Sweden has seen a reversal in marriage trends, from mainly declining marriage rates since the 1960s to increasing rates from 1998 and onwards. By applying event-history techniques to Swedish register data, this study examines whether the trend reversal is related to compositional changes in various socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the population, with special focus on childbearing. Only first marriages of women are studied as these largely represent the general marriage trends. The results show that the trend reversal only partly can be ascribed to compositional changes, more specifically to changes in labor-market attachment and childbearing. Thus, there is evidence of a new marriage trend in Sweden that does not conform very well to that of generally declining marriage rates as is often depicted in demographic literature. Furthermore, there is evidence of pro-cyclical marriage and childbearing trends. These patterns are especially interesting because Sweden is a country that in many aspects has been a forerunner in the development of new trends in family-demographic behavior and a country where childbearing and marriage are not necessarily seen as very closely interrelated.

As attention of scholars shift from perils of presidentialism to perils of semipresidentialism in the recent decades, French style of cohabitation power sharing mode in the executive merits our endeavor to understand the micro-dynamics that is embedded in it. It includes how it emerged, how it was practiced and what consequences it produced. Such effort, if wisely applied, can probably be helpful in slowing down the rate of political system breakdown in many of the newly emerged democratic systems that emulate the French model. After an introduction to the blackbox of French cohabitation, the remainder of the dissertation is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 2 briefly reviews the existing literature on French cohabitation. Chapter 3 introduces the interpretive paradigm of qualitative research that is employed to analyze data and to facilitate theory building. In the 4th theoretical discussion chapter, three elements of practice theory approach ¡V temporality, duality of structure and unanticipated consequences are elaborated respectively. The three elements correspond to answer three research questions comprising how cohabitation emerged, how it was practiced and what kinds of consequences it produced. Chapter 5 to 8 display findings to the questions. They unravel for us other faces of French cohabitation which can be an active outcome of rationalization, a dynamic generator and a collective inevitable self-deception. Chapter 9 concludes by delineating theoretical and practical contribution of the dissertation.

The proportion of children born outside of marriage in Chile increased from 15.9 percent in 1960 to 64.6 percent in 2008. Similar increases have been taken elsewhere as indicative of a Second Demographic Transition (SDT). In this dissertation, I study differences between married and unmarried mothers in Chile and the reasons why such a large proportion of children are born outside of marriage, with the goal of understanding whether the demographic changes we are observing in the country are part of a global movement towards the SDT. The data comes from a postpartum survey implemented in Santiago, the capital city. I analyze differences between women according to the family arrangement they live in, including married women in nuclear households, married women in extended households, cohabiters in nuclear households, cohabiters in extended households, visiting mothers, and single mothers. I consider women’s socioeconomic wellbeing, emotional wellbeing, social support, attitudes and values, and reproductive health. The results show large demographic and socioeconomic differences, marking the socioeconomic advantage of married women in nuclear households, who are the oldest, and the disadvantage of cohabiters in extended households, visiting and single mothers, who are the youngest women in the sample. Married women in extended households and cohabiters in nuclear households are between these two poles. Differences in emotional wellbeing exist, benefiting married women in nuclear households, but they are not so large. Differences in social support continue delineating married women in nuclear households as a privileged group, but visiting mothers appear as a highly supported group too. There are not large differences in attitudes and values, as most women continue holding conservative attitudes on family issues, and most unmarried mothers plan to marry. Differences in reproductive health are large, showing that unplanned births and contraceptive failure are high in the underprivileged and youngest groups. Unmarried women seem to accept their pregnancies with no pressure to marry, and to give priority to other goals, such as their careers and homeownership, before the wedding, which they do not discard for the future. Under these circumstances, it is hard to interpret recent demographic changes in Chile as a SDT. / text

Extended households are far from a rare phenomenon in Latin America and their prevalence does not seem to be in decline. In Chile, they accounted for about a quarter of all households over the 1990–2011 period. This persistence contrasts with the dramatic transformations that have taken place in other dimensions of family life, such as the fall in fertility and marriage rates, and the increase in cohabitation and out-of-wedlock births. Recent studies on extended living arrangements in the region have mainly understood household extension as a strategy to face economic deprivation, giving little attention to other factors affecting it, such as gender inequalities and changing needs for support over the life course. In this dissertation, I contribute to the understanding of extended households Chile through the analysis of adult women living in family units over the 1990–2011 period. Unlike most other studies, I recognise the unequal positions that individuals and families occupy within the extended household, by distinguishing between women that head an extended household and those that join it as subfamilies. Using quantitative methods, I analyse a nationally representative household survey: the CASEN survey. This is the most complete data source on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the Chilean population. This dissertation offers a new assessment of the relationship between extended living arrangements and economic deprivation. Its findings only partially support the hypothesis of household extension as a family strategy to face economic hardship. Other key factors emerge when explaining extended living arrangements, including mothers’ full-time employment, the vulnerability of informal family structures, and other needs of support connected to the life course. There has been an increasing trend across 1990–2011 for young women who have started their family life to live in extended households. Multivariate analyses reveals that this increase was mainly influenced by the rising prevalence of cohabitation and single lone motherhood among younger generations, and to a lesser extent by the increase in young women’s full-time employment. These findings raise important theoretical issues for the Chilean context and show that patterns of social modernisation and family change in Chile have gone hand-in-hand with an increasing importance of the support provided by the extended family. This dissertation fills an important gap in the research on intra-household gender inequalities by analysing women’s economic dependence on extended household members. It shows that women in subfamilies are more likely to be economically dependent than those in head-families. Full-time employment, as well as marriage and cohabitation, emerge as highly protective factors against economic dependence. Special attention is paid to lone mothers, who are often excluded from research on women’s economic dependence. Lone mothers in subfamilies benefit economically from being in an extended household. Yet overall they have decreased their likelihood of being economically dependent over the 1990–2011 period. I argue that this reflects the increasing social protection towards lone mothers and recent legal reforms aimed at the equalisation of rights among couples and children irrespective of the marriage bond.

Orientador: Sonia Giubilei / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T13:02:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spigolon_NimaImaculada_M.pdf: 4380442 bytes, checksum: 7ffed763950c1c83858789613565a109 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa traz a lume Elza Freire e expõe discussões e considerações sobre resultados da investigação científica, cujo objetivo principal foi identificar contribuições e demonstrar influências para a Educação Brasileira e, em particular a Educação de Adultos. Assim, por meio da análise de sua trajetória pessoal e profissional, compreendemos o contexto histórico, cultural e sócio-político com destaque à Recife. Considerando que para nós, Elza Freire se insere num escopo amplo de pesquisa, apresentamos o período compreendido entre 1916 a 1965. O trabalho assume outra dimensão a partir do casamento com Paulo Freire em 1944; sob esse aspecto do estudo, demonstramos a teoria formulada por nós, como Pedagogia da Convivência, onde teriam sido fundadas bases para o "método" desenvolvido e as "teorias" formuladas por Paulo Freire, possibilitando estruturação, fundamentação e consolidação das experiências com Adultos, o que nos remete à gênese dessa Educação no Brasil, com ênfase à participação de Elza como sistematizadora das palavras geradoras. Como metodologia, destaca-se o levantamento das diversas fontes de pesquisa incorporadas ao mapeamento bibliográfico, as descrições e análises dos manuscritos de Elza e, por fim a técnica da entrevista em narrativas. Os aportes da abordagem qualitativa foram utilizados e estruturados segundo uma lógica indutiva. Decidimos expor as décadas em ordem cronológica, utilizando fontes iconográficas inseridas ao texto para a composição histórica, o que possibilitou movimento e significado entre documentos, fatos e fragmentos, pois Elza é o sujeito que regula e configura as temporalidades da pesquisa. As considerações provisórias apontam para o surgimento de categorias "Elzanianas", acompanhadas de sua biografia, acreditamos encontrar em sua formação acadêmica e atuação profissional, informações que constituíram a educadora e intelectual, fundamentando sua prática político-pedagógica inovadora e vanguardista, cujo espírito crítico-solidário se consolidou e desdobrou em prol da humanidade; sobretudo, identificar a participação de Elza no pensamento e na práxis de Paulo Freire ao apreendermos seu legado para a Educação. / Abstract: The present research brings Elza Freire to light and exposes the debates and considerations about the results of the scientific investigation, whose main objective was to identify her contribution and show her influence onto Brazilian Education and particularly to Adults Literacy. Hence, through the analysis of her personal and professional trajectory, the historical, cultural and socio-political context was sought to be understood. Considering that for us Elza Freire inserts herself in a topmost purpose, the period from 1916 to 1965 is shown in this dissertation. From her marriage to Paulo Freire in 1944, the search gets another dimension; under this aspect of the study, we demonstrate the theory formulated by us, like Cohabitation Pedagogy which were founded basis for the "method" developed and "theories" put by Paulo Freire, enabling structure, rationale and consolidation of experiences with adults, which brings us back to the genesis of Education in Brazil, with emphasis on the participation of Elza and systematizing generated words.As work methodology we adopted a survey of resources, including the bibliographic material to the description and analysis of the manuscripts made by Elza, using the contribution of qualitative approach and finally, the semi-organized interview techinique through narratives. . The contributions of the qualitative approach were used and structured in na inductive logic. We decided to arrange those decades in chronological order explaining the historical essay by using iconographic sources, which could enable movement and meaning between the facts and fragments, since Elza is the subject who sets and represents the transience of this research. Interim considerations point to the emergence of categories "Elzanianas' accompanied by her biography, we find in her academic and professional activities, information that formed the intellectual and educator, basing her pedagogicpolitical practice innovative and avant-garde, whose critically - solidarity consolidated and deployed in support of humanity, especially to identify Elza's participation in Paulo Freire's thoughts and practices apprehending her legacy to the Brazilian Education. / Mestrado / Administração e Supervisão Educacional / Mestre em Educação

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Den kvalitativa studien har syftat till att undersöka handläggningen och verkställigheten av parboendegarantin i det svenska välfärdssystemet ur biståndshandläggare och enhetschefers perspektiv inom äldreomsorgen. Studien har givit en inblick i hur de yrkesverksamma med erfarenhet av parboendegarantin beskrivit samspelet mellan organisation, professionsetik och professionellt handlingsutrymme i etiska utmaningar som kan uppstå under handläggningen och verkställigheten. För att erhålla en fördjupad och nyanserad kunskap kring parboendegarantins process har åtta professionella från fem olika kommuner deltagit i intervjuer där resultatet visade att alla informanter uppfattade parboendegarantin som en mänsklig rättighet för äldre. I övrigt framkom likheter i hur etiska utmaningar hanterades gällande exempelvis besittningsrätt. Studien visade även på framträdande skillnader i verkställandet av parboendegarantin vilket gav slutsatsen att riktlinjer behövs. / The qualitative study aimed to explore the administration and execution of the cohabitation guarantee (parboendegaranti) in the Swedish welfare system through the perspective of the caseworkers and the branch heads within elderly care. The study provided the professionals perception of the interaction between organization, professional ethics and professional capacity for action regarding the ethical challenges that can occur processing the cohabitation guarantee. Acquiring the insight of the professional perspective the study was based on eight qualitative interviews with professionals from five Swedish municipalities that have experience with the cohabitation guarantee. The results showed that the professionals perceived the cohabitation guarantee as a human right for the elderly and similarities were found in methods to cope with ethical dilemmas such as the right to tenency after the death of a spouse. Significant differences in how the cohabitation guarantee was executed were found which led to the conclusion that guidelines are needed.

The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of ethnic consciousness in the territories of the Balkans and of Great Britain by focusing on the tendencies towards ethnical inclusion (crossing of ethnical boundaries) and ethnical exclusion (strengthening of the above mentioned). Inspired by B. Anderson's definition of nation (nation = imagined community), the author has chosen the languages of the investigated areas as the actual subject of his research. In three chapters he has studied first the structural and lexicological aspect of the language, then the terminological one (study of ethnonyms) and finally the textual one (study of national myths and the language used to their description). The conclusion of the research described above clearly shows, that whereas English is being perceived as a highly inclusive language (also due to its grammatical straightforwardness and lexicological richness) by speakers of other native languages in Britain (be it the autochthon minorities or migrants), in the Balkans, on the other hand, languages are being perceived as an exclusive propriety of the given ethnic group, which may even lead to artificial differences being introduced in them. The approach prevailing in Great Britain is clearly the one fostering better inter-ethnic cohabitation....

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Diese Dissertation nutzt die Heterogenität der Geschlechterrolleneinstellungen in der deutschen Bevölkerung, um zu untersuchen, ob individuelle Geschlechterrolleneinstellungen den allmählichen Bedeutungsverlust der Ehe erklären können. Mit Hilfe der Event-History-Analysis von Daten der PAIRFAM-Umfrage wird in drei empirischen Studien untersucht, ob und wie Geschlechterrolleneinstellungen die Heiratswahrscheinlichkeit beeinflussen. Eine Querschnittsbetrachtung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Geschlechtsrolleneinstellungen und Heiratsverhalten zeigt, dass Geschlechterrolleneinstellungen in der Stichprobe mit Zeitpunkt und Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Heirat korreliert. Befragte, die traditionalistische oder konservative Einstellungen vertreten, heiraten eher als Liberale und Egalitäre. In einer Längsschnittbetrachtung werden die Auswirkungen von Einstellungsänderungen im Laufe der Zeit erforscht, wobei häufige Änderungen der Geschlechtsrolleneinstellungen mit späteren und weniger wahrscheinlichen Übergängen zur Ehe korrelieren. Eine Betrachtung beider Partner untersucht, wie sich Paare mit kohärenten Geschlechterrolleneinstellungen von nicht übereinstimmenden Paaren unterscheiden, wobei eine gemeinsame Einstellung nicht mit einer höheren Heiratswahrscheinlichkeit korreliert ist. Paare, die mit unterschiedlichen Einstellungen beginnen und zu einer gemeinsamen Einstellung gelangen, heiraten jedoch mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit. Diese Dissertation trägt zur aktuellen Literatur bei, indem sie den Zusammenhang zwischen Geschlechterrolleneinstellungen und Heirat untersucht. Durch die Anwendung von Handlungstheorien auf Mikroebene und die Übertragung von Makro-Theorien des demografischen Wandels auf die Einzel- und Paarebene zeige ich, dass Geschlechterrolleneinstellungen eine potenzielle Triebkraft des demografischen Wandels sind. Sie beeinflussen die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Heirat und stellen einen potenziellen Übertragungsmechanismus für Theorien des Wandels auf Makroebene dar. / This dissertation leverages the heterogeneity in gender role attitudes in the German population to investigate if individual attitudes towards gender roles can explain the gradual loss of relevance of marriage. Using event history analysis on data from the PAIRFAM survey, I test if and how gender role attitudes influence the likelihood of marrying in three empirical studies. Chapter 3 offers a cross-sectional assessment of the empirical relationship between gender role attitudes and marital behavior. Gender role attitudes are in the sample correlated with the timing and likelihood of marriage. Respondents expressing traditionalist or conservative attitudes are more likely to marry than liberals and egalitarians. Chapter 4 investigates the relationship with a longitudinal outlook, exploring the effect of attitude change over time. Here I show that respondents whose attitudes are more stable over time tend to be more likely to marry, while frequent changes in gender role attitudes correlate with later and less likely transitions to marriage. Chapter 5 focuses on both partners, investigating how couples with gender attitudes that are coherent differ from mismatched couples. I show that sharing a common attitude is uncorrelated to more likely marriages. However, couples who start with different attitudes and reach a shared one are more likely to marry. This dissertation contributes to the current literature by exploring the connection between attitudes and marriage. By applying micro-level theories of action and transposing macro-level theories of demographic change at the individual and couple level, I show that gender role attitudes are indeed a potential driver of demographic change through their role in shaping the likelihood of marriage, offering a potential mechanism of transmission for macro-level theories of change.