The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of vitamin K1 oral liquids in Sterile Water for Injection when stored in amber glass bottles and amber plastic syringes under refrigerated conditions. Four 100-mL batches of vitamin K1 in Sterile Water for Injection were prepared in amber glass bottles to protect from light. One of the batches was divided into 1-mL aliquots, using amber plastic oral syringes, and capped. The prepared bottles and syringes were stored in a laboratory refrigerator. On each day of sampling, 1-mL aliquots were removed from each bottle and mixed with an equal volume of ethanol. Likewise, the contents of sample syringes were mixed with ethanol to achieve an assay concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Recovery of vitamin K1 in the compounded samples was quantified against a United States Pharmacopeia reference standard. Quantification was achieved using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolent light detection method. Product stability is defined as 90% to 110% of the initial concentration. The percent recovery in the Sterile Water for Injection preparations in glass bottles remained above 90% for the 105-day duration of the study, but some samples stored in amber plastic syringes fell below 90% on day 21. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference (2-way ANOVA, P < 0.0001) emerged between syringes at day 0 and day 30, and this trend continued through the day 60, 90, and 105 samples. The only statistically significant difference found within the bottle-stored samples occurred on day 105 (versus zero, P = 0.0465), but the recovery on day 105 still exceeded 90%. Vitamin K1 in Sterile Water for Injection, stored in a refrigerated amber glass bottle, is stable for 105 days. This preparation can also be stored in amber plastic syringes, but this decreases the beyond-use date to 14 days.

Through interviews, research, observations and the use of service design methods the author of this report, Jenny Annebäck, executed a Minor Field Study within the field of recycling of PET bottles in Uganda. The project work resulted in thorough studies of service design thinking and methodology, sustainable development, the market and situation in Uganda as well as the consumer group concerned about sustainable development. The result was a pre-study of a future development of a recycling service, visualized through two stakeholder maps, personas and a customer journey map. These three tools constitutes a beginning and a solid ground for further work with developing the service. A service that can contribute to a more sustainable development in the country of Uganda. In the report, examples are stated how to continue with the project as well as how it can be applied in other developing countries. The project work of this Minor Field Study(MFS) lasted from November 2011 until June 2012, as a degree project of 22,5 ECTS credits for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design Engineering at Karlstad University. The MFS program is organized by the Swedish International Programme Office for Education and Training and financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, enabling graduating students to perform a thesis in a developing country. Jenny Annebäck spent the first two months of the project time in Jinja, Uganda, together with her project partner Olga Sabirova Höjerström, both students at Karlstad University. The two project group members performed this Minor Field Study together with Sarah Keller, industrial designer and general manager at Uganda Innovation Factory(UIF). UIF is a product and graphic design company situated in Jinja, working with local designers to encourage Ugandan design and production for the global market. The supervising teacher of this project has been Monica Jakobsson and the examiner professor Fredrik Thuvander, both belonging to the Faculty of Technology and Science at Karlstad University. / Genom intervjuer, undersökningar, observationer och användning av tjänstedesignmetoder utförde författaren av denna rapport, Jenny Annebäck, en Minor Field Study inom återvinning av PET-flaskor i Uganda. Projektarbetet resulterade i noggranna studier av tjänstedesignmetodik, hållbar utveckling, situationen och marknaden i Uganda samt konsumentgruppen upptagna av just hållbar utveckling. Slutresultatet blev i form av en förstudie för en framtida utveckling av en återvinningstjänst för PET-flaskor. Detta visualiserades med hjälp av två intressentkartor (stakeholder maps), personas och en kundresekartläggning (customer journey map). Dessa tre verktyg utgör en början och en solid grund för framtida arbete med utveckling av tjänsten. En tjänst som kan bidra till en hållbar utveckling i landet. I rapporten ges exempel på hur man kan gå vidare med projektet samt hur man kan applicera det i andra utvecklingsländer. Projektarbetet inom denna Minor Field Study(MFS) varade från november 2011 till juni 2012 och utgjorde författarens examensarbete på 22,5 hp på Högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i Innovationsteknik och Design vid Karlstads universitet. MFS organiseras av Internationella programkontoret och finansieras av Sida, Styrelsen för Internationellt utvecklingssamarbete, och möjliggör för kandidatstudenter vid svenska universitet och högskolor att göra ett examensarbete genom en fältstudie i ett utvecklingsland. Jenny Annebäck spenderade de först två månaderna av projektet i Jinja, Uganda, tillsammans med Olga Sabirova Höjerström, studiekamrat på Karlstads universitet. De två projektmedlemmarna utförde MFS projektet tillsammans med Sarah Keller, verksamhetschef på Uganda Innovation Factory (UIF). UIF är en produkt och grafisk designbyrå i Jinja, som arbetar med lokala designers för att främja ugandisk design och produktion för en global marknad. Handledare för Jenny Annebäck har varit Monica Jakobsson och examinator har varit professor Fredrik Thuvander, båda tillhörande Fakulteten för teknik- och naturvetenskap vid Karlstads universitet.

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Affonso Moyses / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T04:18:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanseverino_NellyTichauerMaluf_D.pdf: 1644425 bytes, checksum: c183769d237e9cbb18939b031bc789e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo conhecer a importância de conhecimentos sobre saúde bucal na formação médica, especialmente de pediatras, e, indiretamente, seu preparo para reconhecer e prevenir as alterações bucais e encaminhar para o dentista. Para tal análise, avaliou-se: artigos sobre saúde oral publicados no período de 1998 a 2008 nas revistas pediátricas nacionais de maior relevância acadêmica; a presença de temas de saúde oral no conteúdo programático nos cursos de graduação em medicina de universidades públicas brasileiras de referência no campo da pediatria; teses de mestrado e doutorado nos programas de pós-graduação em saúde da criança e do adolescente dessas universidades. A partir destes dados, foi encaminhada um questionário com questões abertas aos coordenadores de ensino de pediatria na graduação e coordenadores de residência em pediatria das universidades selecionadas. Os resultados mostram pouca interdisciplinaridade entre médicos pediatras e dentistas, com ainda incipiente aquisição de conhecimento sobre saúde oral no curso médico e na residência em pediatria; em apenas uma das universidades estudadas o tema é incluído no conteúdo programático. Entretanto, pode-se vislumbrar a tendência a mudança desse quadro, pois a maioria dos coordenadores de curso, embora não tenham tido acesso a um aprendizado sistematizado, considera o tema importante na formação do médico pediatra e relatam iniciativas individuais neste sentido; também em relação ao número de publicações e teses sobre o assunto, embora ainda seja pequeno, existem. / Abstract: This study was aimed at understanding the importance of knowledge about oral health in medical training, especially pediatricians, and, indirectly, their preparation to recognize and prevent oral diseases and refer them to the dentist. For this analysis, the following were assessed: oral health articles published from 1998 to 2008 in national pediatric journals of greater academic relevance and the presence of oral health issues in the programmatic content in undergraduate courses in medicine in public renowned universities in Brazil in the field of pediatrics; Master and PhD theses in graduate programs in health of children and adolescents of these universities. From this data, an interview with open questions was forwarded to the coordinators of pediatric education at undergraduate programs and coordinators of pediatric education in selected universities. The results show little interdisciplinarity between pediatricians and dentists, with a still incipient acquisition of knowledge about oral health in medical school and residency in pediatrics; and the topic is not included in the syllabus of any of the universities studied. However, one can discern a tendency to change this scenario, since most of the course coordinators, although they haven't had access to a systematized learning, consider the issue important in the training of pediatricians and report individual initiatives in this direction; further, in relation to the number of publications and theses on the subject, while still small, they exist. / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) provides an approach to recognition of the problems within bottle conveyors at an early stage of the engineering process. Key points in bottle conveyor systems, such as buffers, ejectors, diverters and transfers can be numerically analyzed. It is possible to calculate forces on lateral guides and forces between bottles within accumulation situations. The DEM provides an alternative opportunity for the virtual process optimization and numeric case studies of conveying systems at beverage and food industries. / Die diskrete Elementmethode (DEM) ermöglicht in einem frühen Stadium des Engineering-Prozesses die Erkennung von Problemen in Flaschenförderern. Wichtige Systemelemente wie Puffer, Ausschleuser, Weichen und Übergabestellen können numerisch analysiert werden. Es ist somit u. a. möglich, Kräfte auf Seitenführungen und Kräfte zwischen den Flaschen innerhalb von Stausituationen zu berechnen. Die DEM bietet eine alternative Möglichkeit für die virtuelle Prozessoptimierung und die Durchführung numerischer Fallstudien von Fördersystemen u. a. in der Getränke- und Lebensmittelindustrie.

This thesis deals with economy of treating with municipal waste. The municipal waste, which is generated by citizens makes burden not only on public and private budgets, but also on environment. Importance of this burden rise regarding to continuous growth of volume of the municipal waste. This fact implicates need to set up cost efficient and permanent achievable solution. Nowadays there is a suggestion, prepaderd by the Ministry of environment, which suggest using returnable PET bottles, which are important part of the municipal waste. Potentional implementation of returnable PET bottles doesnt have influance only on yield of this type of waste, but it is connected with other parts of the municipal waste such as biological degradable municipal waste and mixed waste. Content of this thesis is presentation of the economic analysis of alternation for treating with three most important parts of the municipal waste on backround of fullfiling conditons set up by European union.

O crescente número de aplicações clínicas envolvendo células mesenquimais estromais multipotentes (CMMs) gera a necessidade da produção em larga escala destas células com adequada qualidade terapêutica. As CMMs são geradas atualmente através de culturas aderentes na presença de soro fetal bovino (SFB). Entretanto, apesar da eficiência na promoção do crescimento celular, o uso de SFB não é isento de desvantagens e riscos. Além do alto custo, sua utilização pode gerar risco de contaminação do produto final com agentes adventícios como vírus e príons. Por outro lado, a sua variabilidade em diferentes lotes e fornecedores dificulta a padronização do meio e reprodutibilidade do cultivo. Uma alternativa promissora para a cultura de células destinadas a terapia celular é a substituição de SFB por soro AB humano obtido a partir de plasma humano. Neste cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir soro AB humano e avaliar a sua qualidade e eficácia como substituto do SFB na produção de células mesenquimais destinadas à terapia celular. Para a produção do soro AB humano foram avaliados tanto Plasma comum (PC>24h) (n=3) quanto Plasma isento de crioprecipitado (PCIC) (n=3). Após a produção, foi realizado o controle de qualidade dos lotes produzidos sendo verificado que os mesmos atenderam as exigências necessárias para a utilização na terapia celular. As duas fontes de plasma utilizadas para a produção do soro AB humano apresentaram características semelhantes quanto aos constituintes bioquímicos e demais parâmetros analíticos e foram eficazes na suplementação do cultivo e expansão das CMMs. A suplementação do meio com 10% de soro AB humano foi eficaz tanto no cultivo em culturas estáticas quanto em microcarregadores. Esta característica alinhase com a possibilidade de produção em larga escala, uma vez que, permitiu a expansão das CMMs de maneira similar à condição controle (suplementada com 10% de SFB) e preservou as características imunofenotípicas, funcionais e perfil citogenético pós cultivo. Além disso, o soro AB humano produzido pode ser utilizado por no mínimo doze meses após produção, quando armazenado em temperatura inferior a 20ºC negativos / The growing number of clinical applications involving multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) generates the need for large-scale production of these cells with appropriate treatment quality. The MSCs are now generated through adherent cultures in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS). However, despite the efficiency of this method, the use of FBS is not exempt of drawbacks and hazards. Besides the high cost, their use can lead to the risk of final product contamination with adventitious agents such as viruses and prions. In addition, due to its high variability of reproducibility, this methodology requires high level of standardization. A promising alternative would be to replace FBS by human AB serum from human plasma. In this scenario, our objective was to produce human AB serum and evaluate their quality and effectiveness as a FBS substitute on production of mesenchymal cells for therapy. For the production of human AB serum were evaluated both common plasma (CP > 24h; n=3) and plasma cryoprecipitate depleted (PCD; n=3). Quality controls were carried out to stablish minimal requirements of quality to be used in a cell therapy scenario. Both plasma sources of human AB serum presented similar biochemical characteristics and other analytical parameters, being effective in supplementation of the culture and expansion of MSCs. Supplementing the culture medium with 10% human AB serum was effective both in cultivation of static cultures as for microcarriers. This condition might indicate that this method would be useful for large scale production, allowing the expansion of MSCs similarly to the control condition and maintaining immunophenotypic, functional and cytogenetic characteristics. Furthermore, the human AB serum produced can be used for at least twelve months after production when stored at temperature below 20ºC negative

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) provides an approach to recognition of the problems within bottle conveyors at an early stage of the engineering process. Key points in bottle conveyor systems, such as buffers, ejectors, diverters and transfers can be numerically analyzed. It is possible to calculate forces on lateral guides and forces between bottles within accumulation situations. The DEM provides an alternative opportunity for the virtual process optimization and numeric case studies of conveying systems at beverage and food industries. / Die diskrete Elementmethode (DEM) ermöglicht in einem frühen Stadium des Engineering-Prozesses die Erkennung von Problemen in Flaschenförderern. Wichtige Systemelemente wie Puffer, Ausschleuser, Weichen und Übergabestellen können numerisch analysiert werden. Es ist somit u. a. möglich, Kräfte auf Seitenführungen und Kräfte zwischen den Flaschen innerhalb von Stausituationen zu berechnen. Die DEM bietet eine alternative Möglichkeit für die virtuelle Prozessoptimierung und die Durchführung numerischer Fallstudien von Fördersystemen u. a. in der Getränke- und Lebensmittelindustrie.

Denna studie kartlägger vilka insamlingsmetoder för PET-flaskan som finns för avfalls- och återvinningsfasen på den svenska marknaden samt vilka verksamheter som ansvarar för dessa. Vilken omställning som görs av verksamheterna för att uppnå fossilfrihet, gällande insamlingsmetoder, energi- och drivmedelsanvändning. Tidigare forskning, djupintervjuer och enkäter ligger som grund för de resultat som presenteras. Studien tittar även på miljömässiga påverkansfaktorer men även komplexiteten gällande kommunala och rikstäckande verksamheter, hur de jobbar med hantering av PET på den svenska marknaden samt deras användning av fossila resurser och vad som görs för att minska sin miljömässiga påverkan. Insamlingsmetoderna dit PET-flaskan kan nå är restavfall, fastighetsnära insamling, återvinningsstationer och pantstationer. Verksamheternas ansvarsområde sker både rikstäckande och på kommunal nivå. Nulägesanalysen indikerar att verksamheter behöver göra ytterligare åtgärder för att bli helt fossilfria men att det sker en omställning med åtgärder för energi och transporter för att uppnå detta. Det finns insamlingsmetoder som möjliggör återvinning, men där sorteringsmetoderna kan vara avgörande för att PET ska kunna återgå till rätt materialflöde. Det går att se att verksamheterna använder förnyelsebar energi och drivmedel och att de aktivt arbetar mot att bli helt fossilfria. / This study identifies which collection methods for the PET bottle are available for the waste and recycling phase on the Swedish market and which businesses are responsible for these methods. What adjustment is being made by the operations to achieve fossil-free, current collection methods, energy, and fuel use. Previous research, in-depth interviews and questionnaires form the basis for the results presented. The study also looks at environmental impact factors but also the complexity of municipal and nationwide activities, how they work with handling PET in the Swedish market and their use of fossil resources and what is done to reduce their environmental impact. The collection methods that the PET bottle can reach are residual waste, collection close to the property, recycling stations and pawn shops. The area of ​​responsibility of the operations takes place both nationwide and at the municipal level. The current situation analysis indicates that businesses need to take additional measures to become completely fossil-free, but that there is a change with measures for energy and transport to achieve this. There are collection methods that enable recycling, but the sorting methods can be crucial for PET to be able to return to the correct material flow. You can see that the companies use renewable energy and fuel and that they are actively working towards becoming completely fossil fuel.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T09:08:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Georgeo Dias Fernandes - 2016.pdf: 4550829 bytes, checksum: c89172b3acd5d16ace7d0bf283fc8446 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T09:10:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Georgeo Dias Fernandes - 2016.pdf: 4550829 bytes, checksum: c89172b3acd5d16ace7d0bf283fc8446 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-01T09:10:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Georgeo Dias Fernandes - 2016.pdf: 4550829 bytes, checksum: c89172b3acd5d16ace7d0bf283fc8446 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / Traditional construction methods are questioned, because of low productivity, waste, rework, low standardization, among other things. Because of these problems and taking into account environmental aspects, new building systems that make use of reusable or recyclable materials from other industries are analyzed to verify its efficiency in technical and economic level. In this context, the aim of the dissertation is to describe the technical development and assess costs and benefits of the constructive system sandwich panels, molded on site, which reuses bottles of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to make up the core of the walls and slabs. Concerning the technical development was described experiments and tests carried out for the conformation of the construction system, with the configuration of its characteristics and peculiarities, discussed the results of the tests performed, including the early to define the structural safety of the walls and slabs together with the presentation of the theoretical model calculation and performance evaluation for the validation. In the economic aspect, there was a comparison between the traditional construction system and the studied system. The cost direct was examined and observed the benefits with the help of value attributes expected to prefabricated options construction, drawn by Cook (2013), namely: direct costs (material and labor), time (schedule), design flexibility, work time management, quality, delivery and conference in work, subcontractors activities in work, work safety, exercise stress testing, health, environmental impact, LEED certification, rubble and dispensing, public relations, marketing, maintenance (life cycle). With the help of estimators engineers, through interviews, the steps we investigated, activities, productivity and resources needed to execute a project in the traditional building system, building system in masonry traditional system and building system analyzed. Was elaborated cost composition of spreadsheets and productivity for hypothetical situations of conventional and innovative construction system of sealing walls with slabs of residential buildings and walls and structural slabs works until two floors. The mapping process was designed, in which to extract the consideration of potential benefits or otherwise of the building system. Technical descriptions highlight the possibility of constructive feasibility of sandwich panels, with core of PET bottles, molded on site. And the evaluation of costs and benefits demonstrates its value, not so much due to the direct cost, but in terms of building system management benefits. / Os métodos construtivos tradicionais são questionados em função da baixa produtividade, desperdícios, retrabalhos e baixa padronização, dentre outros aspectos. Em virtude destes problemas e levando em conta aspectos ambientais, novos sistemas construtivos, que fazem uso de materiais reutilizáveis ou recicláveis de outras indústrias, são analisados visando verificar sua eficiência em nível técnico-econômico. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo da dissertação é descrever o desenvolvimento técnico e avaliar custo e benefício do sistema construtivo em painéis sanduíche, moldados no local, que reutiliza garrafas de politereftalato de etileno (PET) para compor o núcleo das paredes e lajes. Relativo ao desenvolvimento técnico, descrevem-se os experimentos e ensaios realizados para a conformação do sistema construtivo, apresentando a configuração das suas características e peculiaridades. Em seguida, discutem-se os resultados dos ensaios executados, compreendendo os iniciais para definição da segurança estrutural das paredes e lajes conjuntamente com a apresentação do modelo teórico de cálculo, bem como os de avaliação de desempenho para validação. No aspecto econômico, faz-se um comparativo entre o sistema construtivo tradicional e o sistema estudado. A relação custo direto foi examinada e observou-se os benefícios com a ajuda dos atributos de valor esperados para opções pré-fabricadas de construção, quais sejam: custo direto (material e mão de obra), tempo (cronograma), flexibilidade de projeto, tempo de administração de obra, qualidade, entregas e conferência em obra, atividades de subempreiteiros em obra, segurança do trabalho, ergometria, condições de saúde, impacto ambiental, certificação LEED, entulho e descarte, relações públicas, marketing e manutenção (ciclo de vida). Com a ajuda de engenheiros orçamentistas, por meio de entrevistas, investigaram-se as etapas, atividades, produtividade e recursos necessários para executar um projeto no sistema construtivo tradicional, sistema construtivo em alvenaria estrutural e no sistema construtivo analisado. Elaboraram-se planilhas de composição de custo e produtividade para as situações hipotéticas do sistema construtivo inovador e convencional de paredes de vedação com lajes de edifícios habitacionais e para paredes e lajes estruturais de obras até dois pavimentos. O mapeamento dos processos foi delineado, no qual foram extraídas as considerações sobre possíveis benefícios ou não do sistema construtivo. As descrições técnicas evidenciam a possibilidade da viabilidade construtiva de painéis sanduíche, com núcleo de garrafas PET, moldados no local. Já o a avaliação de custo e benefício demonstrou seu valor, nem tanto em função do custo direto, mas, em termos de benefícios de gestão do sistema construtivo.

Este trabajo contribuye a la organización estudiada a mejorar los procedimientos del proceso de laminación (compuestas por BOPP y PEBD) para así reducir las mermas y los productos defectuosos, estas representan un 15% de desperdicios del total de materia prima que ingresa al proceso, sin embargo, con la aplicación de las metodologías se logró reducir a un 6.2% de desperdicios, resultando en ahorros operacionales en el rango de s/. 46,580 al año. La utilización de las fases DMAIC y Lean, cada uno a su manera, son las principales técnicas estratégicas de resolución de problemas en el mundo industrial. La integración de los dos métodos de calidad traerá la herramienta necesaria para eliminar las mermas y mejorar la productividad a través del comportamiento de los trabajadores, el trabajo en equipo y optimizando los procesos. Los gerentes e ingenieros encargados de mejorar las operaciones y los procesos pueden beneficiarse de este documento, ya que puede servir de guía para dirigir la realización de futuros proyectos y la aplicación empírica de sus principios y herramientas. / This work contributes to help the organization studied to improve procedures for the lamination process (compound of BOPP and LDPE) to reduce waste and defective products, represent 15% of waste of all raw material entering To the process, however, with the application of the methodologies was reduced to a 6.2% of waste, resulting in operational savings in the range of s /. 46,580 per year. The use of the DMAIC and Lean phases, each in its own way, are the main strategic techniques for solving problems in the industrial world. The integration of the two quality methods will bring the necessary tool to eliminate the losses and improve the productivity through the behavior of the workers, the team work and optimizing the processes. Managers and engineers in charge of improving operations and processes can benefit from this document as it can guide future projects and the empirical application of their principles and tools. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional