El presente estudio de investigación se basa en el análisis de tres variables que influyen en la exportación de paprika seca proveniente de Perú hacia el mercado de México durante el periodo 2008 al 2018. En ese sentido, se consideró necesario analizar las cuotas arancelarias, debido al alto grado de aplicación por parte de México para la importación de paprika seca desde la vigencia del Acuerdo de Integración Comercial en el año 2012. Por otra parte, otra variable que se consideró dentro de la investigación fueron las medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, ya que muchas veces estas suelen ejercer como una desviación hacia el comercio, sobre todo en productos agrícolas. Así mismo, como última variable se tuvo en consideración la competencia internacional. Dicha variable fue analizada con el apoyo de entrevistas y la realización de estadística que permitió ver la correlación directa entre los competidores y las exportaciones. Para el análisis de estas variables fue necesario un enfoque mixto, el cual se basó en un análisis estadístico de las exportaciones antes y después de la vigencia del AIC y de la competencia internacional. Además, también se usó las entrevistas especializadas para el estudio de la influencia de las medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias para las exportaciones de paprika. En cuanto a los resultados, se pudo obtener que la variable más influyente fue la competencia internacional, las medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, y en menor medida las cuotas arancelarias de importación. / This research study is based on the analysis of three variables that influence the export of dried paprika from Peru to the Mexican market during the period 2008 to 2018. In that sense, it was considered necessary to analyze the tariff rate quotas, due to the high degree of application by Mexico for the importation of dried paprika since the Trade Integration Agreement entered into force in 2012. On the other hand, another variable that was considered within the investigation was the sanitary and phytosanitary measures, since often these tend to exert as a deviation towards trade, especially in agricultural products. Likewise, international competition was taken into account as the last variable. This variable was analyzed with the support of interviews and the realization of statistics that allowed seeing the direct correlation between competitors and exports. For the analysis of these variables, a mixed approach was necessary, which was based on a statistical analysis of exports before and after the validity of the AIC and international competition. In addition, specialized interviews were also used to study the influence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures for paprika exports. As for the results, it was possible to obtain that the most influential variable was international competition, sanitary and phytosanitary measures and, to a lesser extent, import tariff rate quotas. / Tesis

A presente dissertação de mestrado desenvolve um estudo sobre Descobrimiento i Conquista de Chile, Los Precursores de la Independencia de Chile e La Crónica de 1810, de Miguel Luís Amunátegui (1828-1888). Essas obras foram publicadas entre 1861 e 1889 e abrangem quase a totalidade de sua trajetória intelectual e política. Além disso, constituem contribuições pioneiras, dentro do âmbito profissional e acadêmico, de uma interpretação coerente e sistematizada sobre o passado e a independência do Chile. Este trabalho discute o contexto político e cultural em que essas obras foram escritas, investigando como seu modelo historiográfico se aproxima ou se distancia dos predominantes em seu tempo. Busca também refletir sobre a maneira pela qual Amunátegui traduziu, em suas interpretações históricas, sua luta política em prol do liberalismo. Trata-se, enfim, de lançar luz sobre um importante legado da escrita da História no Chile do século XIX. / The Masters thesis herein presented develops a study of Descobrimiento i Conquista de Chile, Los Precursores de la Independencia de Chile and La Crónica de 1810, by Miguel Luís Amunátegui (1828-1888). Published between 1861 and 1889, these books encompass most of his historical and political thinking. They also figure among the first contributions to the professional and academic scenario which presented a coherent, systematized interpretation of Chiles past and independence. This article approaches the cultural and political scenario in which they were written, investigating how their historiographic model relates to the predominant ones in his days. It is also an attempt to reflect upon how Amunátegui applied his liberal-oriented political struggle into his historical interpretations. Eventually, this article aims at shedding light on an important legacy for Chiles History writing in the 19th century.

A presente dissertação de mestrado desenvolve um estudo sobre Descobrimiento i Conquista de Chile, Los Precursores de la Independencia de Chile e La Crónica de 1810, de Miguel Luís Amunátegui (1828-1888). Essas obras foram publicadas entre 1861 e 1889 e abrangem quase a totalidade de sua trajetória intelectual e política. Além disso, constituem contribuições pioneiras, dentro do âmbito profissional e acadêmico, de uma interpretação coerente e sistematizada sobre o passado e a independência do Chile. Este trabalho discute o contexto político e cultural em que essas obras foram escritas, investigando como seu modelo historiográfico se aproxima ou se distancia dos predominantes em seu tempo. Busca também refletir sobre a maneira pela qual Amunátegui traduziu, em suas interpretações históricas, sua luta política em prol do liberalismo. Trata-se, enfim, de lançar luz sobre um importante legado da escrita da História no Chile do século XIX. / The Masters thesis herein presented develops a study of Descobrimiento i Conquista de Chile, Los Precursores de la Independencia de Chile and La Crónica de 1810, by Miguel Luís Amunátegui (1828-1888). Published between 1861 and 1889, these books encompass most of his historical and political thinking. They also figure among the first contributions to the professional and academic scenario which presented a coherent, systematized interpretation of Chiles past and independence. This article approaches the cultural and political scenario in which they were written, investigating how their historiographic model relates to the predominant ones in his days. It is also an attempt to reflect upon how Amunátegui applied his liberal-oriented political struggle into his historical interpretations. Eventually, this article aims at shedding light on an important legacy for Chiles History writing in the 19th century.

I denna studie presenteras de reflektioner och analyser som legat till grund för mitt musikskapande till rörlig bild, med fokus på musik till protestfilmer från Chiles aktuella protestvåg. Protesterna, som visar på ett starkt folkligt missnöje, inleddes den 18 oktober 2019 och har, till dagens datum, inte sett ett slut.    Filmerna sprids via sociala medier, vilka har uppfyllt en fundamental roll genom att sprida materialet på ett massivt och snabbt sätt. Det audiovisuella materialet som sprids genom dessa sociala medier är nytt i sin genre eftersom det gestaltar protestvågen på ett, som jag anser, nyskapande sätt. Videon kännetecknas av att de visar genuin och äkta information i korta och skakande filmer som skildrar demonstrationerna inifrån, men utanför de officiella massmedierna, såsom press och TV. Protestfilmerna fokuserar ofta på den som kommit att kallas för ”Primera Línea”, Frontlinjen.     Det visuella materialet innehåller symboler och uttrycker känslor som kan analyseras dels utifrån ett semiotiskt perspektiv, dels en subjektiv synvinkel som går ut på att undersöka hur jag själv känner när jag ser filmerna. Utifrån denna analys har jag haft som syfte att skapa egen musik till filmerna, men en önskan att berika och förstärka filmernas budskap. Analysen har även legat till grund för valet av instrumentation och arrangemang. Detta tillvägagångssätt har jag tillämpat igenom hela processen, från planeringen av musikskapandet till färdig produkt.    De semiotiska element som jag har hittat i filmerna är, bland annat, territorium, etnicitet, folkidentitet, förnyelse samt förstörelse och våld. Dessa är med i alla de 5 filmer som jag har arbetat med. De första två element har fått mig att välja instrument som kan associeras till ursprungsbefolkningen i Chile. Resterande filmer och dess musikskapande beskrivs ingående i denna studie utifrån dels ett semiotiskt perspektiv, dels en känsloanalys utifrån mitt egna perspektiv.

O romance Nocturno de Chile, do escritor chileno Roberto Bolaño, insere-se no diálogo sobre as representações literárias da violência política na América Latina, contribuindo para um esforço de revitalização desse tipo de abordagem. Está dada na obra uma re-elaboração do discurso histórico, re-elaboração essa que se amplia e realiza também uma revisão do cânone literário estabelecido no continente. Dessa forma interessa a este trabalho analisar, compreender e discutir o modo como o autor arquiteta essas instâncias que se cruzam e se fundem no interior da obra, construindo-a. O esforço por compreender o trabalho de Bolaño não traz em si a pretensão de elucidá-lo de modo definitivo, mas a ideia de freqüentá-lo propondo um diálogo com o autor. Ao nos aproximar deste universo la partir de um ângulo distinto lançamos uma mirada crítica sobre a América Latina dos anos 1970. Nesse momento parece emergir com força o importante papel que tem a literatura, não para registrar denúncias ou oferecer respostas, mas dizer aquilo que os documentos não alcançam. / The novel Nocturno de Chile by the Chilean writer Roberto Bolaño, takes part in the dialog about literary representation of politic violence in Latin America, and contributes to a revitalization effort for this kind of approach. The book offers a re-elaboration of historic discourse. A re-elaboration which amplifies and also reviews the literary canon established in America. This is why its interesting to analyze, understand and discuss the way the author elaborates those matters that meet and join each other in the plot, to build it up. Our effort to comprehend Bolaños working doesnt intend to elucidate him definitively, but to establish a dialog with the writer. By approaching to this authors universe through a distinct angle, we can critically observe Latin America in the 1970s. In present days, a new important role for Literature seems to emerge, not in order to point out or answer anything, but to tell what historic documents dont seem to be able to reach.

O romance Nocturno de Chile, do escritor chileno Roberto Bolaño, insere-se no diálogo sobre as representações literárias da violência política na América Latina, contribuindo para um esforço de revitalização desse tipo de abordagem. Está dada na obra uma re-elaboração do discurso histórico, re-elaboração essa que se amplia e realiza também uma revisão do cânone literário estabelecido no continente. Dessa forma interessa a este trabalho analisar, compreender e discutir o modo como o autor arquiteta essas instâncias que se cruzam e se fundem no interior da obra, construindo-a. O esforço por compreender o trabalho de Bolaño não traz em si a pretensão de elucidá-lo de modo definitivo, mas a ideia de freqüentá-lo propondo um diálogo com o autor. Ao nos aproximar deste universo la partir de um ângulo distinto lançamos uma mirada crítica sobre a América Latina dos anos 1970. Nesse momento parece emergir com força o importante papel que tem a literatura, não para registrar denúncias ou oferecer respostas, mas dizer aquilo que os documentos não alcançam. / The novel Nocturno de Chile by the Chilean writer Roberto Bolaño, takes part in the dialog about literary representation of politic violence in Latin America, and contributes to a revitalization effort for this kind of approach. The book offers a re-elaboration of historic discourse. A re-elaboration which amplifies and also reviews the literary canon established in America. This is why its interesting to analyze, understand and discuss the way the author elaborates those matters that meet and join each other in the plot, to build it up. Our effort to comprehend Bolaños working doesnt intend to elucidate him definitively, but to establish a dialog with the writer. By approaching to this authors universe through a distinct angle, we can critically observe Latin America in the 1970s. In present days, a new important role for Literature seems to emerge, not in order to point out or answer anything, but to tell what historic documents dont seem to be able to reach.

In 2015 the United Nations adopted an action plan named Agenda 2030. The plan contains 17 global sustainable development goals and 169 sub-goals; all of which are aimed towards creating a sustainable future within the spheres of the three cornerstones of sustainability; social, environmental, and economical by the year of 2030.  The aim of this paper is to examine the prerequisites for the Chilean government in implementing the UN's goal number five: reach gender equality. What are their ambitions? What are the biggest challenges? Which strategy does the government have to manage the challenges of the implementation process? The analysis has been conducted through a qualitative field study based on various documents, and is complemented by experts' interviews.   The method used is theory consuming and relies on Lennart Lundquist's implementation theory 'Understand, can and will' (1992).  Lundquist believes that the will is the most important factor for implementing a policy. The Chilean government shows both an understanding of what is needed and the resources that are needed.  The question is, do they possess the will it takes to overcome the obstacles they face?

This thesis develops an interactive computer-aided analysis package for solving linear elastic fracture mechanics problems. CHILES 2 (an existing finite element fracture mechanics program) was modified to be interactive. The modified program is named CHILES.BYU and is used in conjunction with QMESH.BYU and MOVIE.BYU to form the total software package. An analysis of glass ceramics and glass ceramic/metal interfaces was performed demonstrating the capabilities of the package. This study demonstrates the usefulness of an interactive package of computer programs to allow an engineer to rapidly investigate different crack configurations.

[ES] El pimiento (C. annuum) ocupa un importante lugar en la economía agrícola del mundo y en particular para España. La agricultura intensiva empleada en las últimas décadas está demostrando no ser sostenible a largo plazo, esto, y la aceleración del cambio climático, hace necesario la búsqueda de plantas más adaptadas a las nuevas presiones de estresores tanto bióticos como abióticos. Adicional al uso de variedades mejoradas para este tipo de estresores, es importante tomar en cuenta las interacciones que ocurren en el suelo e introducirlas en los programas de mejora genética vegetal. Por ello, esta tesis se ha centrado, por un lado, en la búsqueda de fuentes de resistencia frente a oídio (L. taurica), enfermedad que cada vez está resultando más problemática en pimiento, especialmente en agricultura ecológica. Por otro lado, y teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la sanidad y fertilidad del suelo para la resiliencia de los cultivos, se estudia la interacción del sistema radicular del pimiento con la zona de la rizosfera y la microbiota de la raíz. Como principales resultados obtenidos en la presente tesis se pueden destacar la identificación de fuentes de resistencia a oídio en las accesiones de C. annuum var. glabriusculum, lo que puede facilitar la introducción de genes de resistencia en variedades comerciales de pimientos. Además, se ha demostrado cómo las propiedades de la rizosfera (actividad enzimática, movilización de nitrógeno, respiración) y su microbioma es altamente dependiente de las condiciones de cultivo y del genotipo cultivado. Así se observó que la parcela de cultivo ecológico mostró mayores recuentos microbianos, actividades enzimáticas y movilización de nitrógeno que la convencional además de poseer más diversidad microbiana y mayor recuento de microorganismos. Por último, se observó también una gran especificidad de la interacción suelo-planta, observándose cómo ciertos microorganismos beneficiosos colonizaban preferentemente ciertos genotipos. Esta especificidad debería de ser considerada para futuros programas de mejoramiento para una agricultura más sostenible y adaptada. / [CA] El pebrot (C. annuum) ocupa un lloc important en l'economia agrícola del món i en particular per a Espanya. L'agricultura intensiva emprada en les últimes dècades està demostrant no ser sostenible a llarg termini, açò, i l'acceleració del canvi climàtic, fa necessari la recerca de plantes més adaptades a les noves pressions d'estressors tant biòtics com a abiòtics. Addicional a l'ús de varietats millorades per a este tipus d'estressors, és important tindre en compte les interaccions que ocorren en el sòl i introduir-les en els programes de millora genètica vegetal. Per açò, aquesta tesi s'ha centrat, d'una banda, en la recerca de fonts de resistència front a oídi (L. taurica), malaltia que cada vegada està resultant més problemàtica en pebrot, especialment en agricultura ecològica. D'altra banda, i tenint en compte la importància de la salut i fertilitat del sòl per a la resiliència dels cultius, s'estudia la interacció del sistema radicular del pebrot amb la zona de la rizosfera i la microbiota de l'arrel. Com a principals resultats obtinguts en la present tesi es poden destacar la identificació de fonts de resistència a oídi en les accessions de C. annuum var. glabriusculum, la qual cosa pot facilitar la introducció de gens de resistència en varietats comercials de pebrots. A més, s'ha demostrat com les propietats de la rizosfera (activitat enzimàtica, mobilització de nitrogen, respiració) i el seu microbioma és altament dependent de les condicions de cultiu i del genotip cultivat. Així es va observar que la parcel·la de cultiu ecològic va mostrar majors recomptes microbians, activitats enzimàtiques i mobilització de nitrogen que la convencional, a més de posseir més diversitat microbiana i major recompte de microorganismes. Finalment, es va observar també una gran especificitat de la interacció sòl-planta, observant-se com certs microorganismes beneficiosos colonitzaven preferentment certs genotips. Aquesta especificitat hauria de ser considerada per a futurs programes de millorament per a una agricultura més sostenible i adaptada. / [EN] The pepper (C. annuum) holds an important place in the global agricultural economy and particularly for Spain. Intensive agriculture used in recent decades is proving not to be sustainable in the long term, and, coupled with the acceleration of climate change, it necessitates the search for plants more adapted to new pressures from both biotic and abiotic stressors. In addition to using improved varieties for these types of stressors, it is important to consider the interactions that occur in the soil and incorporate them into plant genetic improvement programs. Therefore, this thesis has focused on one hand, on the search for sources of resistance against powdery mildew (L. taurica), a disease that is increasingly problematic in pepper, especially in organic agriculture. On the other hand, considering the importance of soil health and fertility for crop resilience, the interaction of the pepper root system with the rhizosphere zone and root microbiota is studied. The main results obtained in this thesis include the identification of sources of resistance to powdery mildew in the accessions of C. annuum var. glabriusculum, which can facilitate the introduction of resistance genes in commercial pepper varieties. Furthermore, it has been shown how the properties of the rhizosphere (enzymatic activity, nitrogen mobilization, respiration) and its microbiome are highly dependent on the cultivation conditions and the cultivated genotype. It was observed that the organic farming plot showed higher microbial counts, enzymatic activities, and nitrogen mobilization than the conventional one, in addition to possessing greater microbial diversity and higher counts of microorganisms. Lastly, a high specificity of the soil-plant interaction was also observed, with certain beneficial microorganisms preferentially colonizing specific genotypes. This specificity should be considered for future breeding programs for more sustainable and adapted agriculture. / El presente trabajo no podría haberse llevado a cabo sin el apoyo financiero de la beca predoctoral otorgada por CONACYT-CONCYTEP con el número identificador 47274 por parte del gobierno de México. / Morales Manzo, II. (2023). Mejora genética del chile (Capsicum annuum L.) para estrés biótico: Oídio (Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arn.) y fertilidad del suelo: retos de la agricultura ecológica y búsqueda de fuentes de variación de interés y factores genéticos relacionados [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194538

Over the last sixty years, voting patterns in the United States have changed dramatically, and this is especially true in the state of Florida. Though there is some literature in the field of political science that outlines the voting and election history of Florida and identifies some trends, this literature is extremely limited and is not comprehensive of the data that is available up to the present day. This study seeks to find Florida’s voting patterns and to explain how they can be understood by both the casual observer and the political scientist. To do so, unique methodology was applied that used the "relative margin" of both a county and a region in a particular election to give the Democratic nominee’s performance context both in the election in question and in history, by comparing the actual margin of victory or defeat of the Democratic nominee to the statewide margin of victory or defeat. This was an illuminating process that ultimately revealed some truths about the election history of Florida: the counties and regions most likely to vote for Democratic nominees in the 1950s and early 1960 are now among the least likely to do so, and the counties and regions most likely to vote for Republican nominees in the 1950s and early 1960s are now considered to be "swing" or "tossup" areas that are regularly and alternatively won by Democratic and Republican nominees. Additionally, the pattern of each region in how it voted in presidential elections was compared to forty seven other states in the country to provide further context as to how the election patterns can be understood in context.