La leucémie aigüe myéloïde est un cancer hautement létal notamment parce que le taux de rechutes est élevé, ce qui traduit l’importance du développement de nouvelles thérapies. Ces dernières peuvent tirer avantage du fait que les cellules leucémiques peuvent exprimer des antigènes qui ne sont pas exprimés par les tissus sains, soit les antigènes spécifiques aux tumeurs (TSA). À cet effet, nos collaborateurs ont découvert une source importante « d'aberrantly expressed TSA » (aeTSA) dans les régions non codantes de l’ADN. Ces aeTSA sont présentés par les molécules de CMH I et plusieurs ont provoqué la réactivité des lymphocytes T (LTs) in vitro. En plus d'être spécifiques aux cellules cancéreuses, ces aeTSA sont partagés entre plusieurs patients ce qui fait d'eux des cibles intéressantes dans le cadre d’immunothérapies. Sachant que c’est le récepteur de cellules T (TCR) qui confère la spécificité aux LTs, le but est d'isoler et de caractériser des TCR anti-aeTSA en vue de leur utilisation comme outils thérapeutiques. Pour ce faire, l’expansion de LTs CD8+ naïfs provenant de donneurs sains a été réalisée grâce à une co-culture avec des cellules dendritiques autologues chargées avec l'aeTSA d’intérêt. Les LTs CD8+ spécifiques du aeTSA ont été triés à l’aide d'un marquage dextramères et l’ARN a été isolé afin de réaliser le séquençage du TCR. Ce dernier a révélé que le répertoire de TCR anti-aeTSA est nettement oligoclonal, facilitant l'identification des séquences des chaînes α et β des clonotypes les plus abondants. En revanche, les répertoires de TCR anti-LMP2 426-434 (antigène viral) et anti-WT1 37-45 (antigène associé aux tumeurs) étaient plus diversifiés. De plus, des tests d'avidité fonctionnelle réalisés à l'aide d'ELISpot en concentrations décroissantes de peptides ont révélé que l'avidité fonctionnelle des LTs qui reconnaissent les aeTSA est similaire à celle du peptide LMP2 426-434, ce qui suggère que les aeTSA stimulent des réponses T de hautes avidités. Ensuite, la délétion du TCR endogène a été réalisée à l'aide de la technique CRISPR-Cas9, montrant plus de 90% d'efficacité. À des fins d'optimisation de protocoles, le TCR 1G4 spécifique de NY-ESO-1 a été introduit dans le locus TRAC et, simultanément, le knock-out de la chaîne α du TCR endogène a été réalisé afin de limiter les mésappariements et la compétition entre ces deux TCR. Les prochaines étapes seront d’introduire le gène codant pour le TCR spécifique d'aeTSA dans des LTs et de vérifier que les cellules éditées sont réactives envers ces aeTSA. Finalement, ce projet pourrait ouvrir la voie au ciblage d'aeTSA à l’aide de l’ingénierie du TCR pour rediriger un grand nombre de LTs envers les cellules leucémiques. / Acute myeloid leukemia is a highly lethal cancer for which effective immunotherapies are actively sought. These immunotherapies can take advantage of the fact that leukemia cells can express antigens that are not expressed by healthy tissues, namely tumor-specific antigens (TSA). In this regard, our collaborator's team has discovered an important source of aberrantly expressed TSA (aeTSA) in the non-coding regions of DNA. These aeTSAs are presented by MHC 1 molecules and can elicit T cells reactivity in vitro. In addition to being specific to cancer cells, these aeTSAs are shared between several patients, which makes them interesting targets in the context of immunotherapies. Knowing that the T cell receptor (TCR) is responsible for T cells specificity, the goal is to isolate and characterize anti-aeTSA TCRs for their use as therapeutic tools. To this end, we expanded aeTSA-specific T cells from naive CD8+ T cells obtained from healthy donors through co-culture with autologous dendritic cells loaded with the relevant aeTSA. The aeTSA-specific CD8+ T cells identified by dextramer staining were sorted for RNA extraction TCR sequencing. Amplicon sequencing reveals that the expanded anti-aeTSA TCR repertoire is markedly oligoclonal, facilitating the identification of dominant TCR α and β chains. In contrast, the anti-LMP2 426-434 (viral antigen) and anti-WT1 37-45 (tumor-associated antigen) TCR repertoires were more diverse. In addition, functional avidity tests, performed using ELISpot in decreasing concentrations of peptides, revealed that the functional avidity of T cells recognizing aeTSA is similar to LMP2 426-434 peptide, suggesting that aeTSAs stimulate high-avidity responses. Then, endogenous TCR knock-out was performed using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, showing more than 90% efficiency. For protocol optimization purposes, the 1G4 TCR specific for NY-ESO-1 was introduced into the TRAC locus and, simultaneously, the knock-out of the α chain of the endogenous TCR was achieved in order to limit mismatches and competition between these two TCRs. The next steps will be to introduce the gene coding for the aeTSA-specific TCR into T cells and to validate that the edited cells are reactive toward these aeTSAs. Ultimately, this project could pave the way for targeting aeTSAs using TCR engineering to redirect large numbers of T cells toward leukemic cells.

No description available.

No description available.

[ES] Plant Molecular Farming (PMF) es la producción de proteínas de interés industrial y valor comercial en plantas. Su objetivo es proporcionar un enfoque seguro y rentable para la producción de proteínas recombinantes a gran escala. Las plantas del género Nicotiana, especialmente Nicotiana tabacum y Nicotiana benthamiana, han adquirido una importancia creciente como plataformas de producción de PMF debido a sus ventajas, como el alto rendimiento de biomasa, la facilidad de transformación y la expresión robusta de proteínas. Sin embargo, en la actualidad N. tabacum y N. benthamiana no son hospedadores ideales para el cultivo molecular. Los objetivos de mejora genética, como retrasar o suprimir la floración para aumentar la biomasa de la planta, podrían convertir a N. benthamiana en un chasis de primera para fines de cultivo molecular. En este trabajo de investigación nos centramos en este objetivo. En el primer capítulo, realizamos un análisis de todo el genoma de los genes SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL), implicados en la transición de fase vegetativa y el tiempo de floración, en esta especie y en su pariente cercana N. tabacum, identificando 49 genes SPL en N. tabacum y 43 genes SPL en N. benthamiana. Los genes SPL de las dos especies se clasificaron en ocho grupos filogenéticos de acuerdo con la clasificación de SPL en Arabidopsis thaliana. La estructura génica exón-intrón y los dominios de unión al ADN se conservaron en gran medida entre homeólogos y ortólogos, y también se identificaron las dianas potenciales del microARN156, implicado en la transición de fase vegetativa. La expresión de genes SPL en hojas se analizó mediante RNA-seq en tres fases de crecimiento diferentes, revelando que los genes que no estaban bajo el control de miR156 se expresaban en general de forma constitutiva a niveles altos, mientras que los genes regulados por miR156 mostraban niveles de expresión más bajos, a menudo regulados por el desarrollo. Seleccionamos el gen SPL13_1a de N. benthamiana como diana para un experimento de knockout CRISPR/Cas9. El knock out completo de este único gen condujo a un retraso significativo en el tiempo de floración de 2-5 días y a un aumento de la ramificación. En el segundo capítulo, mostramos más ediciones de genes CRISPR/Cas9 realizadas en N. benthamiana con el objetivo de la abolición de la floración. Se eliminaron los inductores florales FLOWERING LOCUS T 4 y 5 (NbFT4 y NbFT5_1a/1b) solos y en combinación con NbSPL13_1a. En la línea más editada FT4-FT5-SPL13 40-1 el tiempo de floración se duplicó en comparación con las plantas de tipo silvestre. Sin embargo, no se logró la abolición total de la floración. El retraso de la floración tuvo consecuencias en varios aspectos del crecimiento de la planta, que cuantificamos a través de diversos parámetros: las líneas altamente editadas presentaron un aumento de la biomasa, la altura, el número de hojas y el área foliar total en comparación con las menos editadas y el tipo silvestre. Además, se evaluó el potencial de las líneas generadas para expresar proteínas heterólogas. Inesperadamente, no fueron capaces de mantener altos niveles de expresión después de la quinta semana. En el futuro, se apilarán en nuestras líneas knockouts en otros actores importantes en el inicio de la floración, como NbSPL9/15 y NbSPL3/4/5. / [CA] Plant Molecular Farming (PMF) és la producció de proteïnes d'interès industrial i valor comercial a plantes. El seu objectiu és proporcionar un enfocament segur i rendible per a la producció de proteïnes recombinants a gran escala. Les plantes del gènere Nicotiana, especialment Nicotiana tabacum i Nicotiana benthamiana, han adquirit una importància creixent com a plataformes de producció de PMF a causa dels seus avantatges, com ara l'alt rendiment de biomassa, la facilitat de transformació i l'expressió robusta de proteïnes. No obstant això, actualment la N. tabacum i la N. benthamiana no són hostes ideals per al cultiu molecular. Els objectius de millora genètica, com ara endarrerir o suprimir la floració per augmentar la biomassa de la planta, podrien convertir N. benthamiana en un xassís de primera per a fins de cultiu molecular. En aquest treball de recerca ens centrem en aquest objectiu. Al primer capítol, realitzem una anàlisi de tot el genoma dels gens SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL), implicats en la transició de fase vegetativa i el temps de floració, en aquesta espècie i en el seu parent proper N. tabacum, identificant 49 gens SPL a N. tabacum i 43 gens SPL a N. benthamiana. Els gens SPL de les dues espècies es van classificar en vuit grups filogenètics d'acord amb la classificació de SPL a Arabidopsis thaliana. L'estructura gènica exón-intron i els dominis d'unió a l'ADN es van conservar en gran mesura entre homeòlegs i ortòlegs, i també es van identificar les potencials dianes del microARN156, implicat en la transició de fase vegetativa. L'expressió de gens SPL en fulles es va analitzar mitjançant RNA-seq en tres fases de creixement diferents, revelant que els gens que no estaven sota el control de miR156 s'expressaven en general de forma constitutiva a nivells alts, mentre que els gens regulats per miR156 mostraven nivells més baixos d'expressió, sovint regulats pel desenvolupament. Seleccionem el gen SPL13_1a de N. benthamiana com a diana per a un experiment de knockout CRISPR/Cas9. El knock out complet d'aquest gen va conduir a un retard significatiu en el temps de floració de 2-5 dies ia un augment de la ramificació. Al segon capítol, mostrem més edicions de gens CRISPR/Cas9 realitzades a N. benthamiana amb l'objectiu de l'abolició de la floració. Es van eliminar els inductors florals FLOWERING LOCUS T 4 i 5 (NbFT4 i NbFT5_1a/1b) sols i en combinació amb NbSPL13_1a. A la línia més editada FT4-FT5-SPL13 40-1 el temps de floració es va duplicar en comparació amb les plantes de tipus silvestre. Tot i això, no es va aconseguir l'abolició total de la floració. El retard de la floració va tenir conseqüències en diversos aspectes del creixement de la planta, que vam quantificar a través de diversos paràmetres: les línies altament editades van presentar un augment de la biomassa, l'alçada, el nombre de fulles i l'àrea foliar total en comparació amb les menys editades i el tipus silvestre. A més, es va avaluar el potencial de les línies generades per expressar proteïnes heteròlogues. Inesperadament, no van ser capaços de mantenir alts nivells dexpressió després de la cinquena setmana. En el futur, s'apilaran a les nostres línies knockouts en altres actors importants a l'inici de la floració, com NbSPL9/15 i NbSPL3/4/5. / [EN] The term Plant Molecular farming (PMF) refers to the production of industrially relevant and commercially valuable recombinant products in plants. Its purpose is to provide a safe and cost-effective approach for the manufacturing of recombinant bioproducts at a large scale. Plants of the Nicotiana genus, especially Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana benthamiana, have become increasingly important as production platforms for PMF due to their advantages such as high biomass yield, ease of transformation, and robust protein expression. However, at present, there is room for improvement for N. tabacum and N. benthamiana as ideal hosts for molecular farming. Breeding goals such as delaying or abolishing flowering to enhance plant biomass could convert N. benthamiana into a prime chassis for molecular farming purposes. This objective was the focus of this research. In the first chapter, a genome-wide analysis of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL) genes was performed. These genes are involved in vegetative phase transition and flowering time, on this species and its close relative N. tabacum, identifying 49 SPL genes in N. tabacum and 43 SPL genes in N. benthamiana. The SPL genes of the two species were classified into eight phylogenetic groups according to the SPL classification in Arabidopsis thaliana. The exon-intron gene structure and the DNA-binding domains were highly conserved between homeologues and orthologues, and the potential targets of microRNA156, involved in vegetative phase transition, were also identified. The expression of SPL genes in leaves was analysed by RNA-seq at three different growth stages, revealing that genes not under miR156 control were in general constitutively expressed at high levels, whereas miR156-regulated genes showed lower expression levels, often developmentally regulated. The N. benthamiana SPL13_1a gene was selected as target for a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout experiment. The full knock out of this single gene lead to a significant delay in flowering time of 2-5 days and increased branching. In the second chapter, more CRISPR/Cas9 gene editions are performed in N. benthamiana with the objective of flowering abolition. Floral inducers FLOWERING LOCUS T 4 and 5 (NbFT4 and NbFT5_1a/1b) were knocked out alone and in combination with NbSPL13_1a. In the most edited line FT4-FT5-SPL13 40-1 flowering time was doubled compared to wild type plants. However, total abolition of flowering was not achieved. The delayed flowering had consequences on various aspects of plant growth, that were quantified through various parameters: highly edited lines had increased biomass, height, number of leaves and total leaves area compared to the less edited ones and wild type. Moreover, the generated lines were evaluated for their potential to express heterologous proteins. Unexpectedly, they were not able to maintain high expression levels after week five. In the future, knockouts in other important players in flowering initiation, such as NbSPL9/15 and NbSPL3/4/5, will be stacked in our lines. / Paola, CD. (2024). Enhancing Nicotiana benthamiana as chassis for Molecular Farming: targeting flowering time for increased biomass and recombinant protein production [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/204803

No description available.

Title: The subnuclear localisation of Notch responsive genes. Candidate Name: Matthew Jones Notch signalling is a highly conserved cell-cell communication pathway with critical roles in metazoan development and mutations in Notch pathway components are implicated in many types of cancer. Notch is an excellent and well-studied model of biological signalling and gene regulation, with a single intracellular messenger, one receptor and two ligands in Drosophila. However, despite the limited number of chemical players involved, a striking number of different outcomes arise. Molecular studies have shown that Notch activates different targets in different cell types and it is well known that Notch is important for maintaining a stem cell fate in some situations and driving differentiation in others. Thus some of the factors affecting the regulation of Notch target genes are yet to be discovered. Previous studies in various organisms have found that the location of a gene within the nucleus is important for its regulation and genome reorganisation can occur following gene activation or during development. Therefore this project aimed to label individual Notch responsive loci and determine their subnuclear localisation. In order to tag loci of interest a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing method was established that enabled the insertion of locus tags at Notch targets, namely the well-characterized Enhancer of split locus and also dpn and Hey, two transcription factors involved in neural cell fate decisions. The ParB/Int system is a recently developed locus tagging system and is not well characterised in Drosophila. It has a number of advantages over the traditional LacO/LacI-GFP locus tagging system as it does not rely on binding site repeats for signal amplification and can label two loci simultaneously in different colours. This thesis characterised the ParB/Int system in the Drosophila salivary gland and larval L3 neuroblast. Using 3D image segmentation hundreds of nuclei were reconstructed and a volume based normalisation method was applied to determine the subnuclear localisation of several Notch targets with and without genetic manipulations of the Notch pathway.

Mutations in the SOD1 gene are the best characterized genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and account for ~20% of inherited cases and 1-3% of sporadic cases. The gene-editing tool Cas9 can silence mutant genes that cause disease, but effective delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 to the central nervous system (CNS) remains challenging. Here, I developed strategies using canonical Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 to silence SOD1. In the first strategy, I demonstrate effectiveness of systemic delivery of guide RNA targeting SOD1 to the CNS in a transgenic mouse model expressing human mutant SOD1 and Cas9. Silencing was observed in both the brain and the spinal cord. In the second strategy, I demonstrate the effectiveness of delivering both guide RNA and Cas9 via two AAVs into the ventricles of the brain of SOD1G93A mice. Silencing was observed in the brain and in motor neurons within the spinal cord. For both strategies, treated mice had prolonged survival when compared to controls. Treated mice also had improvements in grip strength and rotarod function. For ICV treated mice, we detected a benefit of SOD1 silencing using net axonal transport assays, a novel method to detect motor neuron function in mice before onset of motor symptoms. These studies demonstrate that Cas9-mediated genome editing can mediate disease gene silencing in motor neurons and warrants further development for use as a therapeutic intervention for SOD1-linked ALS patients.

Derived from and inspired by the adaptive immune system of bacteria, CRISPR has gone from basic biology knowledge to a revolutionizing biotechnological tool, applicable in many research areas such as medicine, industry and agriculture. The full mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 was first published in 2012 and various CRISPR-Cas systems have already passed the first stages of clinical trials as new gene therapies. The immense research has resulted in continuously growing knowledge of CRISPR systems and the technique seems to have the potential to greatly impact all life on our planet. Therefore, this literature study aims to thoroughly describe the CRISPR-Cas system, and further suggest an undergraduate laboratory exercise involving gene editing with the CRISPR-Cas9 tool. In this paper, we describe the fundamental technical background of the CRISPR-Cas system, especially emphasizing the most studied CRISPR-Cas9 system, its development and applications areas, as well as highlighting its current limitations and ethical concerns. The history of genetic engineering and the discovery of the CRISPR system is also described, along with a comparison with other established gene editing techniques.  This study concludes that a deeper knowledge about CRISPR is important and required since the technique is applicable in many research areas. A laboratory exercise will not only inspire but also provide extended theoretical and practical knowledge for undergraduate students.

Les facteurs de transcription SIM1, OTP, POU3F2 et ARNT2 interagissent ensemble en orchestrant le développement complexe de l’hypothalamus, une région du cerveau contenant plusieurs petites populations circonscrites de neurones, dont le noyau paraventriculaire (PVN). Ce noyau est un important centre intégrateur et l’haploinsuffisance du facteur de transcription Sim1, essentiel au développement du PVN, mène à l’hyperphagie autant chez la souris que l’homme. Différentes souris ont été générées par génie génétique afin de nous aider à trouver d’autres gènes essentiels qui participent à cette cascade transcriptionnelle. Premièrement, la partie antérieure de l’hypothalamus a été récoltée chez des embryons (E12.5) de souris qui surexprimaient le gène Pou3f2 sous le promoteur de Otp7. L’analyse transcriptionnelle de cette partie a été comparée avec les embryons (E12.5) wt de la même portée, de sorte qu’il a été possible de constater que différents gènes ont été régulés à la hausse et d’autres à la baisse. Les gènes en question ont été choisis selon leur pertinence au développement de la région d’intérêt, l’hypothalamus, et de trois autres critères : un accroissement de plus de 1.5, une expression minimale dans l’embryon d’au moins 1000 lectures et le rang le plus haut. Cette méthode discriminatoire a permis d’identifier les gènes les plus affectés dont Lgi2, Fezf2, Sema3c, Six6, Sox14, Lmo4, Nwd2 et Nkx2.1. Les gènes régulés à la baisse étaient Six6, Sox14 et Nkx2.1, tandis que tous les autres étaient à la hausse. Afin de confirmer les résultats obtenus, une validation par hybridation in situ a été utilisée sur des tranches d’hypothalamus d’embryons E12.5. Nous avons pu confirmer la surexpression des marqueurs Lgi2, Fezf2, Sema3c, Lmo4 et de Pou3f2 dans le domaine du PVN. La diminution de l’expression des marqueurs Sox14 et Nkx2.1 a pu être détectée dans el domaine basal de l’hypothalamus, ce qui suggère que l’effet d’une surexpression de Pou3f2 dans le domaine du PVN ait un effet cellulaire non autonome. La diminution de l’expression de Six6 dans le domaine basal n’a pas pu être confirmer de façon reproductible. Deuxièmement, il semblerait qu’il y ait une redondance de rôle entre les facteurs de transcription Otp et Sim1, tous les deux agissant en amont de Pou3f2. Afin de comparer leur impact dans le programme transcriptionnel, la technologie CrisPR-cas9 a été utilisée pour faire un KO du 2e exon d’Otp. Nous avons pu confirmer notre modèle de mutation en le comparant aux autres mutants de la littérature par une réduction de l’expression d’OT, d’OTP, d’AVP et de TRH. Troisièmement, les souris hétérozygotes pour Otp et Sim1 seront croisées, de sorte d’obtenir quatre génotypes : wt, Otp+/-, Sim1+/tlz+ et Otp+/-Sim1+/tlz+. Puisqu’une redondance des rôles de Sim1 et Otp est soupçonnée, le phénotype du double mutant devrait présenter une obésité par hyperphagie plus importante que celle des souris hétérozygotes pour le gène Sim1 ou Otp. Les souris sont pesées à partir de la 5e semaine de vie jusqu’à l’âge de 6 mois à une fréquence d’une fois par semaine. L’apport calorique est également mesuré une fois par semaine sur période de 24h. La double mutation (Otp+/-Sim1+/tlz+) chez les souris mâles causait un phénotype d’obésité plus important que la singularité des mutations, mais ce n’était pas le cas chez les souris femelles. Les souris portant la mutation d’Otp étaient tout de même plus obèses que les souris sauvages pour les deux sexes. Plus de souris seront nécessaire pour déterminer si un apport calorique sans changement au niveau des dépenses énergétiques est la cause de ce gain pondéral. / The transcription factors SIM1, OTP and POU3F2 interact together to orchestrate the complex development of the hypothalamus, a region of the brain containing several small, circumscribed populations of neurons, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). This nucleus is an important integrating center, and the haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor Sim1, essential for the development of PVN, leads to overeating in both mice and humans. Different mice have been genetically engineered to help us find other essential genes that participate in this transcriptional cascade. Firstly, the anterior part of the hypothalamus was collected from mice embryos (E12.5) which overexpressed the Pou3f2 gene under the OTP7 promotor. The transcriptional analysis was compared to wt embryos from the same litter to see the different upregulated and downregulated genes. These genes were chosen according to their relevance to the development of the anterior hypothalamus. Three criteria were used to discriminate genes from one another: 1) an increase of more than 1.5, 2) a minimal expression in the embryo (E12.5) of at least 1000 reads and 3) the highest rank. This discriminatory method allowed us to identify the genes Lgi2, Fezf2, Sema3c, Six6, Sox14, Lmo4, Nwd2, Nkx2.1. To have a visuospatial idea of these affected genes, the validation of these results was done by in situ hybridization on E12.5 embryo hypothalamus. We have been able to see an overexpression in the PVN domain for the Lgi2, Fezf2, Sema3c, Lmo4 and Pou3f2 markers. The reduction of expression for Sox14 and Nkx2.1 markers were visible in the basal domain of the hypothalamus, which suggest a non cell autonomous effect of Pou3f2 being overexpressed. The reduction of Six6 couldn’t be consistently visible with repetition. Secondly, a redundant role of OTP and SIM1 seems to occur in the development of the hypothalamus. We created a KO line of the Otp gene by deleting the second exon with CrispR-cas9 and characterized it. We then compared it to the Sim1+/tlz+ line that we already generated in the lab. We were able to confirm our mutation model by seeing a reduction in the expression of crucial markers such as OT, OTP, AVP and TRH. Thirdly, we crossed Otp+/- with Sim1+/tlz+ mice to obtain four different genotypes: wt, Otp+/-, Sim1+/tlz+ and Otp+/- Sim1+/tlz+. Since a redundant aspect has been observed for SIM1 and OTP transcription factors, we were wondering if the obesity phenotype would be worsened by carrying both mutation or not. These mice were weighted every week from 5-week-old up to 6 months old. Food intake has also been measured since the obesity has been reported to be caused by hyperphagia in Sim1 mutant mice. The male mice carrying the double mutation (Otp+/-Sim1+/tlz+) showed a more important weight gain than only Sim1+/tlz+ or Otp+/- mutants, but it was not the case for the female mice. The mice carrying the Otp mutation still got a more important weight gain than the wt mice (females and males). More mice would be necessary to determine if this weight gain is caused by hyperphagia only or if unbalance energy cost is part of the cause.

Breast cancer, as the most prevalent cancer in women, is responsible for more than 15% of new cancer cases and about 6.9% of all cancer-related death in the US. A major cause of therapeutic failure in breast cancer is the development of resistance to chemotherapy, especially for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Therefore, how to overcome chemoresistance is the major challenge to improve the life expectancy of breast cancer patients. Our studies demonstrate that TNBC cells surviving the chronic treatment of chemotherapeutic drugs show significantly higher expression of the dual serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinase (DSTYK) than non-treated parental cells. In our in vitro cellular models, DSTYK knockout via the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated technique results in apoptotic cell death of chemoresistant cells upon drug treatment. Moreover, DSTYK knockout promotes chemotherapeutic drug-induced tumor cell death in an orthotopic mouse model. These findings suggest that DSTYK exerts an important and previously unknown role in promoting chemoresistance. Our studies provide fundamental insight into the role of DSTYK in chemoresistance in TNBC cells and lay the foundation for the development of new strategies targeting DSTYK for improving TNBC therapy.