本研究耙梳1950年代至2010年台灣棒球投手調度觀念的演進，並試圖解釋其演進的過程。本研究著重在投手調度觀念的演進過程，及相關團體因不同的利益考量進行的角力。這些利益的角力形成台灣的投手調度策略的現況。從時代上來說，本研究以1970年代少棒旋風、1990年中華職棒成立、2000年前後開啟的球員旅外潮來劃分投手調度觀念演進的時代。本研究認為，這幾個不同年代發生的重要歷史事件對台灣棒球造成的影響，深刻地影響了投手調度觀念的演進，並證明投手調度／保護觀念並不僅是醫學觀念的單純引進與發揚過程。這過程其實是支持與反對的團體對詮釋權的爭奪戰。本演研究將兩方的邏輯劃分為「脆弱投手邏輯」和「強壯投手邏輯」。目前「脆弱投手邏輯」之所以能在台灣職業棒球領域中獲得上風，關鍵性的原因在於它與「棒球數據派」的成功結盟，借用其強大的說服力取得詮釋論戰上的優勢。反之，在三級棒球的領域，也因為「棒球數據派」的介入程度較低，使「脆弱投手邏輯」的拓展遭遇困難。 本研究的主要架構是以行動者網絡理論（Actor- Networking Theory）為基礎，試圖以關涉在此一網絡裡主要行動者的結盟與角力作為投手調度觀念演進的解釋。 / This study explores the process of baseball pitcher policy in Taiwan. The process showed a long but significant change in pitcher policy, and made the loading of pitcher decrease. The process continued more than 40 years and there were three important historic events in it. The first was the “Youth Baseball Period” in 1970’s. The second was the professionalization of Taiwan baseball in 1990. And the third was the “Traveling Outside Period” in 2000’s, which made lots of excellent players travelled to America or Japan. This research analyzed the process carefully, and found that the change of pitcher didn’t base on the progress of medicine, although we usually think it was. The study found that the change based on the interest of groups which involved in the network. Some groups supported decreasing the loading of pitcher, some opposed. All they concerned about were their own interest. This research analyzed the process by Actor-Networking Theory (ANT) and found a key-factor which determined the pitcher policy. The factor was Sabermetrics, which means people who believe baseball statistics can express more “reality” in baseball game. They also believe statistics can tell more than just watching game in court. The Sabermetrics finally combined their interest with groups which supported decreasing the pitcher loading, and caused the pitcher policy tend to decrease the pitcher loading at present.

This paper addresses the impact of the federal estate tax on a family-run business as well as the optimal estate planning techniques that can be implemented to ease the estate tax burden.

The intention of this study is to analyze the economic impact of redeveloped Major League Baseball stadiums opened between 1991 and 2004. Using two empirical models, including an event study, this impact analysis captures the economic conditions of the cities during the opening year of the stadium, as well as the prior conditions leading up to the opening of the stadium, along with any lingering effects or gradual changes in conditions. The impact was measured in relation to the Metropolitan Statistical Areas corresponding to the 18 ballparks included, specifically looking at the impact on employment rates and per capita personal income. The common assumption is that stadium redevelopment will provide a positive impact on the surrounding community, initiating revitalization of urban neighborhoods as well as increasing job opportunities, income levels, and city revenues. While previous research on the effects of stadium development have mostly concluded that there is no positive or significant quantitative impact resulting from stadiums, this study shows that the boom of ballpark redevelopment may actually have positive effects, contrasting this prior research. With the results showing small, yet positive effects, the recent boom period may actually have been so far effective in initiating new development and revitalized culture in urban areas, and will therefore be useful in further developing future plans for modernizing and redeveloping baseball stadiums.

This paper looks at the impact that competitive balance has on team revenues. The hypothesis that this paper is operating under is that higher levels of competitive balance will lead to higher levels of revenue. Two different measures of competitive balance will be used and regressions will be run to investigate whether high levels of the competitive balance measure are associated with high levels of revenue. The results of the data indicated that over all three time horizons (ten year, five year, and two year), high levels of variability in playoff appearances were associated with high revenue for Major League Baseball (MLB) teams. The results also indicate that over a two year time span, high standard deviation in winning percentage were associated with higher revenue in both MLB and the National Football League (NFL) and also that high standard deviation of winning percentage over a ten year period were associated with lower revenues in the NFL. The data provides consistent support for the hypothesis of a positive relationship between competitive balance and revenue in MLB and inconsistent support in the NFL. This inconsistent relationship in the NFL is hypothesized to be due to differences in time horizons. Over the short term, fans like to see high variability in winning percentage because it gives them faith that their team will be good the next season. In the long term however, fans do not like a lot of variability in their team and would rather see a consistent winner.

Le baseball est un sport originaire des États-Unis mais, dès le XIXe siècle, il s'est répandu dans les Amériques, que ce soit au Québec, au Canada, à Cuba ou dans les autres pays hispano-américains du pourtour caribéen. Adopté ainsi par des nations américaines, il a été adapté et utilisé à des fins particulières dans ses différents lieux d'accueil. Une analyse des transferts culturels et sportifs du baseball révèle que ce jeu permet de négocier des identités composites complexes et d'instaurer une référence commune interaméricaine. Le baseball devient donc un continental pastime, un sport servant à lier les communautés du continent. Si, partout dans les Amériques, des discours nationalistes cherchent à s'approprier la signification de ce sport et si des valeurs essentialisées y sont accolées, il n'en demeure pas moins que la représentation du baseball laisse voir des pratiques similaires servant à établir un cadre américain. C'est ce discours complexe et chargé, lié aux constructions identitaires des Amériques, que cette thèse analyse en examinant la valeur et la fonction de ce jeu dans des fictions puisées dans diverses aires culturelles du continent. Les romans The Universal Baseball Association de Robert Coover, The Great American Novel de Philip Roth, Underworld de Don DeLillo, The Iowa Baseball Confederacy de William Patrick Kinsella, Rat Palms de David Homel, Bidou Jean, bidouilleur d'Alain Denis, Mascaras de Leonardo Padura Fuentes et Peloteros d'Edgardo Rodriguez Juliá dégagent des correspondances continentales dans l'utilisation littéraire du baseball. Trois grands axes sont étudiés. Le premier indique comment le basebaIl reconfigure le territoire continental en solutionnant la tension entre le home et la frontière, permettant du coup de fonder un lieu-refuge reconnu et partagé. Le deuxième détermine comment ce sport parvient à pallier le déficit culturel et historique des Amériques en incarnant une durée, une permanence. La mémoire du baseball, que ce soit par des objets ou par des ligues, lègue des valeurs et des héritages multiples et crée son propre temps qui se substitue à celui, court, des Amériques. Le troisième reprend l'idée de la transmission et d'une référence partagée, en analysant une pratique de l'intertextualité du baseball qui met en circulation les oeuvres littéraires américaines. Ce sport agit alors comme une référence intertextuelle partagée sur le continent, capable de répondre à des conditions d'appropriation singulières et de modifier les contextes énonciatifs dans lesquels il est reçu. Les distinctions nationales ou linguistiques importent alors moins que le caractère concerté des processus continentaux d'appropriation et de négociation culturelle, procédés qui font du baseball un objet symbolique transitant dans les Amériques et apte à être mis en discours. Il en résulte un important travail identitaire qui génère une narration des Amériques par le biais du baseball. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Baseball, Américanité, Transferts culturels, Littérature, Identités américaines, Frontière, Mémoire, Intertextualité.

The success of a college coach to develop winning teams and a winning culture in any sport largely depends on his/her ability to recruit and strengthen the skill levels of his/her student-athletes. The following ethnography of the Eastern Hawks baseball coaches seeks to describe the culture of this organization during two consecutive seasons including the recruitment of student-athletes and the management of the current players on the roster, and to also detail the coaches’ use of compliance gaining and aspects of communication in their interaction with the recruits and their families. To investigate these issues, an ethnographic study was performed with a Division I baseball team called Eastern University. Numerous individual interviews were conducted with the staff and later transcribed. Team functions, games, and events were also attended for data collection. Results indicate that the organizational culture of Eastern Hawks baseball was initially created through artifacts such as facility improvements, game rituals, and performance requirements. The observed culture is being negatively influenced by espoused values and basic assumptions that run contrary to stated and desired goals. Leader-member relationships were regarded as predominantly low during this study accentuated by unfulfilled expectations of performance. The coaches used various compliance-gaining methods in recruiting student athletes but were most successful when targeting prospects who valued education, had parents who also valued education, and who believed they would fit in with the culture present at Eastern. The coaches implemented strategies that were pro-social and also reduced excessive apprehension. When competing against the professional draft, the staff provided metaphorical statements to prospects and their families that which sought to highlight social identity. Coaches compared the negative effects of turning pro early as opposed to developing personally and athletically at Eastern. / text

Syfte och frågeställningar: Denna studie har granskat begreppet mental tuffhet och dess roll i sporten baseboll. Syftet var att, genom en kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod, undersöka hur fyra unga svenska pitchers reflekterar över de egenskaper, färdigheter och verktyg associerade till mental tuffhet för att skapa en ökad förståelse i unga pitchers mentala förmåga. Detta genomförs som den första svenska idrottspsykologiska studien i sitt slag. Hur upplever unga basebollspelare olika aspekter av de innefattande egenskaper och färdigheter som omfattar mental tuffhet? Besitter unga basebollspelare som håller en jämn prestationsnivå under match även en högre grad av mental tuffhet? Metod: Studien består av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod där ett urval av fyra pitchers först statistiskt har observerats under match för att sen intervjuas med en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Statistikinsamling genomfördes med syftet att kvantitativt granska deras prestation under match sett till lyckade och misslyckade kast. Efter varje match har testpersonerna intervjuats med utgångspunkt från matchens statistik samt fyra idrottspsykologiska teman; självförtroende, motivation, idrottspsykologiska verktyg och målsättning. Denna metodtriangulering har använts för att granska hur de hanterar mentalt tuffa situationer i match. Resultat: Ett antal faktorer framkom i studiens analys som relaterade till mental tuffhet: fysiska och mentala förberedelser, den fysiska förmågan, fokusering/refokusering, viljan att bli bättre samt att hantera motgång. Även ett antal påverkande faktorer framkom: utbildning, lagkamrater/omgivning, yttre krav och externa distraktioner. Slutsats: Generellt framkom mental tuffhet som ett brett och komplext begrepp kopplat till många olika idrottspsykologiska faktorer. Kopplingar mellan self-efficacy och mental tuffhet har gjorts då testpersonerna beskrev prestationsbaserade självförtroende i sin tro på sin egen fysiska och tekniska förmåga, samt motivation i sin fysiska utveckling. Det framkom även att resultatets påverkande faktorer spelade en stor roll i hur de senare kände mental tuffhet i match. Nyckelord: Baseboll, pitchers, mental tuffhet, self-efficacy, självförtroende, motivation, visualisering, självprat, målsättning

隨著國內不少優秀的棒球選手進入美國職棒聯盟，而且運動彩券也於民國97年正式發行，除了創造專業運動評論的需求，也吸引了國人對於運動彩券投注的興趣，因此我們希望透過分析歷史資料來預測棒球賽事。 本論文中，我們從球隊得分的觀點切入，建立棒球賽事的預測模型，期望透過預測兩支球隊的得分，來推論賽事結果，並可當作投注運彩的策略。 我們的預測模型結合了類神經網路與迴歸分析的理論，首先透過類神經網路去預測球隊的打擊表現，接著利用迴歸分析的技術，並參考Pete Palmer提出的Batting Runs公式，為每支球隊建立專屬的得分公式，然後將預測的打擊表現套用得分公式，計算球隊的預測得分。最後根據預測結果來模擬投注棒球運動彩券，並分析報酬率。 實作時，我們採用美國棒球聯盟近三年之資料來測試我們的方法，實驗結果顯示，我們預測的結果能獲得不錯的報酬率。 / There are many outstanding Taiwanese baseball players who joined the MLB in the USA, and the sport lottery has been issued in 2008. These have not only generated the demand for professional commentaries on various sports but also attracted numerous interests in sport lottery playing. Hence, we hope to predict the future baseball game results through analyzing the historical data. In this thesis, we started from the scoring mechanism and developed a model to predict baseball games. We used the predicted results, together with the sports lottery playing regulations, to find the lottery winning strategies. We used artificial neural networks and regression analysis in our model. Through the neural networks we can predict the batting behaviors of each team. Then, we used the regression analysis and the batting runs formula, proposed by Pete Palmer, to establish the scoring formula for each team. Combining the batting behaviors and the scoring formula, we can predict the scores of the future baseball games. Finally, we used the predicted scores to estimate the winning rate of sports lottery on these baseball games. We used the materials in the past three years of MLB in USA to verify our method. The experimental results show that we can obtain good winning rate.

1999年，味全龍在三連霸後意外解散，徒留龍迷無限思念，時至今日，許多龍迷仍在各BBS站的龍隊討論板，尋找、分享過去曾有的記憶。只是隨著時空的變遷，與龍隊相關的消息大幅減少，儘管仍有前龍將在球場上征戰，但他們的今日表現也不再與龍隊直接相關。假使網路中的虛擬社群能夠成為龍迷記憶過往的處所，對龍迷而言，社群記憶的形塑過程為何？社群成員之間又存在著什麼樣的關係？ 不同於過去虛擬社群之研究取徑集中於效果論、控制論的範疇，本論文試著從James Carey的傳播儀式觀點出發，從人類的固有行為，特別是儀式活動中，重新檢視社群記憶的產生與成員關係。研究對象為批踢踢實業坊（ptt）的Dragons板，研究分析之理論基礎包括了Maurice Halbwachs的集體記憶理論、Victor Turner的社會劇理論，以及Turner儀式研究的中介性與交融概念，研究方法為文本分析與深度訪談。 研究發現，奧運期間，針對徐生明爭議所引發的各個討論串內容，不僅彼此扣連，也互相影響著，使得討論串的主題發展，宛如社會劇中的情節更迭。在社會劇的修正行動中，龍迷則在討論串的字裡行間透露出對過去記憶的重組與召喚，目的時常是為了合理現狀、弭平對立與衝突。同時，由於社群管理者的管理態度與對自我職權的認識，讓參與者在取得社群身份，以及為文互動的過程裡，展現出類中介性的特徵，Dragons板也成為龍迷面對社會之不規律性與緊張時，自願而非義務結合的交融狀態。 從研究發現進一步延伸，「龍魂不滅」作為Dragons板的社群記憶，並非指成員之間的共同記憶，也絕非永恆不變。事實上，「龍魂不滅」應視為社群記憶形塑過程中的象徵性資源，此象徵不僅是儀式過程中成員行動的力量來源，象徵意義也可能在記憶重組與召喚的動態過程中，被賦予新的意義。另一方面，Dragons板所具有的類中介性，是龍迷遭逢危機與不安時的自發性結合；Dragons板所以能成為記憶社群，從儀式觀點，社群的參與宛如朝聖，社群的意義以及成員之間的關係，則是在選擇之後產生，也就是交融。

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Bowling Green State University, 2006. / Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 186 p. Includes bibliographical references.