What do we mean by “seeing”? Although we may see the same object in front of us, we each consciously or unconsciously select what we wish to see, eliminating information we find unnecessary. An artist or poet can see in even a tiny flower, which others barely notice, a wealth of colors or countless words. How then do our own eyes and those of others differ? This thesis aims to explore how the act of seeing shapes one’s life and influences it through a consideration of the works of Kobayashi Hideo 小林秀雄 (1902-1983), a literary critic in modern Japan. In 1949 Kobayashi published a long essay entitled “Watakushi no jinseikan” 私の人生観(My View of Life), originally given as a speech in 1948 when he was forty-six years old. In this work Kobayashi analyzes the word kan 観 (vision) with reference to more than forty historical figures from both the West and the East. The thesis selects for discussion two of these in particular, namely Miyamoto Musashi 宮本武蔵(1584-1645), a Japanese warrior of the early Edo era, and Henri Bergson (1859-1941), a major French philosopher of the twentieth century upon whom Kobayashi places special significance. While the primary focus is on interpreting this speech of Kobayashi’s, the thesis also discusses his earlier and later works in order to show the various transitions his philosophy went through over the course of his long career. The strong belief to which Kobayashi held on throughout his life as a literary critic is that the only way to see the essence of any object is to reject all rational and analytical interpretation and instead to unite one’s self with the objects: this was the ultimate approach that Kobayashi adopted in order to understand the word kan. This thesis finally addresses the question of whether this vision enabled Kobayashi to achieve his potential as a critic and as an individual.

The theoretical oeuvre of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari often looks to In Search of Lost Time as a work that exemplifies or inspires their concepts. These chapters draw on their work regarding Marcel Proust as a conceptual basis for understanding The Search. Even so, their work on Proust is neither an exhaustive study of his novel nor a totalizing application of their philosophy. As a result, this study focuses on the successive loves of The Search as an element of the novel whose analysis is facilitated by the work of Deleuze and Guattari while not being a topic that they dedicate great focus to. By framing these successive loves in terms of their relationship to writing, to time, and to the positioning of the novel's narrator, we can trace novel connections not just in Proust's work, but also in the conceptual frame that Deleuze and Guattari have constructed in order to facilitate these inquiries.

Les difficultés métaphysiques soulevées par le dualisme d'une réalité présentant deux aspects spirituel et matériel, de même que le problème de !'Evolution universelle qui implique l'existence d'une force créatrice et d'une mémoire, trouvent dans la philosophie d'Henri Bergson des solutions qui s'élaborent à partir du concept fondamental de cette philosophie à savoir, l'intuition de la durée. C'est en effet par ce regard métaphysique de la durée que nous sommes en mesure d'établir la modalité des rapports entre l'intuition et l'analyse; entre l'âme et le corps; et enfin entre l'évolution et ses phénomènes dans la nature.

Ce travail porte sur le concept de création chez Bergson appliqué à l'art. Pour comprendre véritablement de quoi il s'agit, on explique l'avènement de ce thème à travers d'abord l'acte libre qui est abordé dès le premier livre de Bergson. L'ensemble de la démarche théorique de Bergson s'appuie sur une conception du temps différente de l'espace, soit un temps vécu, qualitatif que l'on exprime par le concept de durée. C'est la durée qui nous fait repenser l'acte libre en soulignant le danger d'une représentation spatiale d'une décision à venir, comme s'il fallait cristalliser toute décision dans un instant après une délibération précise. L'acte libre prend bien racine dans le passé, mais elle apporte du nouveau, de l'inédit qui nous change et nous transforme. L'individu après l'acte libre n'est plus le même, un nouveau mouvement s'y est intégré : il s'est créé au passage. De l'acte libre on passe à la création comme telle avec l'apport de nouveaux développements chez Bergson, notamment par une précision entre la direction de la matière qu'on associe aux mécanismes et la direction de la vie qui exprime la spontanéité, l'activité et la création. Le terme de direction est bien choisi, car on tente moins de voir deux choses que deux tendances opposées dans la vie, l'une appuyant sur l'endormissement et la sécurité, l'autre appuyant sur l'activité et ultimement. la création. On applique ces développements à l'art en se figurant deux tendances : l'une menant vers un art technique qui se résume à une recette impersonnelle, l'autre menant vers l'art du génie personnel, empreint d'une émotion vivante et créatrice. Finalement, on examine chacun des arts en partant de celui dont le médium est de part en part temporel, la musique, à l'art solide de grande échelle qu'est l'architecture. Les médiums de chaque art ont des caractéristiques qui en orientent la création. La notion de rythme, qui rappelle la durée, est fondamentale en musique, en poésie, au théâtre et à la littérature et même, jusqu'à un certain point dans l'architecture. Certains arts ont en outre la capacité de dire, de développer des idées. Ce n'est point un détail insignifiant, car le message a l'avantage d'être plus accessible, mais on y perd un peu la capacité à répéter, à rythmer en répétant. Dans tous les cas. l'art semble bien être inépuisable tout comme la vie.

La philosophie politique contemporaine est chargée d’une histoire qu’il reste encore à déblayer, tant la « guerre civile européenne » du siècle dernier a forcé son autodafé. Dans ce mémoire, nous prenons Georges Sorel, figure de proue du syndicalisme révolutionnaire des années 1900, comme figure archétypique de ce qui demeure en reste de cette histoire. Archétype non seulement de la manière dont des théoriciens de premier plan peuvent tomber, par la force de l’histoire, dans l’oubli le plus absolu, mais aussi archétype de ces forces mêmes, alors que Sorel est considéré par l’histoire intellectuelle comme le penseur ayant dressé le pont entre l’extrême-gauche et l’extrême-droite. Ce mémoire ne s’affaire pas directement à lui attribuer la « paternité du fascisme » ni à l’en disculper. Il s’agit bien plutôt de procéder à une déconstruction de ses principales idées à partir d’un angle essentiellement philosophique, procédé connaissant peu d’antécédents. Plus précisément, notre travail consiste à en dégager une définition de l’éthique, alors que le geste théorique principal de Sorel apparaît bien être une réduction du politique à l’éthique. Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons la philosophie contemporaine, notamment Gilles Deleuze et Giorgio Agamben, en raison de la forte affinité théorique qu’ils ont avec Sorel, particulièrement dans la définition de l’éthique. / Contemporary political philosophy is fraught with a history still to be discharged, as much as last century’s “European civil war” forced its concealing. In this masters thesis, we seize Georges Sorel, figurehead of the 1900s revolutionary syndicalism, as an archetypical figure of what is “in remaining” of this history. Archetype not only of the way in which popular theorists can be easily forgotten by the force of history, but also archetype of these forces themselves, as Sorel is considered by intellectual history as the thinker having set up the bridge between extreme left and extreme right. This master does not directly intend to attribute to Sorel the “paternity of fascism”, or to exonerate him. It rather develops a deconstruction of its principal ideas from an essentially philosophical standpoint, method virtually unprecedented. More precisely, our work consists to extricate Sorel’s definition of ethics, whereas his major theoretical gesture appears like a reduction of politics to ethics. To do so, we mobilize contemporary philosophy, especially Gilles Deleuze and Giorgio Agamben, because of their strong theoretical affinities with Sorel, particularly in their definition of ethics.

Esta dissertação apresenta a inerência do problema do inconsciente à trajetória intelectual de Gilles Deleuze. Tendo como horizonte Diferença e Repetição, que responderia, entre outros, à tentativa de construir uma noção de inconsciente como um campo imanente correlata à crítica da imagem tradicional do pensamento, mostramos como este projeto já estava em germe em seus estudos monográficos sobre Hume, Bergson, Nietzsche, Proust e Sacher-Masoch. Junto à problematização do inconsciente como um campo ou um plano assubjetivo, Deleuze pensa os processos sintéticos de constituição do sujeito no tempo ou as individuações impessoais a partir da repetição, conceito ontológico maior, através de sínteses operadas pelo hábito, pela memória, pelo eterno retorno e pelo instinto de morte. Primeiramente apresentadas nas monografias de Deleuze, Diferença e Repetição reapresenta estas sínteses do tempo ou do inconsciente, refundando a estética transcendental. Recolocar o problema do inconsciente fornecendo-lhe um estatuto ontológico positivo depende de sua interlocução com as psicanálises freudiana e lacaniana e com as ontologias do negativo das quais eram tributárias. / The following dissertation introduces the \"unconscious\" as an intrinsical matter of Gilles Deleuze\'s intellectual path. Having as a horizon \"Difference and Repetition\", which would answer, among others, the attempt of constructing a notion of the \"unconscious\" as an \"immanent field\", simultaneously with the critic of the traditional image of thought, it is shown how this project was already being developt on his monographic studies about Hume, Bergson, Nietzsche, Proust and Sacher-Masoch. Together with the \"unconscious\" issue as a field, Deleuze thinks both the temporal and the constitutional of the subject, or of the unpersonal individualizations, processes from the repetition, major ontological concept, through the description of syntheses operated by habit, memory, the eternal return and by the death instinct. Firstly introduced on Deleuze\'s monographys, \"Diference and Repetition\" reintroduces these synthesis as of the \"time\" or of the \"unconscious\", refunding a transcendental esthetics. Replace the \"unconscious\" problem giving it a positive ontological status, depends on it\'s dialogue with Freud\'s and Lacan\'s psychoanalysis and with the ontologies of the negative, which they were tributed to.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese CECILIA CINTRA CAVALEIRO DE MACEDO.pdf: 3453078 bytes, checksum: 78597032394466b38ff9fce1d4075060 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Schlomo Ibn Gabirol was a Jewish thinker who lived in Spain under Islamic rule. His work was developed in the fields of metaphysics, ethics and poetics. The philosophical text, written in Arabic and translated to Latin as Fons Vitae, was used by the medieval Christian philosophers who, calling him Avicebron, did not known his origin. His poems, written in Hebrew, were incorporated to the Jewish liturgy. In 1847, Salomon Munk discovered that they were the same man. This has made possible the attempt to identify the sources which had influenced the several facets of the author s work, facilitating the contact with the central core of his ideas. The aim of this work is the reconstruction of the author s identity from the comprehension of his work as the reflex of a mystical quest. For such purpose, we use a methodology developed from Henri Bergson indications, who understands the Intuition as a philosophical method, which would be reached through a Mediating Image / Schlomo Ibn Gabirol foi um pensador judeu que viveu na Espanha sob o domínio islâmico. Sua obra se desenvolveu nos campos da metafísica, ética e poesia. O texto filosófico, escrito em árabe e traduzido ao latim como Fons Vitae, foi utilizado pelos filósofos cristãos medievais que, denominando-o Avicebron, desconheciam sua origem. Sua poesia, escrita em hebraico, foi incorporada à liturgia judaica. Em 1847, Salomon Munk descobriu tratar-se do mesmo homem o que permitiu a tentativa de identificação das diversas fontes que influenciaram as facetas da obra do autor, facilitando um contato maior com o núcleo central de suas idéias. A idéia que inspira este trabalho é a reconstrução da identidade do autor a partir da compreensão de sua obra como reflexo de uma busca mística. Para tal fim, utilizamos uma metodologia desenvolvida a partir das indicações de Henri Bergson, que entende a Intuição como método filosófico, a qual seria alcançada através de uma Imagem Mediadora

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La philosophie politique contemporaine est chargée d’une histoire qu’il reste encore à déblayer, tant la « guerre civile européenne » du siècle dernier a forcé son autodafé. Dans ce mémoire, nous prenons Georges Sorel, figure de proue du syndicalisme révolutionnaire des années 1900, comme figure archétypique de ce qui demeure en reste de cette histoire. Archétype non seulement de la manière dont des théoriciens de premier plan peuvent tomber, par la force de l’histoire, dans l’oubli le plus absolu, mais aussi archétype de ces forces mêmes, alors que Sorel est considéré par l’histoire intellectuelle comme le penseur ayant dressé le pont entre l’extrême-gauche et l’extrême-droite. Ce mémoire ne s’affaire pas directement à lui attribuer la « paternité du fascisme » ni à l’en disculper. Il s’agit bien plutôt de procéder à une déconstruction de ses principales idées à partir d’un angle essentiellement philosophique, procédé connaissant peu d’antécédents. Plus précisément, notre travail consiste à en dégager une définition de l’éthique, alors que le geste théorique principal de Sorel apparaît bien être une réduction du politique à l’éthique. Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons la philosophie contemporaine, notamment Gilles Deleuze et Giorgio Agamben, en raison de la forte affinité théorique qu’ils ont avec Sorel, particulièrement dans la définition de l’éthique. / Contemporary political philosophy is fraught with a history still to be discharged, as much as last century’s “European civil war” forced its concealing. In this masters thesis, we seize Georges Sorel, figurehead of the 1900s revolutionary syndicalism, as an archetypical figure of what is “in remaining” of this history. Archetype not only of the way in which popular theorists can be easily forgotten by the force of history, but also archetype of these forces themselves, as Sorel is considered by intellectual history as the thinker having set up the bridge between extreme left and extreme right. This master does not directly intend to attribute to Sorel the “paternity of fascism”, or to exonerate him. It rather develops a deconstruction of its principal ideas from an essentially philosophical standpoint, method virtually unprecedented. More precisely, our work consists to extricate Sorel’s definition of ethics, whereas his major theoretical gesture appears like a reduction of politics to ethics. To do so, we mobilize contemporary philosophy, especially Gilles Deleuze and Giorgio Agamben, because of their strong theoretical affinities with Sorel, particularly in their definition of ethics.

Esta dissertação apresenta a inerência do problema do inconsciente à trajetória intelectual de Gilles Deleuze. Tendo como horizonte Diferença e Repetição, que responderia, entre outros, à tentativa de construir uma noção de inconsciente como um campo imanente correlata à crítica da imagem tradicional do pensamento, mostramos como este projeto já estava em germe em seus estudos monográficos sobre Hume, Bergson, Nietzsche, Proust e Sacher-Masoch. Junto à problematização do inconsciente como um campo ou um plano assubjetivo, Deleuze pensa os processos sintéticos de constituição do sujeito no tempo ou as individuações impessoais a partir da repetição, conceito ontológico maior, através de sínteses operadas pelo hábito, pela memória, pelo eterno retorno e pelo instinto de morte. Primeiramente apresentadas nas monografias de Deleuze, Diferença e Repetição reapresenta estas sínteses do tempo ou do inconsciente, refundando a estética transcendental. Recolocar o problema do inconsciente fornecendo-lhe um estatuto ontológico positivo depende de sua interlocução com as psicanálises freudiana e lacaniana e com as ontologias do negativo das quais eram tributárias. / The following dissertation introduces the \"unconscious\" as an intrinsical matter of Gilles Deleuze\'s intellectual path. Having as a horizon \"Difference and Repetition\", which would answer, among others, the attempt of constructing a notion of the \"unconscious\" as an \"immanent field\", simultaneously with the critic of the traditional image of thought, it is shown how this project was already being developt on his monographic studies about Hume, Bergson, Nietzsche, Proust and Sacher-Masoch. Together with the \"unconscious\" issue as a field, Deleuze thinks both the temporal and the constitutional of the subject, or of the unpersonal individualizations, processes from the repetition, major ontological concept, through the description of syntheses operated by habit, memory, the eternal return and by the death instinct. Firstly introduced on Deleuze\'s monographys, \"Diference and Repetition\" reintroduces these synthesis as of the \"time\" or of the \"unconscious\", refunding a transcendental esthetics. Replace the \"unconscious\" problem giving it a positive ontological status, depends on it\'s dialogue with Freud\'s and Lacan\'s psychoanalysis and with the ontologies of the negative, which they were tributed to.