This thesis investigates three terms of endearment in soap operas, namely honey, sweetheart and darling. The purpose is to determine how these terms are used and in what context. 200 tokens were taken from the Corpus of American Soap Operas which contains 10 different soaps. The results indicate that more women utilize terms of endearment overall in soap operas, both to men and to other females. However, women are also mostly addressed with these terms. Honey is used mostly woman-to-woman, sweetheart most man-to-woman and darling is used mostly by women addressing men. Furthermore, honey occurs most frequently and almost all terms are used in a positive way, but there were some few exceptions however. In general, a term of endearment is mostly utilized at the end of a sentence, and individuals who are addressed with honey, sweetheart or darling do not usually respond with a similar term in return. An analysis of the social relationships between the characters/speakers of terms of endearment was also conducted, and it indicated that romantic couples and mother-to-son were common constellations where these terms often occurred. Furthermore, no instances were found where men used terms of endearment to other men. Moreover, the portrayal of men and women in soaps are not that stereotypical that one may suspect, but there are still stereotypical characteristics to find. This paper also suggests that terms of endearment are more common in soap operas than in authentic speech. The conclusion is that the findings in this thesis are important but further and more comprehensive studies have to be conducted in order to establish that the results presented here are reliable and accurate.

Gender differences play an important role in the diversity that exists in our world today. Evan as infants, our young minds are able to grasp that there are large differences in the roles and expectations for males and females and that these differences contribute to the variety of experiences that we encounter in our interactions with the two genders. As we grown from children into adults, it is clear that the biased opinions we form regarding the opposite sex in childhood are too simplistic in their ideologies, and during the time that we mature into young adults, our opinions mature as well. Although there has been much research into the development of attitudes from childhood into adulthood, the role that self-esteem may play in the process has been somewhat neglected. This thesis explored the nature of self-esteem and tested its salience with regard to intergroup gender bias in children and ambivalent sexism in adults. In the child sample (n=20), intergroup gender bias was found to be correlated positively with global self-worth. In the adult sample (n=218), elevated levels of global self-worth were correlated with hostile sexism in females and with benevolent sexism in males. Surprisingly few types of specific self-esteem (self-perceived peer social competence, behavioral conduct, physical appearance, and athletic competence) were found to correlate with intergroup gender bias in children and ambivalent sexism in adults.

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The aim of this present study was to investigate the effects of ambivalent sexism, locus of control, empathy and belief in a just world on attitudes toward rape victims. In order to do so, 425 graduate and undergraduate students at Middle East Technical University participated in the current study. The results of the study indicated that hostile sexism (&amp / #946 / = .47), empathy (&amp / #946 / = -.28), education (&amp / #946 / = -.22), internal locus of control (&amp / #946 / = .10), belief in a just world (&amp / #946 / = .10), benevolent sexism (&amp / #946 / = .10) and income (&amp / #946 / = -.09) had a significant contribution on the participants&rsquo / unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims after eliminating the effects of age and education. Additional analysis further revealed that male participants demonstrated significantly more endorsement on unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims than female participants. The main effect of pornography viewing on attitudes toward rape victims was not found significant. However, the results further indicated that there was a significant interaction effect among gender, pornography viewing and empathy. That is, in the high victim empathy condition male participants who had been exposed to pornography scored significantly higher on unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims than those who had never been exposed to it. On the other hand, in the high empathy condition, female participants who viewed pornography showed less endorsement on unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims than those who never viewed pornography. Finally, the results of the study indicated that the interaction effects of pornography viewing and hostile sexism were significant. Indeed, in the high hostile sexism condition, both male and female participants who were exposed to pornography showed significantly greater endorsement on unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims when compared to those who did not watch pornography. The major contributions of this thesis are (1) investigating some of the effects of important demographic variables such as age, education and income, (2) comparing the unique contributions of locus of control, empathy, belief in a just world, hostile and benevolent sexism with a hierarchical regression analysis, and (3) showing the interaction effects of some variables like gender, pornography viewing, levels of empathy and hostile sexism on participants&rsquo / attitudes toward rape victims.

Cette recherche articule les concepts de sexisme bienveillant et de rôle de sexe pour tenter d’expliquer pourquoi les hommes se montrent sexistes bienveillants envers les femmes et surtout pourquoi les femmes l’approuvent. Nous poursuivrons trois objectifs principaux. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous ferons l’hypothèse que le sexisme bienveillant est en fait une composante du rôle de sexe des femmes et des hommes, avec des attentes différentes selon le sexe. La deuxième partie sera centrée sur les femmes. D’après la littérature, le sexisme bienveillant a des conséquences négatives pour elles. Nous chercherons à savoir si les femmes peuvent simplement le rejeter sans être jugées négativement. Nous postulerons que l'attitude d’une femme quant au sexisme bienveillant détermine si elle sera acceptée ou rejetée. Si elle ne l’approuve pas, alors elle perdra en féminité perçue parce qu’elle déviera de son rôle. Puis, nous établirons que réaffirmer son adhésion à son rôle de sexe lui permettra de rejeter le sexisme bienveillant sans être perçue comme déviante. Enfin, nous nous tournerons vers les hommes. Nous identifierons les circonstances dans lesquelles les femmes peuvent préférer les hommes anti-sexisme bienveillant et où les hommes perçoivent le sexisme bienveillant comme un désavantage. Neuf expériences réalisées sur un total de 684 personnes viendront valider ces hypothèses. Cette thèse propose une explication à l’acceptation et l’expression des attitudes et comportements de sexisme bienveillant observés dans la littérature et attire l'attention sur la difficulté pour les femmes de repousser cette forme spécifique de sexisme. / This research connects the concepts of benevolent sexism and sex roles to try to explain why men are benevolent sexists towards women and most importantly why women approve it. We will pursue three main goals. In the first part of this work, we will hypothesize that benevolent sexism is in fact a component of women’s and men’s sex role, with different expectations depending on one’s sex. The second part will be centered on women. According to the literature, benevolent sexism has negative consequences on them. We will seek to know if women can simply reject it without being judged negatively. We will hypothesize that a woman’s attitude regarding benevolent sexism determines whether she is accepted or rejected. If she does not approve of it, then she will be perceived as less feminine because she will be deviating from her role. Then, we will show that reaffirming her adhesion to her sex role will allow her to reject benevolent sexism without being perceived as a deviant. Lastly, we will turn to men. We will identify the circumstances in which women can prefer men rejecting benevolent sexism and where men perceive benevolent sexism as a disadvantage. Nine experiments made on a total of 684 people will confirm these hypothesizes. This thesis offers an explanation to the acceptance and the expression of benevolent sexist attitudes and behaviors observed in the literature and attracts reader’s attention to how difficult it is for women to reject this specific form of sexism.

Sexismus bezeichnet verschiedene Formen der positiven und negativen Diskriminierung von Menschen aufgrund ihres zugeschriebenen Geschlechts sowie die diesem Phänomen zugrunde liegende Geschlechterrollen festschreibende und hierarchisierende Ideologie. Ursprünglich wurde der Begriff in den 1960er Jahren in der US-amerikanischen Frauenbewegung als Analogie zu Rassismus (racism) eingeführt. Sowohl Männer als auch Frauen können von Sexismus betroffen sein. Die Erscheinungsformen von Sexismus sind kulturell und historisch bedingt.

Sexismus bezeichnet verschiedene Formen der positiven und negativen Diskriminierung von Menschen aufgrund ihres zugeschriebenen Geschlechts sowie die diesem Phänomen zugrunde liegende Geschlechterrollen festschreibende und hierarchisierende Ideologie. Ursprünglich wurde der Begriff in den 1960er Jahren in der US-amerikanischen Frauenbewegung als Analogie zu Rassismus (racism) eingeführt. Sowohl Männer als auch Frauen können von Sexismus betroffen sein. Die Erscheinungsformen von Sexismus sind kulturell und historisch bedingt.

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