Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Melo da Silva.pdf: 1545743 bytes, checksum: 86d4d0f058a89e2ad2652a42b87d02f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / The objective of this thesis was to analyze the consumer protection instruments in face of the enterprise financial crisis, in special, the bankruptcy of the supplier entrepreneur, once there is a lack, for the consumers in general, of the legal instruments to regulate the effects their rights suffer from the insolvency declaration, relegating in many cases, a universality of creditors/consumers, that in such context are put as the majority of the passive mass of some debtors, in a situation that lacks the specific and proper regulation. Said thesis is constituted by the analytical research, with a bibliographical character, based on the analysis of the law, from the doctrine and the precedents, in a way to comprehend the legal regulations object of this study, in order to achieve the goals here presented. Throughout the development it was seen that the regulations regarding the consumer rights, as those concerning the bankruptcy law, from a broad perspective, in which one and the other normative system, have, from a common context, to regulate distinctive aspects of the economic relations. Factual circumstances, like the insolvency of the supplier entrepreneur, may extinct the junction of both regulations. From this normative intersection the non-commercial nature of the consumer credit, originated by his subordinate condition if compared with the supplier, expression, thus, of his vulnerability in the law plan, specially the bankruptcy law, situation not recognized by the juridical order, regarding the peculiar dealings given to insolvency matters. These matters were also analyzed under the perspective of the informative constitutional principle of the economic order, that imposes the defense of the consumers before the suppliers of goods and services in the market as one of its paradigms, considering also the specifics and ruling principles of the bankruptcy law in a way to believe that the lack of protection of the consumer credit along with the bankruptcy of the supplier entrepreneur means the transference of the risks of the company to the consumer, denying the protective logic given by the Code of Defense of the Consumers (CDC). It was found in the foreign law, as in the home law, topical rules regarding the defense of the consumers before the entrepreneur crisis, highlighting those foreseen in the specific bankruptcy procedural, as well as those from the art. 119, IX and from the art. 82, of the law 11.101/2005, and even the very CDC, when dealing, in its art. 28, the disregard of the legal entity due to bankruptcy caused by poor administration. At the end it is possible to observe that in order to provide the consumer a proper protection in bankruptcy, needing the Law 11.101/2005 some modifications, to bring the referred protection as it is already done with the workers, another creditor in bankruptcy, in similar conditions with the consumer, once there is no point in talking about the protection of the consumers if such a thing is not present in the bankruptcy procedures / O objetivo desta tese foi analisar os instrumentos de defesa do consumidor diante da situação de crise econômico-financeira da empresa, em especial na falência do empresário fornecedor, eis que aos consumidores em geral faltam instrumentos jurídicos a disciplinar os efeitos da declaração de insolvência sobre os seus direitos, relegando em muitos casos, uma universalidade de credores/consumidores, que nessas hipóteses se colocam como a maioria da massa passiva de alguns devedores, numa situação de ausência de tutela específica e diferenciada. Referida tese constitui-se de pesquisa analítica, de caráter bibliográfico, consistente da análise da lei, da doutrina e da jurisprudência, de modo a interpretar as normas jurídicas objeto do estudo, para o almejo dos fins aqui colimados. Ao longo do desenvolvimento viu-se que as normas tutelares incidentes sobre a relação de consumo, assim como as normas de Direito Concursal, dentro de uma perspectiva mais ampla, sob a qual um e outro sistema normativo tem na verdade um substrato comum, qual seja, a de regularem diferentes aspectos das relações econômicas. Circunstâncias de fato, no caso a insolvência do fornecedor empresário, podem exigir o entrelaçamento de suas normas. Desta intersecção normativa inferiu-se da natureza não negocial do crédito do consumidor, fruto da sua condição de subordinação em relação ao fornecedor, expressão, pois de sua vulnerabilidade no plano do direito, em especial do direito concursal, situação esta não reconhecida pela ordem jurídica, no trato peculiar que dá às questões decorrentes da insolvência. Analisou-se também a questão sob a ótica do princípio informativo constitucional da ordem econômica, que impõe a defesa do consumidor face aos fornecedores de produtos e serviços em geral no mercado como um de seus paradigmas, cortejando-o com os princípios específicos regentes no direito concursal de modo a crer que a ausência de proteção ao crédito do consumidor junto à falência do empresário fornecedor significa transferência dos riscos da empresa ao consumidor, negando a lógica protetiva concebida no CDC. Constatou-se no direito estrangeiro, assim como no direito pátrio regras tópicas de tutela do consumidor face a crise do empresário, com destaque para aquelas previstas nos procedimentos concursais especiais, bem como na falência v.g. aquelas do art. 119, IX e no art. 82 da Lei 11.101/2005, bem como do próprio CDC, ao tratar no art. 28 do seu texto a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica por falência decorrente de má administração. Ao final é possível observar que a par das normas protetivas acima mencionadas, inexiste uma proteção sistêmica do consumidor em geral na falência, carecendo a Lei 11.101/2005 ser alterada para albergar referida tutela a exemplo do que faz com o trabalhador, credor na falência, em condições semelhantes às do consumidor, eis que não há que se falar em facilitação da defesa do consumidor se esta não estiver presente também nos processos concursais

Difficulties of enterprises constitute negative phenomenon in society. They occur so often that both French and Czech legislator decided to regulate them by adoption of relevant legal provisions that offer particular ways of solution of debtor's bankruptcy. Bankruptcy law, term generally denoting this legal area, passed through "rich" historical development, what reflects in its legal, economic and social framework. Thesis is divided into four parts. The first one briefly defines difficulties of enterprises. The second one deals with different ways of solution of debtor's bankruptcy in French law, introduces principal changes that were made by the latest amendments from the area of bankruptcy law and by means of attached statistics illustrates number of bankruptcies and ways of their "treatment" in France. The third part deals with Czech insolvency law and underlines changes introduced by the new law of bankruptcy and ways of its solution that entirely replaced previous "law about bankruptcy and settlement". The last part summarizes findings of my thesis, proposes eventual ways of mutual inspiration derived from French or Czech bankruptcy law, deals with reflections de lege ferenda and outlines some terminological problems.

El dret concursal és la resposta legal a una realitat financera que prové de l'economia del mercat. Els negocis poden fracassar. Quan les empreses i les persones fallen a l'hora de complir amb les seves obligacions de deute i els seus actius no són suficients per cobrir els crèdits, esdevenen insolvents i fan fallida. Per tal de regular les demandes dels creditors i resoldre el dilema dels creditors com a grup, la Llei concursal es converteix en un mètode ordenat per maximitzar els actius del deutor i protegir uns grups d'interès determinats. Aquesta dissertació vol contribuir a conèixer el problema concursal. Així mateix, té l'objectiu d'identificar factors clau per mesurar l'eficiència per mitjà dels costos de transacció utilitzant-ne de directes i d'indirectes, d'ex ante i d'ex post, com també els costos d'informació, de coordinació i d'execució, i després comparar-los amb un altre sistema, en aquest cas el règim colombià, i crear una metodologia per mesurar l'eficiència.La dissertació també tracta la racionalitat. La racionalitat concursal és maximitzar el valor dels actius del deutor per tal de pagar els seus deutes. També implica mantenir en el mercat companyies viables, tenint en compte en aquest cas que el valor de l'empresa insolvent com a unitat operativa és més elevat que com a liquidada, i retirar del mercat aquells negocis que no es poden mantenir com a empreses en funcionament.L'objectiu principal de qualsevol sistema concursal és protegir el crèdit i proporcionar un fòrum per als creditors perquè coordinin accions i, d'aquesta manera, redueixin els costos de transacció. La racionalitat bàsica del sistema és que aquests acords beneficien tots els creditors i es respecten les preferències donades per llei per a uns determinats tipus de creditors.Un sistema concursal eficient evitarà l'error del tipus 1 i l'error del tipus 2, és a dir, mantenir empreses inviables o liquidar empreses viables.La dissertació tracta de l'eficiència i la racionalitat a través de mitjans empírics. S'ha fet una revisió àmplia de la bibliografia en àrees com ara el reflotament empresarial, els costos de transacció, la racionalitat limitada, la teoria de jocs i la Llei concursal, per tal de seleccionar-ne variables i formular-ne hipòtesis. La recerca inclou 15 anys d'història peruana (1992-2007) sota quatre règims concursals diferents, i utilitza metodologia qualitativa i quantitativa.En l'etapa qualitativa, es van entrevistar setanta experts. Són jugadors clau en l'àmbit acadèmic Indecopi, bancs, companyies administradores, interventors. Les entrevistes van generar vuit categories útils per comprendre per què els diferents grups d'interès es comporten tal com ho fan.Es va tenir cura a l'hora de seleccionar codis clau per tal de provar-los posteriorment en l'etapa quantitativa.Les entrevistes semiestructurades als experts proporcionen un marc conceptual per comprendre la conducta que correspon a indústries regulades com ara la banca. Per tal de provar les hipòtesis, es van estudiar 359 empreses. L'estudi inclou una extensa documentació retrospectiva en els arxius centrals d'Indecopi. La mostra es va incrementar a 3.386 empreses a efectes de la mineria de dades.Les dades de les empreses es va extreure dels expedients oficials que es guarden a Indecopi. Es va emprar SPSS per provar les hipòtesis i Clementine per a la mineria de dades. Totes les companyies es van classificar per sector econòmic, és a dir, indústries extractives o primàries (mineria, pesca, agricultura, gas i petroli), indústries secundàries/manufactureres (tèxtils, fabricants d'automòbils, acereries), comerç (botigues per departament, venda de vehicles, mercats, supermercats) i serveis (transport, serveis públics). Els resultats mostren que el sistema concursal peruà és ineficient, irracional, impredictible i inconsistent. També mostra que no hi ha una correlació positiva entre el sistema concursal i el cost del crèdit. El sistema està dissenyat per incentivar el comportament estratègic dels creditors privilegiats.L'estudi mostra que la decisió final de liquidar o salvar una empresa depèn del sector econòmic i no de la viabilitat de l'empresa, més en línia amb els interessos dels creditors específics.L'etapa final de l'estudi proporciona unes premisses empresarials útils per als propietaris i els gerents de les petites i les mitjanes empreses respecte dels seus creditors. L'estudi limita la racionalitat al marc del dret econòmic que es va utilitzar per privatitzar el procés concursal al Perú, limitant l'acció i l'abast d'Indecopi.L'estudi subratlla la necessitat de coordinar les diferents regulacions legals que afecten els grups d'interès, principalment els bancs, que actuen més en resposta als accionistes i als dipositants. Si tenim en compte que tots els comportaments són el resultat d'una anàlisi cost-benefici, la manca d'un superprivilegi per al deute postconcursal, el craw down i altres mesures de reconstitució de capital de treball implicaran més liquidacions. Es proposen un conjunt de normes legislatives amb una anàlisi cost-benefici, entre les quals hi ha la reducció del percentatge del quòrum per reestructurar la firma i modificar l'ordre de prelació, derogar la liquidació automàtica per situació de balanç, crear la figura jurídica del promotor i permetre la difusió del procediment mitjançant una pàgina web. Pel que fa als procediments:Atorgar competències i facultats a les sales superiors comercials en els procediments concursals.Quant a la Superintendència de la Banca i les Assegurances, rebaixar el nivell de provisió bancària quan els crèdits reestructurats es considerin en la categoria normal. Proposar canvis en el reglament de valors d'empreses en concurs, privilegiant la negociabilitat lliure d'aquests crèdits, amb la finalitat de donar suport a les empreses viables i crear un fons de reactivació econòmica per incentivar el refinançament.Aquest estudi és útil per formular polítiques governamentals i també per a les polítiques d'empreses amb dificultats.L'ús indirecte de les mesures de recuperació i el gran nombre d'empreses amb dades incompletes són les limitacions d'aquest estudi. Les línies futures de recerca han d'abastar estudis comparatius en altres latituds sud-americanes utilitzant sistemes judicials i administratius, i després comparar països desenvolupats i no desenvolupats fent servir les mateixes variables i els mètodes per provar la metodologia. / El derecho concursal es la respuesta legal a una realidad financiera que proviene de la economía del mercado. Los negocios pueden fracasar. Cuando las compañías y personas fallan en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones de deuda y sus activos no son suficientes para cubrir sus créditos caen en insolvencia y quiebran. Para regular las demandas de los acreedores y resolver el dilema de los acreedores como grupo la Ley concursal se convierte en un método ordenado para maximizar los activos del deudor y proteger a determinados grupos de interés. El propósito de esta disertación ha sido la de contribuir al conocimiento del problema concursal. Su objetivo es identificar factores claves para medir la eficiencia a través de los costos de transacción utilizando directos e indirectos, ex ante y ex post, a si como los costos de información, coordinación y ejecución y luego comparar estos contra otro sistema en este caso el Régimen colombiano, creando una metodología para medir la eficiencia.La disertación también cubre racionalidad. La racionalidad concursal es maximizar el valor de los activos del deudor a fin de pagar sus deudas. Es también mantener en el mercado compañías viables considerando en este caso que el valor de la empresa insolvente como una unidad operativa vale más que liquidada y retirar del mercado aquellos negocios que no pueden mantenerse como empresas en marcha. El principal propósito de cualquier sistema concursal es proteger el crédito y proveer un foro para los acreedores a fin que coordinen acciones y de este modo reduzcan costos de transacción. La racionalidad básica del sistema es que estos acuerdos benefician a todos los acreedores y se respeten las preferencias dadas por ley para ciertas clases de acreedores. Un sistema concursal eficiente evitará el error tipo 1 y el error tipo 2, es decir, mantener empresas inviables o liquidar empresas viables.La disertación trata sobre la eficiencia y racionalidad a través de medios empíricos. Una revisión extensa de la literatura se llevo a cabo en áreas como reflotamiento empresarial, costos de transacción, racionalidad limitada, teoría de juegos y Ley concursal a fin de seleccionar variables y formular hipótesis.La investigación cubre 15 años (1992-2007) de historia peruana bajo cuatro diferentes regímenes concursales, utilizando metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa.En la etapa cualitativa se entrevisto a 70 expertos. Ellos son jugadores claves en el mundo académico Indecopi, bancos, compañías administradoras, interventores, las entrevistas generaron ocho categorías útiles para comprender porque los diferentes grupos de interés se comportan como lo hacen. Se tuvo cuidado en seleccionar códigos claves para luego probar estos en la etapa cuantitativa.Las entrevistas semiestructuradas a los expertos proveen un marco conceptual para comprender la conducta que corresponde a industrias reguladas como la banca. A fin de probar las hipótesis se estudiaron 359 compañías. El estudio cubre una extensa documentación retrospectiva en los archivos centrales del Indecopi. La muestra fue incrementada a 3 386 empresas para efectos de la minería datos. La data de las empresas se tomo de los expedientes oficiales que se guardan en Indecopi. SPSS se utilizo para probar las hipótesis y CLEMENTINE para minería de datos. Todas las compañías fueron clasificadas por sector económico es decir, industrias extractivas o primarias (minería, pesquería, agricultura, gas y petróleo) industrias secundarias - manufactureras (textileras, fabricantes de autos, acerías) comercio (tiendas por departamento, venta de carros, mercados, supermercados) servicios (transporte, servicios públicos) los resultados muestran que el sistema concursal peruano es ineficiente, irracional, impredecible e inconsistente. También muestra que no existe correlación positiva entre el sistema concursal y el costo del crédito. El sistema esta diseñado para incentivar el comportamiento estratégico de acreedores privilegiados.El estudio muestra que la decisión final de liquidar o salvar una compañía depende del sector económico y no de la viabilidad de la empresa, más en línea con los intereses de acreedores específicos.La etapa final del estudio proporciona premisas empresariales útiles para los dueños y gerentes de pequeñas y medianas empresas frente a sus acreedores. El estudio trae la racionalidad limitada al marco del derecho económico que fue utilizado para privatizar el proceso concursal en el Perú limitando la acción y alcance de Indecopi.El estudio remarca la necesidad de coordinar las diferentes regulaciones legales que afectan a los grupos de interés principalmente bancos quienes actúan más en respuesta a sus accionistas y depositantes. Considerando que todo comportamiento es el resultado de un análisis costo beneficio la falta de superprivilegio para la deuda post concursal, craw down y otras medidas de reconstitución de capital de trabajo llevaran a mayores liquidaciones. Se propone un conjunto de normas legislativas con un análisis costo beneficio, entre estas reducir el porcentaje del quórum para reestructurar la firma y la modificación del orden de prelación, derogar la liquidación automática por situación de balance, crear la figura jurídica del Promotor y permitir la difusión del procedimiento vía página web.A nivel de procedimientos:Otorgar competencias y facultades a las Salas Superiores en lo Comercial en los procedimientos concursales. En lo que respecta a la Superintendencia de Banca y Seguros rebajar el nivel de provisión bancaria al considerar los créditos reestructurados en la categoría normal.Proponer cambios en el reglamento de Valores de Empresas en Concurso privilegiando la libre negociabilidad de estos créditos y con la finalidad de apoyar a empresas viables crear un Fondo de Reactivación Económica para incentivar la refinanciación.El presente estudio es útil para la formulación de políticas gubernamentales así como para las políticas de empresas en dificultades.Limitaciones de este estudio son el uso indirecto de las medidas de recuperación así como el gran número de compañías con data incompleta. Futuras líneas de investigación deben abarcar estudios comparativos en otras latitudes sudamericanas utilizando sistemas judiciales y administrativos y luego comparar países desarrollados y no desarrollados utilizando las mismas variables y métodos para probar la metodología. / Bankruptcy law is the legal response to a financial reality which arises from the market economy. Business can fail. When companies and persons fail to comply with their debt obligations and assets are not enough to cover credits they go under in insolvency. To regulate creditor's demands and solve creditor's pool dilemma bankruptcy law becomes an orderly method to maximize debtor assets and protect qualified stakeholders. The purpose of this dissertation has been to make a contribution to the knowledge of the bankruptcy problem. Its aim is to identify key factors to measure efficiency through transactional cost using direct and indirect ones, ex ante and ex post as well as information, coordination and execution ones and then compare those against another system, in this case the Colombian one, creating a methodology to measure efficiency.The dissertation also covers rationality. Bankruptcy rationality is to maximize the debtor asset value in order to pay his debts. It is also to maintain in the market viable companies considering in this case that the value of the insolvent company as an operating unit is worth more than liquidated and also to take out of the market those businesses which are not on going concerns.The main purpose of any bankruptcy system is to protect credit and provide a forum for creditors to coordinate actions and in doing so reduce transactional costs. The basic rationality of the system is that these agreements with benefits all creditors and respect preferences given by law to certain creditors classes.An efficient bankruptcy system will avoid error type one and error type two, namely, maintain unviable companies or liquidate viable companies.The dissertation addresses efficiency and rationality by empirical means. An extensive review of the literature was carried out in subjects as turnaround, transactional cost, bankruptcy legislation, bounded rationality, game theory and bankruptcy law in order to select variables and to formulate hypothesis.The research covers fifteen years (1992-2007) of Peruvian history under four different legal bankruptcy regimes, using qualitative and quantitative methodology.In the qualitative stage seventy experts were interviewed. They are key players in academics, Indecopi, banks; administrative companies, Trustees, interviews provided eight categories all useful to understand why different stake holders behave as they do.Great care was taken to select key codes to later test in quantitative stage. Semi structured interviews to experts provide a framework to understand behavior which respond to regulate industries as banking. In order to test hypothesis 359 companies were studied. The study covers an extensive retrospective documentary research in Indecopi Central Archives. The sample was increased to 3386 companies for data mining purposes.Data from companies was taken from official files kept in Indecopi. SPSS was used to test hypothesis and Clementine for data mining. All companies were classified by economic sector, namely, Primary or Extractive Industries (Mining, fishing, agriculture, oil and gas) Secondary Industries -manufacturing (textiles, car making, steel mills), Commerce (Department stores, car dealers, super markets), Services (transport, utilities).Results show that the Peruvian bankruptcy system is inefficient, irrational, unpredictable and inconsistent. It also shows no positive correlation between the bankruptcy system and credit cost. The system as designed encourage strategy behavior of privilege creditors. The study shows that final decision to liquidate or save a company depend on the economic sector and not the viability of the company, more in line with the interest of specific creditors. The final stage of the study provides useful business premises to owners and managers of small and medium size companies before creditors. The study brings bounded rationality into law and economic framework which was used to privatize the bankruptcy process in Peru limiting Indecopi actions and scope.The study point out the need to coordinate different legal regulations affecting stakeholders, mainly banks which act more in response to shareholders and savers. Considering that all behavior is the result of cost and benefit analysis lack of super privilege for post bankruptcy debt, cram down and others measures to reinstate working capital will lead to increase liquidations.The study presents a group legislative proposals based on the empirical findings of the present research, proposals which are formulated with a cost - benefit analysis.Among others the reduction of the voting percentage needed to restructuring a company.The change of the preference order of certain credits, the abrogation of the automatic business liquidation in regard of balance sheet situation.The creation of the promoter figure and the diffusion of the procedure through web pages.With regard to competences award the Commercial Superior Courts the power to act in bankruptcy procedures. With regard to the SBS to reduce banking provisions considering restructured credits as normal ones.The study also proposes changes in the regulation of bankruptcy company credits, giving priority to free negotiability of these credits.Also the creation of a reactivation fund to support viable companies and to promote refinancing.The present study is usefully for government policies formulation as well as business policy for companies in distress.Limitations of this study are the indirect measure of recovering as well as the large number of companies with incomplete data. Future research should cover comparative studies in other South American latitudes using administrative and Court systems, and then compare under develop and develop countries using same variables and methods in order to test methodology.

The purpose of this thesis is the analysis of the anticipated agreement proposal, in its substantive and procedural aspects, through its consistency with the purposes assigned. It is an institution without precedents in the Spanish Bankruptcy Law, which has unique characteristics that distinguish it from the ordinary agreement proposal and that serve to achieve specific purposes, designed to configure a less costly and time-consuming procedure and ultimately contribute to maximize the satisfaction of the creditors of the debtor with financial difficulties. The originality of the anticipated agreement proposal lies in its processing, in which activities that traditionally take place during the bankruptcy procedure, such as negotiations between the debtor and its creditors, held outside of it, achieving this way less judicial intervention until the confirmation of the agreement by the court and therefore achieving a less expensive procedure. / L’objecte d’aquesta tesi doctoral és l’anàlisi del règim jurídic de la proposta anticipada de conveni, en la seva vessant substantiva i processal, a través de la consistència d’aquest règim amb les finalitats que el legislador li atribueix. Es tracta d’un instrument sense precedents en el Dret concursal anterior a la reforma operada per la Llei 22/2003, de 9 de juliol, Concursal, que presenta unes característiques pròpies que la distingeixen de la proposta ordinària i que serveixen per aconseguir una sèrie de finalitats específiques, tendents a configurar un procediment concursal poc costós i àgil i en última instància a contribuir a maximitzar la satisfacció dels creditors del deutor insolvent. L’originalitat de la proposta anticipada de conveni radica en una tramitació en què actuacions que tradicionalment tenen lloc durant el concurs es celebren fora del mateix, assolint-se d’aquesta manera un concurs més desjudicialitzat i en conseqüència menys costós.

La tesi ha ad oggetto lo studio dei rapporti tra il trust e il nucleo di principi inderogabili in materia di crisi dell’impresa esercitata in forma societaria e delle sue soluzioni “negoziali” (: piani attestati, accordi di ristrutturazione, concordato preventivo) tanto in termini di compatibilità sistematico-astratta, quanto con riguardo alle funzioni concrete che detto istituto può svolgere in tali contesti. Il primo capitolo analizza le problematiche connesse alla fattispecie, diffusa nella prassi, del c.d. trust liquidatorio “extra-concorsuale”, anche alla luce delle regole che, in common law, disciplinano le interferenze tra «trust» e «insolvenza», sia del settlor sia del trustee, giungendo a negarne la legittimità. Il capitolo secondo prosegue con l’analisi comparatistica degli ulteriori istituti e contesti, propri del diritto statunitense e inglese, nei quali il trust viene utilizzato, a vari scopi, nell’ambito delle soluzioni non fallimentari della crisi d’impresa. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato all’esame delle fattispecie – diverse da quelle considerate nel capitolo primo – di trust nell’ambito delle tecniche di regolazione della crisi d’impresa, alternative al fallimento, nell’ordinamento italiano (: piani attestati, accordi di ristrutturazione e concordato preventivo): da una parte, sulla scorta degli esiti dell’analisi, svolta nel capitolo secondo, quanto agli utilizzi del trust nella crisi d’impresa societaria tipici dei sistemi statunitense e inglese; dall’altra, tenendo ferme le risultanze, emerse nel capitolo primo, in ordine al rapporto tra fenomeno fiduciario anglosassone e diritto fallimentare. / My dissertation deals with the compatibility of the «trust» – as a “foreign” institution – with the basic principles of corporate debt restructuring and/or reorganization in Italian bankruptcy law. More specifically, it draws extensively on the evidences from the common law experiences, with regard both to the general relationship between trusts and bankruptcy law [i.e. the treatment of the trust (rectius: the rights of the parties involved as well as their creditors) in the subsequent bankruptcy respectively of the trustee or the settlor] and to how and to which purposes are trusts used specifically in the corporate distress framework. The first chapter analyzes and criticizes a line of Italian cases dealing with the use of the trust as a form of private regulation of the corporate crisis. The second chapter further explores the functions played by trusts in the corporate bankruptcy – and their limits – in North-American and English law. The third chapter draws the consequences for Italian regulation on corporate restructuring, developing a new model on the use of trusts within said scope.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66060100160.pdf: 264806 bytes, checksum: 46a9836f17569699b2c28fa360834deb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26T00:00:00Z / The purpose of this work is to study, in the context of an agenda for microeconomic changes, what are the influences that a law, in special the Bankruptcy Law, can have in an economy. Since Brazil had undergone many macroeconomic changes in the 90’s, but that were not yet visible as changes in social equality in the country, there appeared what was called the “lost agenda”. Included in this agenda for microeconomic changes was the introduction of a new bankruptcy law that allowed creditors to recover the capital that they had lent, in case of insolvency or Judicial Recuperation. We try to asses here if this new law was capable or not of causing changes in Brazilian bank spread, due to a possible risk reduction. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar, dentro da agenda de reformas microeconômicas, quais as influências que uma lei, especialmente a lei de falências, pode gerar na economia. Uma vez que o Brasil havia atravessado diversas reformas macroeconômicas nos anos 90, mas que ainda não eram visíveis enquanto mudanças na igualdade social do país, estabeleceu-se o que foi chamado de "agenda perdida". Dentro dessa agenda, de reformas microeconômicas, estava a introdução de uma nova lei de falências, que permitisse aos credores terem acesso ao seu capital emprestado no caso de insolvência ou recuperação de uma empresa. Tentamos aqui avaliar se essa nova lei foi ou não capaz de causar mudanças no spread bancário brasileiro, dada uma possível redução no risco.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Roberta Cardim Geyer.pdf.jpg: 50109 bytes, checksum: 17360d1565984b98377af09e99259b17 (MD5) Roberta Cardim Geyer.pdf.txt: 39031 bytes, checksum: 1c5647e853c916a21de4977887b19b5d (MD5) Roberta Cardim Geyer.pdf: 121342 bytes, checksum: 4713b946e4198241bc90a44fcd409ff0 (MD5) license.txt: 4886 bytes, checksum: 94d66dc6376195a94715754a4815db07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-09T00:00:00Z / The main aim of this paper is to examine which factors are determinants of the mortgage debt system depth. Using data on legal creditor rights, credit information systems, constraints on executive and macroeconomic stability in 93 countries from 1996 to 2007, I found that countries with strong legal rights for borrowers and lenders, deeper credit information systems and more stable macroeconomic environment have deeper mortgage debt system. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores que determinam o desenvolvimento do crédito imobiliário nos países. Com dados de crédito imobiliário de 93 países de 1996 a 2007, estudo em que medida um ambiente macroeconômico estável, fortes direitos legais (através de leis de falência), sistemas de informação de crédito mais profundos e restrições ao poder do executivo influenciam a expansão do crédito imobiliário. Analisando países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, controlando pelo tamanho do país, concluí que países com baixa volatilidade da inflação e do crescimento do PIB, com leis de qualidade e alta restrição ao poder executivo têm crédito habitacional mais desenvolvido.

Cette thèse est une contribution à la littérature sur les défaillances d’entreprises et celle sur les groupes d’entreprises. Basée sur un échantillon d’entreprises françaises entrées en procédure collective sur la période entre 2006 et 2012, elle propose de repenser la défaillance à la lumière de deux faits. Le premier concerne la spécificité du cadre légal français du traitement de la défaillance qui, malgré son orientation pro-débiteur, n’empêche pas la liquidation d’une part suffisamment élevée des entreprises sollicitant l’ouverture d’une procédure collective annuellement. Le second concerne la place croissante des groupes au sein du tissu productif et la conciliation du processus de filialisation avec le principe d’indépendance de l’entité. A travers une approche pluridisciplinaire alliant le droit à l’économie, cette thèse propose d’étudier la défaillance comme un processus qui débute avec l’entrée de l’entreprise en procédure collective et s’achève avec la disparition des difficultés de l’entreprise ou la sortie de l’entreprise du marché. Quatre chapitres tentent de répondre à cet objectif. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence l’impact significatif de l’appartenance à un groupe et celui des caractéristiques des groupes sur les deux premières étapes du processus de défaillance ; à savoir l’entrée en procédure collective et la tentative de redressement relativement à une liquidation immédiate. Ces résultats suggèrent que les groupes d’entreprises seraient impliqués dans la survie de leurs filiales aussi longtemps que ces dernières sont encore viables. En ce sens qu’une entreprise défaillante appartenant à un groupe ne possède pas d’avantage par rapport à une entreprise indépendante, en termes de potentiel de survie après l’entrée en procédure collective. / This thesis is a contribution to both the literature on corporate bankruptcy and the literature on the internal capital markets and business groups. Using data relative to a sample of bankrupt firms over the period from 2006 to 2012, it proposes to rethink bankruptcy in light of two facts. The first one relates to the specificity of the French legal bankruptcy system which, despite its clear pro-debtor orientation, fails to save a high proportion of bankrupt firms annually. The second concerns the growing number of firms affiliated to business groups within the French productive system and the conciliation between group affiliation and the limited liability principle within business groups’ members. Through a multidisciplinary approach combining law and economics, this thesis proposes to analyze bankruptcy as a process which starts with the opening of a bankruptcy procedure and ends with the end of firm difficulties or the end of bankruptcy procedure when firm recovery becomes clearly impossible. Four chapters serve this objective.The main insights gained from the results emerging from all four chapters are consistent with a strong influence of group affiliation and group characteristics, limited to the first two steps of the bankruptcy process; namely the risk of filing for bankruptcy and the chance to benefit from a reorganization attempt relatively to liquidation. This suggests that business groups are involved in the financial support of their affiliates as long as the latter are financially sound and economically viable. Once an affiliated firm is subject to a bankruptcy procedure, its affiliation to a business groups is no longer an advantage over stand-alone firms.

Que faut-il entendre par influence ? Faute d'une définition juridique, il peut être recouru aux dictionnaires non juridiques. D'après ceux-ci, le terme d'influence signifie l'action, généralement graduelle et continue, qu'exerce une personne, une chose, ou une situation sur une autre. Ce phénomène est l'objet de l'étude. Il est examiné, de manière délimitée, dans les rapports du droit des procédures collectives et du droit des contrats. Le sujet abordé est précisément celui de l'influence du droit des procédures collectives sur le droit des contrats. L'influence du droit des procédures collectives sur le droit des contrats s'exerce selon plusieurs modes. Suivant un mode concret, le droit des procédures collectives exerce une action généralement lente et continue sur le droit des contrats, produisant des modifications. En d'autres termes, le droit des contrats porte pour une part sur les règles, les concepts, les notions du droit des procédures collectives qu'il accueille. Sur un autre mode, celui abstrait, le droit des procédures collectives exerce une action généralement graduelle et imperceptible sur le droit des contrats, suscitant en celui-ci des mutations. L'on est en présence des changements, des mutations qui, dans le droit contractuel, sont dus au droit des procédures collectives. A ces deux modes d'influence du droit des procédures collectives sur le droit des contrats, il y a lieu d'adjoindre un troisième mode, le mode éventuel. A cet égard, sont explorés les règles, les concepts, les procédés, les raisonnements qui sont à l'état brut dans le droit des procédures collectives et qui pourraient être transposés, adaptés dans le droit contractuel. / What is meant by influence ? In the absence of a legal definition, it can be ressorted to non-legal dictionaries. According to these, the term of influence means the action, generally gradual and continuous, that exercises a person, a thing, or a situation on another. This phenomenon is the subject of the study. It is examined, in a delimited way, in the reports of bankruptcy law and contract law. The subject matter is precisely the influence of bankruptcy law on contract law. The influence of bankruptcy law on contract law is exercised in several modes. According to a concrete mode, the bankruptcy law has a generally slow and continuous action on the law of contracts, producing modifications. In other words, contract law is for a part on rules, concepts, notions of bankruptcy law it hosts. In another mode, the abstract, the bankruptcy law has a generally gradual and impercetible action on contract law, arousing in the latter mutations. One is in the presence of changes, mutations in contract law, are due to bankruptcy law. With these two modes of influence of bankruptcy law on contract law, it is necessary to associate a third mode, the possible mode. In this regard, are explored rules, concepts, processes, reasoning which are in the crude state in the bankruptcy law and which could be transposed, adapted in contract law.

Presented work deals with the issues of bankruptcies in pre-selected countries: Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Serbia and Croatia, both from an economic and legal viewpoint. First four chapters are devoted to more detailed analysis of insolvency (bankruptcy) laws of each country with regard to their development and current practice. At the end of each chapter is described a current "bankruptcy situation" on the markets of individual economies. The sixth chapter deals with bankruptcies in Europe (Western Europe and Central and Eastern Europe). Part of this chapter is also devoted to the development of selected economies in terms of their GDP. The seventh chapter highlights the economic aspects of bankruptcy and the eighth chapter analyzes the data obtained. The work focuses only on corporate bankruptcies and is completed with appropriate graphs and tables both in the text and in the appendices.