Pour tous les organismes qui prônent le développement durable, la population doit participer à la protection de l'environnement. Une façon de mobiliser ces populations est de faire appel à des organismes sans but lucratif (OSBL) populaires qui se donnent pour mission la protection de l'environnement. Pour les États engagés dans la prestation de rechange des services (PRS), la population et les OSBL populaires constituent une ressource potentielle importante pour réaliser des programmes gouvernementaux. Toutefois, un même OSBL populaire peut-il être à la fois le mandataire d'une population engagée dans la protection de l'environnement et un partenaire fiable de l'État, considérant que ces engagements, bien que distincts, sont liés et influent l'un sur l'autre ? Pour répondre à cette question, j ' a i étudié un ensemble d'OSBL populaires engagés dans la protection du fleuve Saint-Laurent, au Québec, selon une perspective de développement durable. En 1990, l'Union québécoise pour la conservation de la nature (UQCN) et d'autres groupes environnementalistes créent Stratégies Saint-Laurent (SSL) et les premiers comités de zone d'intervention prioritaire, appelés comités ZIP. En 1993, ces OSBL forment le programme ZIP, qui fait désormais partie du Plan d'action Saint-Laurent (PASL) lancé en 1988 par les gouvernements du Canada et du Québec. En 2007, 14 comités ZIP sont au travail et SSL assure leur coordination. J'ai étudié le PASL, SSL, les premiers comités ZIP et le programme ZIP depuis leur création jusqu'en 2007. L'étude révèle que, étant donné leur ambivalence structurelle, SSL et les comités ZIP éprouvent de la difficulté à se présenter à la fois comme des organismes d'inspiration populaire et comme des organismes étroitement liés à l'État. Leur ambivalence structurelle engendre trois autres formes d'ambivalence relationnelle, identitaire et stratégique qui montrent à quel point SSL et les comités ZIP sont tiraillés entre deux mandants, la population et l'État, et deux modes d'action, la revendication et la coopération. Ces tiraillements poussent SSL et les comités ZIP à devoir privilégier tantôt l'engagement populaire, tantôt la prestation de rechange des services. Faisant preuve d'une résilience certaine, SSL et les comités ZIP participent à une reconfiguration des relations entre la population et l'État.

La maltraitance envers les personnes aînées est un problème social qui touche près d’une personne aînée sur six dans le monde (Yon, Mikton, Gassoumis et Wilber, 2017). Des intervenants de diverses disciplines et des organisations agissent de façon multisectorielle dans la lutte contre la maltraitance envers les personnes aînées en posant des actions de prévention, de repérage et d’accompagnement. De ces organisations, les organismes à but non lucratif (OBNL) et les intervenants et les bénévoles qui y oeuvrent jouent un rôle clé dans l’accompagnement des personnes aînées maltraitées (Gouvernement du Québec, 2016). Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche menée par la Chaire de recherche sur la maltraitance envers les personnes aînées qui porte sur l’action bénévole dans la lutte contre la maltraitance matérielle et financière envers les personnes aînées. De nature exploratoire et privilégiant une approche qualitative, cette étude a pour but de saisir l’expérience des personnes aînées accompagnées par un bénévole ou par un intervenant d’un OBNL pour une situation de maltraitance. Des entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées auprès de 11 personnes aînées ayant été accompagnées par un bénévole ou un intervenant d’un OBNL pour une situation de maltraitance ont été menées. Prenant appui sur le cadre théorique de la sociologie de l’expérience de Dubet (1994, 2007), une analyse thématique (Paillé et Mucchielli, 2012), suivie d’une analyse typologique (Schnapper, 2005, 2012) a permis de proposer un modèle théorique qui expose la manière dont s’articule l’expérience d’accompagnement dans les OBNL des personnes aînées maltraitées. Deux variables influencent leur expérience d’accompagnement, soit la manière dont elles ont intériorisé le fait de recourir à de l’aide et la façon dont elles ont vécu les interactions avec les bénévoles et les intervenants d’OBNL. Quatre types distincts d’expérience d’accompagnement se dégagent : l’accompagnement-bénéfique, l’accompagnementpositif, l’accompagnement-menaçant et l’accompagnement-discontinu. / The mistreatment of older adults is a social problem that touches close to an older adult on six in the world (Yon et al., 2017). Intervention workers of various disciplines and multisectoral organizations act in the fight against the mistreatment of older adults by posing actions including prevention, detection and accompaniment. Of these organizations, non-profit organizations (NPO) as well as their intervention workers and volunteers, play a key role in the accompaniment of mistreated older adults (Gouvernement du Québec, 2016). This study lies between the scope of a research project carried out by the Research Chair on Mistreatment of Older Adults which focuses on volunteering to counter material and financial mistreatment of older adults. Of exploratory nature and promoting a qualitative approach, this study aims to seize the experience of individual older adults accompanied by a NPO’s volunteer or an intervention worker in a mistreatment situation. Eleven semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with older adults having been accompanied by a NPO’s volunteer or intervention worker in a mistreatment situation. Taking support on the theoretical framework of Dubet’s sociology of experience (1994, 2007), a thematic analysis (Paillé et Mucchielli, 2012), followed by a typological analysis (Schnapper, 2005, 2012), allowed to propose a theoretical model which exposes the way in which the experience of accompaniment of mistreated older adults is articulated. Two variables influence their accompaniment experience: the way that they internalized the fact of seeking help as well as the way that they lived the interactions with the NPO’s volunteers and the intervention workers. Four distinct types of accompanying experience emerge: the beneficial-accompaniment, the positive-accompaniment, the threatening-accompaniment and the discontinuous-accompaniment.

The thesis deals with four plays written by French dramatist and theorist of feminism Hélène Cixous for the Parisian Théâtre du Soleil under the directorial guidance of Ariane Mnouchkine. The analysis focuses on three different perspectives - firstly on écriture feminine, defined in the 1970s by Cixous herself, secondly on exile studies, a field of literary criticism concerned with the writings of exiled authors and exile as a fundamental category of human existence, and lastly on the concept of orientalism developed in the 1970s by American literary historian of Palestinian origin Edward Said.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fatima Daltro de Castro Correia.pdf: 981156 bytes, checksum: c066fd1d35e52db7caca7f986cb0bf9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-11 / The increase of the images media exposition of wheels chair bodies promotes the impression to collaborate for the social inclusion of the body that we nominate deficient. However, the action of the nominations consecrated for the press, as of pcd (person with deficiency), operates exactly in the contrary direction, exposing the deficiency, transforming it into a stigma. The images of wheels chair bodies that are spreadon media are always associates to the question of the overcoming of limits, tying those bodies only to the values in circulation in the sport world. The prominence that the Paraolimpics Games occupies in the media inserts there, in the consolidation of the boarding of these bodies with images that congeal around an uniform way of the deficiencies in an only niche, delimited for the adopted concept of efficiency/productivity. A critical reflection regarding this situation becomes necessary to be able to deal with the dance that this body practises outside the narrow limits imposed for this stigma mechanism. For this, we here adopt the Theory Corpomedia (Katz & Greiner), with which if it presents the hypothesis of that the wheels chair body dancer is a complex system and able to breach with the perverse speech that the frozen images produce. The concept of corpomedia, formulated from the study of the communication between body, and its environments, favor the agreement of the paper that the media exploration has when it congeals the images that produce around the deficiency and not of the deficient one with its singularities. The methodology contemplates a Study of Case, Judite wants to cry, but it does not get it! , created for the wheels chair dancer Edu Oliveira; interviews aiming qualitative research; critical analysis of these interviews, carried through after the presentation of the spectacle in two different cities (Salvador and Votorantim); bibliographical revision of the subject of the deficient body; video registers. The bibliographical research allowed a brief historical panoramic sketch of the access of the wheels chair bodies to the world of dance and its social implications. Conclusion is that that the wheels chair dancer is cultural and biologically implied in a system of construction of images that associates him with a poor body and that they feed who it cognitivaly, with ominous consequences for the process of its social inclusion. From there the urgency in promoting actions that can breach with the media action in course. This is the role for the dance in wheels chair has and, to accomplish it, cannot be remained based in the criteria of the sport. The dance in wheels chair needs to discover its poetical, therefore they are who potencializes an effective social insertion / O aumento da exposição midiática de imagens de corpos cadeirantes promove a impressão de colaborar para a inclusão social do corpo que nomeamos de deficiente. Todavia, a ação das nomeações consagradas pela imprensa, como a de pcd (pessoa com deficiência), opera justamente no sentido contrário, midiatizando a deficiência, transformando-a em um estigma. As imagens de corpos cadeirantes que ganham divulgação estão sempre associadas à questão da superação de limites, vinculando aqueles corpos somente aos valores em circulação no mundo do desporto. O destaque que a Paraolimpíada ocupa na mídia se insere aí, na consolidação da abordagem desses corpos com imagens que se congelam em torno de uma uniformização das deficiências em um nicho único, delimitado pelo conceito de eficiência/produtividade adotado. Faz-se necessária uma reflexão crítica a respeito dessa situação para poder tratar da dança que esse corpo pratica fora dos estreitos limites impostos por esse mecanismo estigmatizador. Para isso, aqui se adota a Teoria Corpomídia (Katz & Greiner), com a qual se apresenta a hipótese de que o corpo do dançarino cadeirante é um sistema complexo e apto a romper com o discurso perverso que as imagens congeladas produzem. O conceito de corpomídia, formulado a partir do estudo da comunicação entre corpo, e seus ambientes, favorece o entendimento do papel que a exploração midiática tem quando congela as imagens que produz em torno da deficiência e não do deficiente com suas singularidades. A metodologia contempla um Estudo de Caso, o do espetáculo Judite quer chorar, mas não consegue! , criado pelo dançarino cadeirante Edu Oliveira; entrevistas com fins de pesquisa qualitativa; análise crítica dessas entrevistas, realizadas após a apresentação do espetáculo em duas cidades diferentes (Salvador e Votorantim); revisão bibliográfica do tema do corpo deficiente; registros em vídeo. A pesquisa bibliográfica permitiu um breve esboço panorâmico/ histórico do acesso dos cadeirantes ao mundo da dança e suas implicações sociais. Concluiu-se que o dançarino cadeirante é cultural e biologicamente implicado em um sistema de construção de imagens que o associam ao corpo coitadinho e que são elas que o alimentam cognitivamente, com conseqüências nefastas para o processo de sua inclusão social. Daí a urgência em promover ações que possam romper com a ação midiática em curso. É esse o papel que a dança em cadeira de rodas tem e, para desempenhá-lo, não pode se manter pautada pelos critérios do desporto. A dança em cadeira de rodas precisa descobrir as suas poéticas, pois são elas que potencializam uma inserção social efetiva

Le financement de l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) se trouve actuellement au centre des préoccupations des acteurs et des observateurs de celle-ci. La question de savoir comment le droit peut faciliter le financement des entreprises de l’ESS mérite donc qu’on y consacre une analyse systémique. Le cadre juridique du financement de l’ESS est posé par les normes impératives en droit des sociétés et des groupements de l’ESS. La loi n°2014-856 du 31 juillet 2014 relative à l'ESS dresse une liste limitative des formes juridiques appartenant à l’ESS : associations loi 1901, fondations, coopératives, mutuelles et sociétés commerciales sous certaines conditions. Afin de discuter les normes impératives ayant un impact sur le financement des entreprises de l’ESS, la première partie de cette thèse reconstitue l’offre éparse de statuts et leur régime juridique. En découle, dans la seconde partie, une critique ordonnée de l’accès aux ressources financières, selon qu’elles sont destinées aux organisations sans but lucratif (OSBL) ou aux sociétés, libérales ou avec une contrepartie, qu’elles soient le fruit d’un investissement ou qu’elles proviennent d’une des parties prenantes. Cette thèse aboutit à cinq séries de propositions de réformes : la redéfinition de l’ESS pour un fléchage plus affûté des ressources financières dédiées ; la révision des normes impératives entravant la performance financière des OSBL ; la stimulation de l’investissement dans l’ESS ; la sécurisation des ressources des entreprises de l’ESS au moyen de l’évaluation de l'impact social ; la pérennisation des aides d’État, eu égard à l’utilité sociale, et des compensations pour obligation de service public / Nowadays the financing of the social and solidarity economy (SSE) lies at the forefront of the concerns plaguing operators and observers in the sector. Therefore, how can SSE financing be eased by law is an issue that deserves a systemic analysis. The legal framework for SSE financing has been set by peremptory norms of SSE corporate law. French act n°2014-856 of 31 July 2014 on the SSE establishes a restrictive list of legal forms that automatically belong to the SSE: non-profit organisations, foundations, cooperatives, mutual societies and commercial companies under certain conditions. With a view to discussing the peremptory norms which affect the financing of social enterprises, the first section of this thesis gives an overview of the SSE statutes and their scattered legal regime. As a result, the second section provides a sorted review of the access to financial resources, whether they are intended for not-for-profit or for-profit organisations, with or without consideration, and whether they stem from an investment or are provided by a stakeholder. This thesis leads to five series of reform proposals: redefining the SSE for a better earmarking of the dedicated financial resources; revising the peremptory norms that hinder the financial performance of not-for-profit organisations; stimulating investments in the SSE; securing the resources for social enterprises through the assessment of their social impact; perpetuating both state aid regarding social utility and compensations for public service obligations

Dans notre monde actuel, les entreprises utilisent, pour se prémunir de toute atteinte et protéger au maximum leurs intérêts économiques, des techniques contractuelles élaborées par la pratique telles que les clauses de non-concurrence, les clauses de confidentialité, les clauses de non-réaffiliation et les clauses de non sollicitation.Ces clauses occupent de multiples champs de l’activité contractuelle en mêlant le droit des contrats, le droit des affaires et le droit du travail. Elles visent à interdire au cocontractant, d’exercer une activité professionnelle, de divulguer des informations secrètes, ou encore d’embaucher certains collaborateurs. Ainsi, elles viennent limiter une liberté fondamentale, plus spécialement la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie. Dès lors, il semble nécessaire d’élaborer un régime juridique commun à toutes ces clauses afin de préserver d’un coté la protection de l’activité économique des entreprises et de l’autre la sauvegarde de la liberté économique des contractants soumis à de telles clauses. L’intérêt d’un régime commun est d’anticiper les conditions de validité et de mise en œuvre des ce type de clauses. De cette façon, la prévisibilité ne ferait plus défaut aux contractants. L’élaboration de ce droit commun passe par deux étapes. La première est relative à l’identification des clauses limitatives de concurrence. Il s’agit de saisir leur autonomie par rapport aux contrats dans lesquels elles peuvent être insérées et d’en tirer les conséquences au niveau leur validité. La seconde est relative à la mise en œuvre de ces clauses. Leur application est délicate car dépendante pour une grande partie de la précision de leur contenu. En cas de non-respect, un vaste choix de remèdes est offert au contractant déçu pour venir sanctionner le manquement contractuel constaté. / In the modern world, to guard themselves from damage and to protect at best their economical interests, companies use contractual techniques developed by usage such as non-compete clauses,confidentiality clauses, non-reaffiliation clauses and non-solicitation clauses. These clauses cover many fields of contractual legality, mixing contract law, labor law and business law. Their aim is to prohibit the co-contractor to practice a professional activity, to disclose secret information, or even to employ specific colleagues, or contributors. Thus, they are brought to restrict a fundamental freedom, specifically the freedom of trade and of industry. As a result, it appears necessary to formulate a common legal system for all these clauses so as to preserve on one side the protection of the economic activity of the companies et on the other side the safeguard of the economic freedom of the co-contractors subject to these clauses. The benefit of a common legal system is the anticipation of the conditions of validity and implementation of this type of clause. In this way, the cocontractants will not lack in foresight. The development of this common right is in two steps. This includes confirming their autonomy relative to the contracts in which they may be inserted and draw the necessary conclusions regarding their validity. The second step is relative to the implementation of these clauses. Their application is sensitive because it depends for the most part on the precision of their content. In case of a breach of contract, a large array of legal remedies is available to the aggrieved contractor to penalize the breach of contract.

No description available.

No description available.

Private set intersection(PSI) is a two party protocol where both parties possess a private set and at the end of the protocol, one party (client) learns the intersection while other party (server) learns nothing. Motivated by some interesting practical applications, several provably secure and efficient PSI protocols have appeared in the literature in recent past. Some of the proposed solutions are secure in the honest-but-curious (HbC) model while the others are secure in the (stronger) malicious model. Security in the latter is traditionally achieved by following the classical approach of attaching a zero knowledge proof of knowledge (ZKPoK) (and/or using the so-called cut-and-choose technique). These approaches prevent the parties from deviating from normal protocol execution, albeit with significant computational overhead and increased complexity in the security argument, which includes incase of ZKPoK, knowledge extraction through rewinding. We critically investigate a subset of the existing protocols. Our study reveals some interesting points about the so-called provable security guarantee of some of the proposed solutions. Surprisingly, we point out some gaps in the security argument of several protocols. We also discuss an attack on a protocol when executed multiple times between the same client and server. The attack, in fact, indicates some limitation in the existing security definition of PSI. On the positive side, we show how to correct the security argument for the above mentioned protocols and show that in the HbC model the security can be based on some standard computational assumption like RSA and Gap Diffie-Hellman problem. For a protocol, we give improved version of that protocol and prove security in the HbC model under standard computational assumption. For the malicious model, we construct two PSI protocols using deterministic blind signatures i.e., Boldyreva’s blind signature and Chaum’s blind signature, which do not involve ZKPoK or cut-and-choose technique. Chaum’s blind signature gives a new protocol in the RSA setting and Boldyreva’s blind signature gives protocol in gap Diffie-Hellman setting which is quite similar to an existing protocol but it is efficient and does not involve ZKPoK.

The aim of this thesis is to provide an insight into the topic of causation in law and to acquaint its reader with the common methods of proving the causation before courts. Among the most used methods such as the 'but for' test, this paper focuses on specific aspects of this topic which were introduced to the Czech legal system together with the adoption of the Civil Code 2014. The thesis also includes description and analysis of alternatively used methods of proving 'multiple causation' cases such as the theory of 'loss of chance' and 'pure economic loss'. Among this analysis the comparison between Czech and British legal system is used extensively. The core of this thesis is the effort to confirm or to refute the hypothesis that despite the Czech legal system does not officially recognize distinction between 'factual causation' and 'legal causation' as it is done in the British legal system, methods from both categories are actively used by Czech courts. This paper also aims to analyze whether, due to the fact that recognition between 'factual causation' and 'legal causation' is not explicitly expressed in the Czech legal system, does exist any negative or positive impact on judicial decisions. The last goal of this thesis is to demonstrate whether, similarly as in the British law, the significant number...