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No description available.

Climate change has been described as “the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen”. Unregulated climate offsetting has emerged as a way for consumers to internalize the externality of climate change. Previous research abounds regarding the challenges facing the technical performance of climate offsetting, but this research has not taken into account how the interpretation of consumers will affect the ability of offsetting to mitigate climate change. Therefore, in this report, a conceptual framework illustrating possible challenges was constructed based on the technical performance of offsetting as well as marketing laws and guidelines, while adding an explicit use of system boundaries. Making use of manifest content analysis, the framework was then empirically tested through analyzing offset claims from the aviation and food retail sectors. Large risks of consumer misinterpretations of offset claims were found within all investigated system boundaries and for both sectors. As such, it seems that unregulated climate offsetting has inherited the well-known problems related to regulated climate offsetting while failing to address the general issues of environmental marketing. Until and unless these issues are addressed, unregulated climate offsetting should be used with caution as a way to mitigate climate change. / Klimatkrisen har beskrivits som “det främsta och mest omfattande marknadsmisslyckandet som någonsin skådats”. Oreglerad klimatkompensation har vuxit fram som ett sätt för konsumenter att internalisera externaliteterna associerade med klimatkrisen. Tidigare forskning har undersökt de tekniska utmaningarna som klimatkompensation står inför, men denna forskning har inte tagit hänsyn till hur konsumenternas uppfattning av fenomenet kommer påverka klimatkompensationens förmåga att mildra klimatkrisen. Därför utvecklade denna studie ett konceptuellt ramverk för att illustrera klimatkompensationens möjliga utmaningar, baserat på den tekniska prestandan såväl som marknadsföringslagar och riktlinjer. Till detta adderades en explicit användning av systemgränser. Genom manifest innehållsanalys testades ramverket sedan empiriskt genom att analysera marknadsföringspåståenden kopplade till klimatkompensation inom sektorerna livsmedelshandel och flyg. Stora risker för missförstånd upptäcktes inom båda sektorerna och inom alla fyra relevanta systemgränser. Detta pekar mot att oreglerad klimatkompensation har ärvt de väletablerade problemen kopplade till den reglerade marknaden inom klimatkompensation samtidigt som de generella problemen kopplade till miljöpåståenden inte har adresserats. Om dessa utmaningar inte tas hänsyn till, bör oreglerad klimatkompensation användas med försiktighet om målet är att verka som en lindrande åtgärd för klimatkrisen.

Dans le contexte de la mondialisation et de la croissance du pluralisme, ce mémoire s’intéresse à la manière dont les jeunes perçoivent l’identité et la culture québécoise. Si le Québec s’est construit sur la base d’un passé colonial et linguistique qui en fait une province culturellement distincte dans le Canada, ce qui symbolise la nation et l’identité demeure au centre de la négociation des relations interculturelles. Les arts et la culture au Québec demeurent des ancrages de l’identité francophone dans la province, malgré les changements dans les domaines culturels que l’on observe actuellement. De plus en plus portés par les artistes issues de l’immigration, les produits culturels se modifient pour être plus éclatés et personnalisés dans le contexte numérique, ce qui tend à projeter un désintérêt généralisé pour les œuvres québécoises. En ce sens, les représentations qui sont intégrées par l’ensemble des individus tendent à influencer le sentiment d’appartenance à notre collectivité, favorisant une cohésion sociale. Ce mémoire s’intéresse particulièrement à la situation des jeunes Québécois qui ont grandi dans les milieux empreints de diversité tout en étant exposé à la globalisation des arts et de la culture. Qu’ils soient issus de famille immigrante ou de parents nés au Québec, il est pertinent de se questionner sur ce qui demeure dans leur imaginaire collectif pour définir la culture québécoise, mais surtout s’ils y adhèrent dans ce nouveau contexte de pluralité. Par le biais d’entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 12 jeunes entre 18 et 25 ans, cette recherche permettra de souligner les perceptions qu’entretiennent les jeunes envers la culture au Québec, mais également leur rapport à l’identité québécoise et au groupe majoritaire. En s’inscrivant dans la lignée des travaux de Gérard Bouchard sur les imaginaires collectifs, le mémoire permet d’approfondir la façon dont les représentations de la culture et de l’identité québécoise influencent les appartenances individuelles et collectives. Cette démarche s’inscrit dans la volonté d’ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles réflexions sur les relations entre les groupes ethnoculturels en s’intéressant aux dynamiques culturelles et identitaires de la « majorité québécoise » et son rapport à la diversité. / In the context of globalization and pluralism, this thesis focuses on the way young people perceive Quebec identity and culture. If Quebec was built based on a colonial and linguistic past, which makes it a culturally distinct province within Canada, what the nation and identity symbolize remains at the center of intercultural relations. Arts and culture in Quebec remain anchors of francophone identity in the province, despite the changes in cultural practices that we are currently observing. Everyone's cultural practices are changing to be more personalized, which tends to project a general disinterest in Quebec productions especially for younger generations. In this sense, the representations that are integrated by individuals tend to influence the feeling of belonging to the community, defining social cohesion. This research is mainly interested in the situation of young Quebecers who grew up in environments marked by diversity while being exposed to the globalization of arts and culture. Whether they come from immigrant families or parents born in Quebec, it is relevant to question what remains in their collective imagination to define Quebec culture, but especially if they adhere to it in this context of plurality. Through semi- structured interviews with 12 young people between 18 and 25 years old, this research will highlight perceptions of arts and culture in Quebec, but also how their relationship to Quebec identity and the ethnocultural majority. By following in the footsteps of Gérard Bouchard's work on collective imaginations, the research allows us to delve deeper into the way in which representations of Quebec culture and identity influence individual and collective belonging. This approach is part of the desire to open new reflections on the relations between ethnocultural groups by focusing on the cultural and identity dynamics of the “Quebec majority” and its relationship to diversity.

The prevalence of divorce within society is reflected in the rising divorce rate worldwide. Consequently, divorce has become more accepted, although adolescents from divorced families are considered at risk for maladjustment. The aim of this study is to give a voice to adolescents who have experienced their parents' divorce and to highlight their resilience despite the challenges they faced. The epistemological framework is social constructionism. In-depth interviews with two adolescents who have experienced the divorce of their parents were undertaken. The method of analysis used was `Thematic content analysis'. The participants' stories were recounted through the lens of the researcher in the form of themes. Recurring themes in these stories were elucidated and linked with the literature. This study allowed rich and detailed descriptions about adolescents' experiences to emerge, which the researcher hopes will broaden the therapeutic understanding of the complexities of divorce for the adolescents who survive it. / Psychology / MA (Clinical Psychology)

Text in Afrikaans / In this study the relationship between political decision making, spatial change and provision of selected municipal services was investigated. Legislation and policy, spatial demarcation and local government structures are determined by political decision making on various government levels. The international system as well as the local history and factors leading to spatial change impact on municipal demarcation and service delivery. Demographic change due to re-delimitation of boundaries, densification within the area of jurisdiction and immigration imply that service requirements change. In 1994/5, the rural and residential areas were incorporated to the former Verwoerdburg and formed the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure (Centurion). In December 2000 Centurion lost its autonomous status and was incorporated as administrative unit into the larger Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Restructuring have implications for the political representation of communities, the spatial extension of service networks, priority areas, and the location of service provision points. / In hierdie studie is die verband tussen politieke besluitneming, ruimtelike verandering en die lewering van geselekteerde munisipale dienste ondersoek. Wetgewing en beleid, ruimtelike afbakening en plaaslikeowerheidstrukture word deur politieke besluitneming op verskillende regeringsvlakke bepaal. Die internasionale sisteem, asook plaaslike historiese gebeure en aanleidende faktore tot ruimtelike verandering het 'n impak op beide munisipale afbakening en dienslewering. Demografiese verandering as gevolg van die herbepaling van grense, verdigting binne die regsgebied en immigrasie impliseer dat diensbehoeftes verander. Landelike en residensiele gebiede is in 1994/5 by die voormalige Verwoerdburg geinkorporeer om die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur (Centurion) te vorm. In Desember 2000 het die Stadsraad van Centurion sy outonome status verloor en is as administratiewe eenheid by die groter Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit geinkorporeer. Herstrukturering het implikasies vir die politieke verteenwoordiging wat gemeenskappe geniet, die ruimtelike uitbreiding van diensnetwerke, prioriteitsgebiede en die plasing van dienstevoorsieningspunte. / Geography / M.A. (Geografie)

Four core themes characterised this study: (a) adult friendship, particularly across the gender line, (b) the association between friendship and psychological well-being, (c) the role of attachment in friendship processes, and (d) the influence of the boundaries of marriage on friendship. Twenty six individuals were included in the initial research and 19 subjects participated in the main study. Theoretical principles of social cognition, constructive alternativism and attachment guided the collection and interpretation of data, which was collated, interpreted and then presented in case-study format. Self-with-other representation played a major role in data interpretation. Investigation into the structure and processes of friendship revealed it to be a complex and fragile relationship, defined both idiosyncratically and existentially, as well as by specific distinguishing features, such as trust, loyalty and intimacy . Attachment orientation and positive friendship experiences were noted as being contributory to the sense of interpersonal intimacy associated with feelings of well-being. Positive association was registered between 'secure' attachment orientation and self-ratings of well-being and happiness. Opposite-sex friendship emerged as an exclusive relational type, both similar to, and different from, samesex friendship and romantic love relationships. Its ambiguous role is evidently compounded by the latent sexuality in heterosocial relationships. Respondents reported cases of opposite-sex friendships metamorphosing into romantic love relationships and, less frequently, vice versa. Manifest in attachment and relational mental models, marital boundaries can facilitate or inhibit friendship. On both direct- and meta-perspective levels, securely-attached respondents were relatively accepting of opposite-sex friendships within a marital context. Insecurely-attached subjects tended to construe them as threatening to the marital reality. Responses to this threat varied: avoidantly-attached individuals used ego-protective mechanisms such as denial and repression, whereas · the anxious-ambivalent attachment orientation seemed more closely associated with feelings of mistrust and jealousy, expressed through anger and anxiety. Personal boundary structure plays an incisive role ln adult friendship. Thick-boundaried personalities seemed particularly conscious of preserving marital identity. They were more territorial with regard to friendships within the marital context, and more conscious of social rules pertaining thereto. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

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This study, located in the disciplines of human geography and demography, explores the socio-spatial boundaries encapsulating Britain’s Jewish population, particularly at micro-scales. It highlights and challenges key narratives of both Jewish and general interest relating to residential segregation, assimilation, partnership formation, exogamy and household living arrangements. It presents a critical exploration of the dual ethnic and religious components of Jewish identity, arguing that this ‘White’ group has become ethnically ‘invisible’ in British identity politics and, as a consequence, is largely overlooked. In addition, the key socio-demographic processes relating to Jewish partnership formation are addressed and a critical assessment of data pertaining to the decline of marriage, the rise of cohabitation and the vexed topic of Jewish exogamy, is presented. The analysis culminates by linking each of these issues to the micro-geographical scale of the household and develops a critical assessment of this key unit of Jewish (re)production. Jewish population change is contextualised within the framework of the second demographic transition. This deliberately quantitative study is designed to exploit a recent glut of data relating to Jews in Britain. It interrogates specially commissioned tables from Britain’s 2001 Census as well as four separate communal survey data sources. It highlights and challenges recent geographical critiques of quantitative methodologies by presenting a rigorous defence of quantification in post-‘cultural turn’ human geography. It emphasises the importance and relevance of this fruitful shift in geographical thought to quantitative methods and describes the role quantification can now play in the discipline. Above all, it synthesises two disparate sets of literature: one relating to geographical work on identity and segregation, and the other to work on the identity, demography and cultural practices of Jews. As a result, this thesis inserts the largely neglected ethno-religious Jewish case into the broader geographical literature whilst developing a critical quantitative spatial agenda for the study of Jews.

Placed deposits have received increasing attention over the past 30 years, particularly in prehistoric British archaeology. Although disagreement still exists over the definition, identification, and interpretation of placed deposits, significant advances have been made in theoretical and methodological approaches to placed deposits, as researchers have gradually moved away from relatively crude ‘ritual’ interpretations toward more nuanced considerations of how placed deposits may have related to daily lives, social networks, and settlement structure, as well as worldview. With the exception of comments on specific deposits and a recent preliminary survey, however, Anglo-Saxon placed deposits have remained largely unstudied. This thesis represents the first systematic attempt to identify, characterize, analyse and interpret placed deposits in early to middle Anglo-Saxon settlements (5th–9th centuries). It begins by disentangling the various definitions of ‘placed’, ‘structured’, and ‘special’ deposits and their associated assumptions. Using formation process theory as a basis, it develops a definition of placed deposits as material that has been specially selected, treated, and/or arranged, in contrast with material from similar or surrounding contexts. This definition was applied to develop contextually specific criteria for identifying placed deposits in Anglo-Saxon settlements. Examination of 141 settlements identified a total of 151 placed deposits from 67 settlements. These placed deposits were characterized and analysed for patterns in terms of material composition, context type, location within the settlement, and timing of deposition relative to the use-life of their contexts. Broader geographical and chronological trends have also been considered. In discussing these patterns, anthropological theories of action, agency, practice, and ritualization have been employed in order to begin to understand the roles placed deposits may have had in structuring space and time and expressing social identities in Anglo-Saxon settlements, and to consider how placed deposition may have articulated with Anglo-Saxon worldview and belief systems.