enhanced phage resistance properties. / Tiivistelmä Hapatteina ja probiootteina käytetyt Lactobacillus-maitohappobakteerit (L. ) ovat merkittävässä asemassa meijeriteollisuudessa. Teolliset käymisprosessit ovat alttiita faagi-infektioille, jotka voivat aiheuttaa tuotantolaitoksille huomattavia taloudellisia tappioita. Tämän tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli syventää tietoa L. delbrueckii ja L. rhamnosus -bakteereita infektoivien faagien geneettisestä muuntelusta ja evoluutiosta. Tutkimuksessa käsitellään myös faagin ja isäntäbakteerin välistä vuorovaikutusta sekä yhteisevoluutiota. Tutkimuksessa määritettiin neljän Lactobacillus-faagin genominen DNA-sekvenssi, identifioitiin faagigeenejä ja muita geneettisiä elementtejä sekä tutkittiin niiden toimintaa. L. delbrueckiin JCL1032-faagi osoittautui tutkimuksessa temperaatiksi. JCL1032-genomi voi integroitua kahteen eri geeniin isäntäbakteerin kromosomissa, joskin lysogeniafrekvenssi on hyvin alhainen. Tutkimuksessa eristetyt JCL1032-lysogeeniset bakteerikannat olivat resistenttejä useille Lactobacillus-faageille. Osassa lysogeenisia bakteereita resistenssi ilmeni jo faagin adsorptiovaiheessa. Vastaavanlainen ilmiö on kuvattu vain harvoin aiemmin. Havaittua kompleksista resistenssiä ei voitu selittää lysogeenisella konversiolla. Sen sijaan ilmiön taustalla voi olla JCL1032-profaagien spontaani indusoituminen bakteerin kromosomista, mikä voi antaa valintaetua adsorptioresistenteille lysogeenisille bakteereille. JCL1032-genomissa (49 433 emäsparia) osoitettiin olevan kaksi biologisesti aktiivista intronia terminaasin suurta alayksikköa ja hännän mittaproteiinia koodaavissa geeneissä. LL Ku- ja c5-faagien genomien (31 080 ja 31 841 emäsparia) vertailu osoitti L. delbrueckii -faagien evoluution olevan pääasiassa seurausta insertioista, deleetioista ja rekombinaatiosta. Kummassakin genomissa oli mahdollisesti päällekkäisiä ja itsenäisesti transkriptoituvia geenialueita. Deleetiot ovat muokanneet myös L. casein lyyttisen Lc- Nu-faagin genomia (36 466 emäsparia). Faagin lysogeniamoduuli sisälsi vain osan lysogeeniseen elinkiertoon tarvittavista geeneistä. Lc-Nu on geneettisesti läheistä sukua L. casei -profaageille, mikä myös viittaa siihen, että Lc-Nu on kehittynyt temperaatista faagista. Tutkimustuloksia faagien geeneistä ja säätelyelementeistä voidaan hyödyntää hapatebakteerien faagiresistenssiominaisuuksien kehittämisessä sekä erilaisissa bioteknologisissa sovelluksissa.

The evolution and adaptation of microorganisms is so rapid it can be seen in the time frame of days. The root cause for their evolution comes from selective environmental pressures that see organisms with beneficial mutations survive otherwise deadly encounters or outperform members of its population who fail to adapt. This does not always result in strict improvement of the individual as in the case of antibiotic resistant bacteria who often display fitness tradeoffs to avoid death (see Reviews [1-3]). For example, when an ampicillin resistance gene (ampC) containing plasmid that is occasionally found in the wild was transformed into S. typhimurium the bacteria had slower growth and impaired invasiveness [4]. In another example, capreomycin use with mycobacteria resulted in lower binding of the drug to the ribosome through mutations in rRNA methylase TlyA 16S rRNA, which decreases the overall fitness of the mycobacteria [5]. The evolutionary interactomes between bacteria and antibiotics do not end there, as antibiotic resistant bacteria often accumulate compensatory mechanisms to regain fitness. These range in effect with some altering individual cellular pathways and others having systemic affects [1]. My work has focused on the intersection of diabetes and related antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. Diabetes is one of the leading health issues in the United States, with over 10% of the adult population and over 26% of the elderly diagnosed (American Diabetes Association) [6]. Herein I further characterize the molecular pathways involved in diabetes, through the study of PAS kinase (PASK) function. PAS kinase is a serine-threonine protein kinase which regulates the pathways disrupted in diabetes, namely triglyceride accumulation, metabolic rate (respiration), adiposity and insulin production and sensitivity [7-9]. In this study I specifically focus on the effects of PAS kinase and its substrate, USF1/Cbf1p, and how their altered metabolic deficiencies can be suppressed using yeast cells. Through this study I further characterized the molecular function of USF1/Cbf1p through the identification of putative co-transcriptional regulators, identify novel genes involved in the regulation of respiration, and uncover a function or a previous uncharacterized protein, Pal1p. Part of the diabetes healthcare challenge results from the wide range of diseases that are associated with diabetes, including obesity [10, 11], renal failure [12, 13], neuropathies and neurodegeneration [14, 15], endocrine dysfunctions [16, 17], and cancers [18]. In addition, diabetes is a leading cause of lower limb amputations, due to poor circulation and the prevalence of ulcers [19-21], many of which are antibiotic resistant [22-25]. Phage therapy, based on the administration of bacterial viruses, is a viable option for the treatment of these diseases, with our lab recently isolating bacteriophages for several clinical cases. In the second half of my thesis, I present the study of the adaptation of bacteriophages to their hosts as well as report contributions of local ecology to their evolution.

<p>Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. They are the most abundant organism on the planet and the largest source of untapped genetic information. Every year, more bacteriophages are isolated from the environment, purified, and sequenced. Once sequenced, their genomes are annotated to determine the location and putative function of each gene expressed by the phage. Phages have been used in the past for genetic engineering and new research is being done into how they can be used for the treatment of disease, water safety, agriculture, and food safety. </p> <p>Despite the influx of sequenced bacteriophages, a majority of the genes annotated are hypothetical proteins, also known as No Known Function (NKF) proteins. They are expressed by the phages, but research has not identified a possible function. Wet lab research into the functions of the hundreds of NKF phages genes would be costly and could take years. Bioinformatics methods could be used to determine putative functions and functional categories for these hypothetical proteins. A new bioinformatics method using algorithms such as Domain Assignments, Hidden Markov Models, Structure Prediction, Sub-Cellular Localization, and iterative algorithms is proposed here. This new method was tested on the bacteriophage genome PotatoSplit and dropped the number of NKF genes from 57 to 40. A total of 17 new functions were found. The functional class was identified for an additional six proteins, though no specific functions were named. Structure Prediction and Simulations were tested with a focus on two NKF proteins within lytic phages and both returned possible functional categories with high confidence.</p> <p>Additionally, this research focuses on the possibility of phage therapy and FDA regulation. A database of phage proteins was built and tested using R Statistical Analysis to determine proteins significant to phage infecting <i>M. tuberculosis</i> and to the lytic cycle of phages. The statistical methods were also tested on both pharmaceutical products recalled by the FDA between 2012 and 2018 to determine ingredients/manufacturing steps that could affect product quality and on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data to determine if AERs could be used to judge the quality of a product. Many significant excipients/manufacturing steps were identified and used to score products on their quality. The AERs were evaluated on two case studies with mixed results. </p>

No description available.

Hämagglutinin (HA) des Influenzavirus ist eine mögliche Zielstruktur für antivirale Therapeutika. Aus der Menge experimenteller HA-Inhibitoren stechen die kürzlich beschriebenen Q-beta-Sialoside aufgrund ihrer hohen Affinität und akkuraten, multivalenten Abbildung der Rezeptorbindungsstellengeometrie hervor. Anknüpfend an diese Eigenschaften beschreibt die vorliegende Arbeit die Erweiterung der Q-beta-Sialosidplattform durch neuartige Varianten und Anwendungsgebiete. Verschiedene Strategien für die Entfernung von Lipopolysacchariden aus Kapsidproben wurden untersucht, wobei sich das Verfahren der Cloud Point als am besten geeignet herausstellte. Das gereinigte Material war geeignet für in vivo Versuche. Teilsialylierte Kaspidvarianten wurden auf ihre inhibitorische Aktivität untersucht und im Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit statistischen Berechnungen Hinweise auf einen vorherrschend trivalenten Bindungsmodus zwischen Q-beta-Sialosiden und HA gefunden. Die Arbeit beinhaltet die ersten Beispiele heterobifunktionaler Q-beta-Sialoside, die verschiedene Sialinsäureliganden oder Kombinationen aus Zuckern und Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen aufweisen. Die fluoreszenzmarkierten Kapside wurden in Mukus-Mobilitätsstudien angewendet und ihre Undurchgängigkeit der äußeren Mukusbarriere visualisiert. Mehrere Sialinsäureester wurden als potenzielle ladungsmaskierte Liganden für erhöhte Mukusgängigkeit untersucht. Ein zweiter Schwerpunkt der Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines peptidbasierten HA-Inhibitors. Eine Gruppe von aus HA-bindenden Antikörpern und Lactoferrin abgeleiteten Peptiden wurde mit Hilfe der mikroskaligen Thermophorese auf ihre Affinität zu HA oder Influenza A/X31 (H3N2) getestet. Die vorläufigen Resultate weisen auf eine gute Bindung mehrerer Kandidaten hin. Multivalente Peptid-Polymer-Konjugate wurden auf Basis von linearem Polygylcerol niedrigen Molekulargewichts synthetisiert, jedoch zeigte keines eine Inhibierung der getesteten Influenzastämme. / The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) attracts much attention as a target widely unexploited by licensed therapeutics. From the numerous experimental HA inhibitors, the recently reported Q-beta sialosides stand out through their affinity and accurate, multivalent reflection of the receptor binding site geometry. Building upon these characteristics, this work expands the variety of the Q-beta sialoside platform with novel variants and explores new areas of application. Several strategies were compared to remove lipopolysaccharides from capsid preparations, determining cloud point extraction as the most suitable. The purified material shown to be suitable for in vivo experiments. The inhibitory activities of partially sialylated capsids were compared to statistical models to obtain evidence for the prevalence of trivalent interactions between Q-beta sialosides and HA. Moreover, this work contains the first examples of heterobifunctional Q sialosides, bearing multiple sialic acid (SA) ligands or combinations of sugars and fluorescent dyes. Fluorescently labeled Q-beta sialosides were applied in mucus mobility studies to visualize their entrapment in the outer mucus layer. Several SA esters were examined as potential masked-charge ligands to increase mucus permeation. A second focal point of the thesis was the design of a novel, peptide-based HA inhibitor. A library of peptides derived from HA-binding antibodies and lactoferrin was investigated using microscale thermophoresis for binding to recombinant HA or influenza A/X31 (H3N2) concentrate. Preliminary results indicated good affinity for some candidates. Multivalent polymer-peptide conjugates of several peptides were synthesized by immobilization on low molecular weight linear polyglycerol. However, none of the conjugates was able to inhibit influenza strains A/X31 (H3N2) or A/PR8 (H1N1) in a hemagglutination inhibition test.

No description available.