Global people movement passes through cress-border by economic prosperity. Each nation loosens the factor of national safety for economic advantage, let cress-borders people movement is free and convenience. After 911 terrorist attacked, cross-border people movement is challenge to focus events again. At the same time, the safety of border management is suspected again, include legal and illegal migration, ex: human traffic, smuggle, terrorist attack. The plan of migration policy is attraction and admission about professional and high-tech personnel. In addition, it is relaxed stay and residence of professional for limit of border management. Each nation considers the problems about national benefits and border management because the demand of each nation is diffident. It will have the balance to comment blesses it to push aside the effect. Each nation cooperates about border control of global people movement, and makes land settlement policy importantly.

In view of globalization, technology and the influence of the technological progress in transportation, after the opening of the high-speed railway in 2007, the distance from north to south becomes much shorter, thereby pushing through the formation of the one-day living circle. What¡¦s more, due to the development of the metropolitan areas, the gap between urban and rural areas is shortened. Therefore, the primary mission for Taiwan¡¦s administration in the future should be not only to rethink the distribution of the current 23 counties and 358 township cities, but to figure out the appropriate adjustments. With more than 50 years of H.R.(Home Rule) in Taiwan, the relationship between the central government and local ones has been inconsistent. Local governments actively seek to build the major public constructions, such as setting up the Science Park, ports, airports, one characteristic for one town¡Kand so on. However, these phenomena lead to the reduplication of administrative resources, the unequal distribution of social resources, the excessive personnel costs caused by the operation of the system, and the heavy financial burden to local governments. Hence, we must rethink how the regions should be redrawn in coordination with such ways as national land planning, city planning or establishment of divisional laws for administrative regions. This policy-making process not only involves political, administrative, social, legal, and economic dimensions, but also attracts many politicians¡¦ attention. Only through the theories and practice will the sustainable development of Taiwan's system be established. As a result of the necessities and urgency for the redistribution of the administrative regions, this paper, in conclusion, takes the viewpoint of land-planning framework and network , as well as proposes to use the idea of regional government to help all counties solve cross-border governance issues. Furthermore, owing to highly political attention, the issue for the adjustment of administrative division may be settled by civic awareness, promotion of civic accomplishments, or even a referendum in the end.

El presente autor desarrolla de forma muy clara y concisa los principios de cooperación y colaboración en lagestión aduanera y en la gestion aduanera y realizando una crítica a la deficiente administración estatal para aplicar estas políticas; tomando como políticas; tomando como base de estudio lo aplicado en el Acuerdo de promoción Comercial Perú-China.

Arbetslivet har genomgått stora förändringar de senaste decennierna, bland annat som en följd av digitaliseringens utveckling. Informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) möjliggör för ett mer gränslöst arbete då varken tid eller rum längre avgränsar mellan arbete och privatliv. Tidigare forskning belyser att det nya sättet att arbeta medför svårigheter att skapa en balans mellan arbete och privatliv. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att bidra med en ökad förståelse för hur rektorer hanterar det gränslösa arbetet och i vilken utsträckning IKT och socialt stöd är relaterat till deras förmåga att hantera det gränslösa arbetet. Materialet har analyserats utifrån Karasek och Theorells (1990) krav, kontroll och stödmodell, Clarks (2000) gränsteori samt relevanta begrepp och tidigare forskning. Nio respondenter deltog i denna kvalitativa studie och resultatet visade att det gränslösa arbetet till största del upplevdes positivt. Samtidigt ställer det högre krav på individen att själv ta ansvar för att hantera balansen mellan arbete och privatliv. IKT har både visats underlätta och försvåra hanteringen av det gränslösa arbetet. Slutligen visar resultatet att socialt stöd inte har en direkt koppling till hur rektorerna hanterar det gränslösa arbetet. Däremot kan socialt stöd fungera som en buffert för att öka förmågan att hantera effekterna av det gränslösa arbetet. / Worklife has undergone major changes in recent decades, partly as a result of digitalization development. Information- and communication technology (ICT) enables a more boundaryless work, since neither time nor space no longer separates work from private life. Earlier research highlighted that the new way of working causes difficulties in balancing work and private life.  The aim of the present study was to contribute to an increased understanding of how the principals handle the boundaryless work and to what extent ICT and social support are related to their ability to handle the boundaryless work. The result has been analyzed from Karasek and Theorells (1990) demand, control and support model, Clarks (2000) border theory and relevant concepts and previous research. Nine respondents participated in this qualitative study and the result showed that the boundaryless work is mostly positive. At the same time it imposes higher demands on the individual to take responsibility for managing the balance between work and private life. ICT has both shown to facilitate and obstruct the handling of boundaryless work. Finally the result shows that social support does not have a direct connection with how the principals handle the boundaryless work. However, social support can act as a buffer to increase the ability to handle the effects of boundaryless work.

著作權集體管理機制（Copyright Collective Management Mechanism），誕生已有數百年的歷史，國際間已經發展出相當成熟的運作機制，相較於我國自民國八十年起才開始有類似收費機制運作，發展經驗可說是相當地懸殊。而我國該機制之正式法制化—著作權仲介團體條例於民國八十六年十一月五日公布施行以來，十年間實務上爭議不斷，機制運作陷於巨大的危機。加以近年來我國推動數位內容產業，著作權授權議題更是攸關數位影音應用產業未來的發展，在在顯示我國著作權集體管理機制確有重新審視之必要。 於是自民國九十五年起在經濟部智慧財產局的主導下，開始召集各方進行對話，並藉此機會蒐集意見以推動著作權仲介團體條例的修法工程。除了國內的改革，國際間在過去十年來也開始對著作權集體管理機制的運作進行檢討，此乃由於數位時代的到來，著作權集體管理機制受到各種新興數位科技，諸如：網際網路、數位權利管理、點對點檔案分享等之巨大衝擊，此種態勢影響機制的保護、行使和管理的環境，使得國際著作權社群開始思考著作權集體管理機制應該如何因應數位環境所帶來的挑戰。 有鑑於此，本研究希望能夠立基於我國著作權集體管理機制的現況，以過去實務上及近日修法歷程中所遭遇的爭議問題為著眼點出發，回顧過去國際間著作權集體管理機制運作經驗，並探討近年國際間發展趨勢，以勾勒出我國機制未來藍圖。探討的重點包括：著作權集體管理機制的歷史與法律背景、意涵、功能與操作原則，以為我國機制擘畫運作之參考；著作權集體管理機制運作場域—我國著作權產業的發展現況；採納「利害關係人」觀點，釐清我國機制中的各方利害關係人為何、所追求的目標何在及互相的利益衝突，進而界定出各方利害關係人未來參與機制的適當形式；評析我國著作權集體管理相關法制的沿革、內容與修法；並針對國際間近年兩大發展趨勢：數位化及跨越疆界的著作權集體管理趨勢，先行探討有哪些新興的數位科技對著作權集體管理機制帶來衝擊，評估其影響與機制的新角色定位，其次討論跨越疆界趨勢：單一窗口、跨國界集體管理及其衍生的公平交易法課題。 最後回應本研究的研究問題，論述對我國實務現況之觀察、著作權集體管理法制總評、國際運作經驗及發展趨勢對我國的啟示，並且提出三大項建議：我國著作權集體管理團體現階段要務、政府的角色、對我國未來機制的幾點省思，是為本研究之結論與建議。 / Copyright Collective Management Mechanism has been established for centuries and developed maturely worldwide. However, it was not until 1991 that some similar collecting organizations started to operate in Taiwan. Compared with some countries around the world, the development experience is quite different. After the formal legalization—the enactment of the Copyright Intermediary Organizations Act on November 5 1997, there were lots of argues emerged in the aspect of law enforcement. Besides, Taiwan’s government has promoted the development of digital content industry in recent years. The issues concerning copyright licensing will have a big impact on the development of audio-visual application industry in the future. It is therefore, necessary to raise concerns and re-scrutinize Taiwan’s copyright collective management mechanism. Since 2006, Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO) has started to gather public opinion for revising the act. Except the revolution in Taiwan, people started to examine the exercise situation of copyright collective management internationally in last ten years. This is because the advent of digital technologies, such as: the Internet, digital rights management, peer-to-peer file sharing, has changed the environment surrounding the copyrighted works. International copyright societies started to think about how to deal with the challenges brought in digital era. This thesis aims to discuss some of these issues by exploring the current situation of Taiwan’s copyright collective management mechanism, the obstacles encountered in the past practice, the process of law revising, and the latest development trends worldwide. First of all, Chapter One is an Introduction to this thesis. Then Chapter Two discusses the historical and legal background, definition, functions, and operating guidelines of the mechanism for future reference when Taiwan intends to modify current mechanism. Chapter Three describes the developing situation of Taiwan’s copyright industries. Chapter Four adopts “Stakeholder Analysis” to clarify who are the stakeholders in Taiwan’s mechanism, their pursuing goals, and conflicts of interest between them. Chapter Five traces the developing process, content and revision in relation to Taiwan’s copyright collective management legislation. Chapter Six outlines the two latest development trends: digital and cross-border copyright collective management. At first, it analyzes the impact of new digital technologies and the new role of copyright collective management mechanism. Integration trends: one-stop-shop, cross-border collective management and antitrust concerns, are explored as well. At the end of this thesis, Chapter Seven, I propose three recommendations for Taiwan’s mechanism in the future: the urgent missions of Taiwan’s collective management organizations, the role of government, and the self-examination. It is my hope the recommendations contribute to the better resolution of existing and future challenges.

The number of border barriers has increased rapidly in the last decades. These barriers appeared between the wealthy and the poor, between the stable and those ridden by civil wars, between traditional military rivals and even between partners in the integration process. This suggests that a complex theory is necessary to explain the phenomenon of border barrier building. The presented work aims to provide an answer to the question of why states build border barriers by the use of Schmitt's theory of state based on nomos, sovereignty and political unity in interaction with globalization. This theory served as a framework for establishing the independent variables, namely challenges to land-appropriation, challenges to sovereignty from military threat, challenges to sovereignty from cross-border ethnic group, challenges to political unity from irregular mass migration and finally challenges to political unity from terrorism. These were then tested using regression analysis with number of border barriers constructed by a state serving as a dependent variable. The results suggest that states that often face challenges to land-appropriation, to sovereignty coming from politicised cross-border ethnic groups and to political unity from irregular mass migration build more border barriers than those that...

Cette thèse cherche d'abord à comprendre, en usant de l'exemple Haïtien, si les Réformes du Secteur de Sécurité menées à bien dans le cadre des interventions internationales dans des pays en crise ou en situation de post-conflit, sont efficaces dans l'accomplissement de leurs objectifs et apportent le meilleur soutien d'une manière durable aux Etats hôtes. Finalement, ce document est aussi une base de réflexion pour trouver de nouvelles solutions et pratiques à la mise en oeuvre de Réformes du Secteur de Sécurité. / First of all, this thesis aims at understanding, while using the example of Haiti, if Security Sector Reforms carried out within international interventions in crisis or post-conflict countries are effective at accomplishing their objectives and providing the best support for sustainable changes to host States. Finally this document's objective is also to serve as a support in finding new solutions and new practices to successfully achieve Security Sector Reforms.