Background/aim: The purpose of this sociological study "Genus in the Child's Best Interest" was to, from the Administrative Court's decree about the child's own behavior, further clarify the concept of the child's best interest by studying how the concept is expressed in decrees with focus on genus. Theory: Three genus theories, to compare girls and boys, Mary John's power theory, the grown ups definition of what the reality is and what it should contain, and a labeling theory, where the people with power are the ones to define what's normal and what's not, have been used to analyze the result in this study. Method: A content analyses was used to analyze the decrees, with the focus on girls and boys between the ages of 12 to 19, where they have been forced into treatment by the law. Result: The concept of a child's best interest does make a difference between girls and boys in the decrees, and the girls have more power because they have more room to express themselves and are less responsible for their thoughts and actions. The concept is possible to use, but the definition is subjective and could be colored by the societies values and norms.

Ce mémoire concerne le droit de l'immigration. Il s'agit des étrangers visés d'une mesure de renvoi malgré le fait qu'ils aient des liens familiaux au Canada. L'affaire Baker, de la Cour suprême du Canada, est notre point de référence puisqu'elle prône, entre autres, le respect de l'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant en matière d'immigration. À partir de cette affirmation et de la pratique législative et jurisprudentielle qui s'en est suivie, arriverait-on un jour à reconnaître la protection du droit de l'étranger à mener une vie familiale normale comme il se fait en Europe ? Ce chemin lui serait-il accessible ? Ce projet vise à démontrer cette évolution juridique qui pourrait survenir au Canada dans le cadre d'un plus grand respect des droits fondamentaux de la personne. / This thesis relates to the right of immigration. It concems aliens who are aimed with a removal order in spite of the fact that they have family bonds in Canada. The Baker case, of the Supreme Court of Canada, is our point of reference since it preaches, inter alia, the respect of the best interest of the child as regards to immigration. Starting from this assertion and legislative & jurisprudential practices that followed from the case, would one arrive one day at recognizing to every migrant the right to a normal family life like it is done in Europe? Would this path be accessible? This project aims at showing this legal evolution that could occur in Canada within the framework of a larger respect of the fundamental human rights. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit option droit international"

The purpose of this study was to explore if and how the Swedish Supreme Court are using the concept “the child’s best interest”. This concept is used a lot in Swedish legislation, but it needs interpretation every time it´s used and is often perceived as unclear. This makes it interesting to see how this affects the individual child´s legal rights. Furthermore I want to see if the Supreme Court listen to the child´s own opinion and if not, are there any justifications to why not. The study has a quantitative starting point, where I have gone through a number of judgments and then chosen seven out of a qualitative point where there has been a discussion from the Supreme Court around the individual and the best interest of the child for the individual child and the methods of analysis used in this study are social constructionism, legal sociology and analysis of the idea. The study shows a lack of consistency among the professionals of what the concept really stands for, which negatively affects the legal rights for the individual child. The solution is a closer collaboration between social workers, judges and lawyers to make the concept clearer and more applicable.

Section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 states that everyone has the right to basic education. ―Everyone‖ includes disabled learners. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realise disabled learners‘ right to basic education. To reach the purpose firstly it has to be ascertained which legislation apply to disabled learners (whether direct or indirect) and how this legislation define disability (Chapter 2). Secondly the relevant constitutional sections have to be investigated. Sections 9, 28, 29 and 36 of the Constitution will be examined in particular. The purpose of the investigation of the constitutional sections is to determine what basic education entails and if there is a uniform definition thereof. Paired with the right to education, the meaning of inclusive education has to be determined and to what extent the state realises this (Chapter 3). A further purpose with the investigation of the constitutional provisions is to determine whether there is an infringement of disabled learners‘ right to equality and whether the possible infringements of the right to education and equality can be justified by the state (Chapter 4). Thirdly, the state‘s international obligations with regard to disabled learners‘ right to education and equality has to be investigated (Chapter 5) before reaching a conclusion as to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realize disabled children‘s right to basic education (Chapter 6). Disabled children‘s need for basic education has led to the research question. quality, process quality, manufacturing process flow, principles of quality, factor analysis, multiple regression. / Thesis (LLM)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 states that everyone has the right to basic education. ―Everyone‖ includes disabled learners. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realise disabled learners‘ right to basic education. To reach the purpose firstly it has to be ascertained which legislation apply to disabled learners (whether direct or indirect) and how this legislation define disability (Chapter 2). Secondly the relevant constitutional sections have to be investigated. Sections 9, 28, 29 and 36 of the Constitution will be examined in particular. The purpose of the investigation of the constitutional sections is to determine what basic education entails and if there is a uniform definition thereof. Paired with the right to education, the meaning of inclusive education has to be determined and to what extent the state realises this (Chapter 3). A further purpose with the investigation of the constitutional provisions is to determine whether there is an infringement of disabled learners‘ right to equality and whether the possible infringements of the right to education and equality can be justified by the state (Chapter 4). Thirdly, the state‘s international obligations with regard to disabled learners‘ right to education and equality has to be investigated (Chapter 5) before reaching a conclusion as to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realize disabled children‘s right to basic education (Chapter 6). Disabled children‘s need for basic education has led to the research question. quality, process quality, manufacturing process flow, principles of quality, factor analysis, multiple regression. / Thesis (LLM)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The right of child victims of armed conflict to recovery and reintegration in essence is a particular exposition of the public law relationship. In this study reference is made to the theory of public subjective rights as it applies in German law to explain the relationship. Shortcomings in the theory are identified after which aspects of the Reformed Tradition are discussed to come to sound solutions. An effort is made to establish a theoretical framework in terms of which the relationship can be explained comprehensively. The conclusion is reached that particular status aspects of child victims are activated in their relationship with the State. It is only in terms of the negative and positive status aspects (which relate to the juridical destination of the State) that child victims may demand negative or positive State conduct in their favour. / Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

The right of child victims of armed conflict to recovery and reintegration in essence is a particular exposition of the public law relationship. In this study reference is made to the theory of public subjective rights as it applies in German law to explain the relationship. Shortcomings in the theory are identified after which aspects of the Reformed Tradition are discussed to come to sound solutions. An effort is made to establish a theoretical framework in terms of which the relationship can be explained comprehensively. The conclusion is reached that particular status aspects of child victims are activated in their relationship with the State. It is only in terms of the negative and positive status aspects (which relate to the juridical destination of the State) that child victims may demand negative or positive State conduct in their favour. / Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

La RDC a hérité de la Belgique d’un système tutélaire cristallisé par le décret de 1950 sur l’enfance délinquante à qui l’on a reproché une inadéquation aux réalités sociétales locales. Ce texte est, toutefois, resté en application jusqu’en 2009, année à laquelle le pays s’est afin doté d’une loi sur la protection de l’enfant (LPE). Ce nouveau texte aura le mérite d’aborder la quasi-totalité des questions juridiques relatives à l’enfant ; mais sa principale faille reste le manque de clarté, de cohérence et de vision globale. Cette loi entretient, en effet, un imbroglio juridique qui ressort tant au niveau de la criminalisation primaire que secondaire. Si son intitulé laisse croire à la continuité du modèle tutélaire, son contenu dévoile un alignement sur le code malien de protection de l’enfant de 2002 qui, sur le plan pénal, est influencé par le système français d’obédience « répressionnelle ». Pendant que certains auteurs continuent à soutenir une irresponsabilité pénale absolue du mineur, la LPE fait appel à certains concepts qui remettent en question cette approche. Ainsi, la présente étude a proposé, à partir du droit coutumier et du droit comparé (français et belge), une lecture pénale et critique de la LPE basée sur une approche systémique, cohérente et contextuelle de la situation pénale du mineur-délinquant. Elle démontre, in fine, l’autonomie du droit pénal congolais des mineurs / The Republic democratic of Congo has inherited from Belgium a guardianship children’s system crystallized by the decree of 1950 on delinquent childhood, which was criticized for being inadequate to the Congolese societal realities. However, this text remained in force until 2009, when the country adopted a juvenal protection act (JPA). This text will have the merit of addressing almost all legal issues relating to children; but its main weakness remains the lack of clarity, coherence, and global vision. This law has indeed a legal imbroglio which emerges both at the level of primary and secondary criminalization. While its title suggests the continuity of the tutelary model, its content reveals an alignment with the Malian children’s protection act of 2002, which, on the criminal level, is influenced by the French system more oriented towards repression. While some authors continue to support an absolute criminal irresponsibility of the minor, the JPA uses some concepts which contradicts this approach. Therefore, the present study has proposed a criminal and critical reading based on a systemic, coherent and contextual approach to the juvenile offender while referring to both customary and comparative law (French and Belgian). This study demonstrates the autonomy of Congolese criminal law on minors

Informed consent presents interesting legal and ethical challenges that have been widely discussed both in Czech and foreign literature. Significant portion of the literature is concerned with a relationship between doctors and their patients and with the historical development of this relationship or with the principle of autonomy as one of the fundamental principles in the area of healthcare provision. Issues related to informed consent of minors or persons with limited legal capacity are often given only small amount of scholarly attention. It is for this reason that this diploma thesis deals solely with the issues related to the health care provided to minors and persons with limited legal capacity. The aim of this thesis is to create an integrated overview of the law regulating informed consent of these persons, to introduce the most important changes that have been made in recent years by the Act on Health Services and Conditions of Their Provision and by the Civil Code, and finally to add some of my reflections on selected issues which I find particularly problematic. The sixth chapter of the thesis focuses on a comparison between the Czech law and the English common law regulating informed consent of minors and persons with limited legal capacity. The issues of informed consent is an...

Les nouveau-nés ne sont pas des patients comme les autres. Contrairement aux patients plus âgés, il existe pour les nouveau-nés des recommandations qui guident leur prise en charge ou leur non-prise en charge dès la naissance en fonction de critères spécifiques, notamment l’âge gestationnel. Or l’âge gestationnel est imprécis, et demeure un mauvais prédicteur de la survie ou du pronostic des nouveau-nés. De tels critères ne sont pas utilisés pour les patients plus âgés. En plus d’être réanimés différemment, les nouveau-nés décèdent aussi autrement. Contrairement aux patients plus âgés qui décèdent majoritairement en recevant des soins actifs à visée curative, de nombreux nouveau-nés décèdent suite à une décision de réorientation de soins, et souvent ceux-ci meurent malgré une relative stabilité physiologique, en raison d’inquiétudes se rapportant à leur qualité de vie future. Lorsqu’interrogés, malgré le fait qu’une majorité d’intervenants en santé croient que la réanimation d’un nouveau-né fragile ou à risque à la naissance est dans son meilleur intérêt, une majorité presqu’équivalente d’intervenants seraient prêts à redéfinir ce meilleur intérêt en fonction de la famille et à malgré tout à lui offrir des soins de confort. Ceci n’est pas le cas avec les patients plus âgés. Cette dévalorisation est expliquée par le fait que les nouveau-nés sont perçus comme moralement différents des patients plus âgés. Les raisons de ce statut moral particulier sont multiples, mais incluent notamment le contexte historique et socioculturel, l’absence de relations sociales préexistantes, un attachement perçu comme étant moindre, et l’influence de biais, de valeurs et d’expériences personnelles et professionnelles défavorables aux nouveau-nés. Nous croyons que cette différence de statut moral doit être identifiée et reconnue, et doit alimenter certaines réflexions professionnelles et sociales, notamment par rapport à sa désirabilité et aux conséquences qui en découlent. / Neonates are different. Contrary to older patients, professional guidelines specifically addressing the resuscitation or the non-resuscitation of neonates have been established and are being used by healthcare institutions worldwide. These guidelines are mostly built around gestational age criteria. Unfortunately, gestational age is imprecise and is not a good predictor of survival or long-term prognosis. This may not be the typical perspective when dealing with older patients. Not only are neonates resuscitated differently, their modes of death are also not the same. Unlike older patients who mostly die while receiving acute care, many neonates die following a decision to withdraw or withhold care, and the majority of these die in a condition of relative physiologic stability because of concerns for their future quality of life. When investigated or surveyed, even though a majority of health care providers believe resuscitating a fragile neonate is in the baby’s best interest, a similar majority is also willing to redefine this best interest according to family wishes and to accept comfort care. This is not the case with older patients. This devaluation is explained by the fact that neonates are perceived as being morally different. The reasons explaining this difference in moral status are many but include the historical and socio-cultural context, the absence of long standing pre-existing social relationships, an attachment to neonates that is perceived as being inferior, and the influence of professional and personal biases, values, and experiences that are unfavorable to neonates. We believe this difference in conferred moral status needs to be recognized and acknowledged, and should further professional and social reflections about its desirability and consequences.