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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

新巴賽爾資本協定下作業風險管理於銀行內部控制之研究 / Operational Risk Management in Bank Internal Control System under the New Basel Capital Accord

鍾辰奕, Chung, Chen I Unknown Date (has links)
隨著銀行經營環境丕變,引發作業風險的可能性大幅提高。有鑑於此,巴塞爾銀行監理委員會於2003年公佈的作業風險與監督十項準則,且在2004年6月公布新巴塞爾資本協定,除信用與市場風險外,將作業風險納入資本計提範疇。同時,委員會也對作業風險給予明確定義,亦針對整體作業風險管理流程及作業風險資本計提方式有所規範。 隨著作業風險管理漸漸受到重視,作業風險由最初的傳統階段以內部控制及事後稽核進行風險管理,開始發展進入認知階段作業,此時金融機構開始意識到作業風險管理重要性,接下來進入監控階段,除了開始設定足以反映各項作業風險的風險指標來進行風險的追蹤,也開始進行風險的自我評估,且由於質化的風險指標無法滿足作業風險管理的要求,量化風險指標漸漸為各金融機構發展的管理技術;最後當其成熟後,作業風險管理就可納入整體的風險管理體系。 隨著金融機構的策略、組織、作業與系統及衡量四個構面,作業風險管理組織的架構也依金融機構需求不斷演變。本研究藉由研究作業風險管理架構的發展及作業風險管理的四項核心流程,探討在操作實務中可能面臨的挑戰,摘要結論及建議如下: 1.作業風險管理成功的關鍵在於公司董事會、管理階層及所有員工均需體認「改變是必要的」,且須獲得董事會及高階管理階層的承諾與支持 2.作業風險管理單位除了在組織架構上需符合「獨立」的精神外,需積極參與風險控管方案有效性評估及作業風險管理工具/政策的執行 3.為彌補內部稽核先天的不足,作業風險管理單位應針對關鍵性的控制活動,發展以風險為導向的查核工具,以肩負起預防問題、發現問題及評估內部控制有效性的角色,同時內部稽核應轉變為以風險為導向的查核制度,將查核重心放在銀行經營風險最大部分,方可協助銀行運用稽核創造更高的價值。 4.作業風險辨識及評估的結果應與現行的自行查核制度進行連結,同時自行查核題庫也必須適時調整以符合現況。
12

新巴賽爾協定下服務導向架構(SOA)之研究—以銀行企業金融信用風險控管流程為例

劉名旂, Lue, Ming Chi Unknown Date (has links)
目前對於新巴塞爾協定的內部評量法,相關機構與學者都有進行研究,也發展出眾多不同的信用風險模型,但是對於金融機構而言如何分析各階段所需要的資訊,並透過資訊科技彈性的選擇相關方法,在眾多方法中尋找出真正符合銀行內部需求的評估模型,並且在授信的過程中將許多分散在不同資訊系統的資訊藉由一個有效的資訊架構,適時的提供給主管人員作為評估審核的決策依據,以及控管流程的進行,最後更進一步的計提資本,以符合新巴塞爾協定的規範,是目前金融機構最重要的課題。 因此本研究發展一套服務導向架構的系統平台,將符合新巴塞爾規範下信用風險模型使用的過程與方法以網路服務的方式模組化,銀行可以藉由系統平台所提供的流程架構,搜尋符合新巴塞爾協定的信用風險模型並加以測試與使用。本研究並以一般銀行企業貸款的流程為基礎,提出一個資訊架構來建構銀行企業貸款控管流程,並建置一套企業線上貸款雛型系統,將授信人員所需資訊,透過系統化的方式呈現出來以作為決策的參考,並透過信用風險模組計算其違約機率,最後計算此貸款所需計提的資本,以符合新巴塞爾協定規範。 / Several related institutes and scholars have been researched and developed various credit risk models based on the internal ratings based approach of New Basel Capital Accord. However, for finance corporations, how to analyze the information required for every stage, select relevant methods flexibly through information technology, find manners that really match the evaluation model required for banks, then provide managers the estimative examine to stand on decision properly by establishing an effective information construction from scattered different information system during trust. Furthermore, proposing the capital to fit New Basel Capital Accord is the most important issue for finance corporations. Therefore, this research develops a systematic platform based on Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and modulates the processes and methods used for credit risk models that match New Basel Capital Accord by Web Services; thus, banks can test and use the credit risk model that matches New Basel Capital Accord by searching the process framework provided by systematic platform. This research is also based on the loan procedure of general corporate lending and proposes a systematic framework to build up the control process for corporate lending. Moreover, by establishing a system for online corporate lending, the information required for trustees can be presented as indications of decision through systematization, and calculates the proposed capital required for the loan by counting the default probability via credit risk model to fit New Basel Capital Accord.
13

Modelling Credit Risk: Estimation of Asset and Default Correlation for an SME Portfolio

Cedeno, Yaxum, Jansson, Rebecca January 2018 (has links)
When banks lend capital to counterparties they take on a risk, known as credit risk which traditionally has been the largest risk exposure for banks. To be protected against potential default losses when lending capital, banks must hold a regulatory capital that is based on a regulatory formula for calculating risk weighted assets (RWA). This formula is part of the Basel Accords and it is implemented in the legal system of all European Union member states. The key parameters of the RWA formula are probability of default, loss given default and asset correlation. Banks today have the option to estimate the probability of default and loss given default by internal models however the asset correlation must be determined by a formula provided by the legal framework. This project is a first approach for Handelsbanken to study what would happen if banks were allowed to estimate asset correlation by internal models. We assess two models for estimating the asset correlation of a portfolio of Small and Medium Enterprices (SME). The estimates are compared with the asset correlation given by the regulatory formula and with estimates for another parameter called default correlation. The models are validated using predicted historical data and Monte-Carlo Simulations. For the studied SME portfolio, the models give similar estimates for the asset correlations and the estimates are lower than those given by the regulatory formula. This would imply a lower capital requirement if banks were allowed to use internal models to estimate the asset correlation used in the RWA formula. Default correlation, if not used synonymously with asset correlation, is shown to be another measure and should not be used in the RWA formula. / När banker lånar ut kapital till motparter tar de en risk, mer känt som kreditrisk som traditionellt har varit den största risken för banker. För att skydda sig mot potentiella förluster vid utlåning måste banker ha ett reglerat kapital som bygger på en formel för beräkning av riskvägda tillgångar (RWA). Denna formel ingår i Basels regelverk och är implementerad i rättssystemet i alla EU-länder. De viktigaste parametrarna för RWA-formeln är sannolikheten att fallera, förlustgivet fallissemang och tillgångskorrelation. Bankerna har idag möjlighet att beräkna de två variablerna sannolikheten att fallera och förlustgivet fallissemang med interna modeller men tillgångskorrelation måste bestämmas med hjälp av en standardformel givet från regelverket. Detta projekt är ett första tillvägagångssätt för Handelsbanken att studera vad som skulle hända om banker fick beräkna tillgångskorrelation med interna modeller. Vi analyserar två modeller för att skatta tillgångskorrelation i en portfölj av Små och Medelstora Företag (SME). Uppskattningarna jämförs sedan med den tillgångskorrelation som ges av regelverket och jämförs även mot en parameter som kallas fallissemangskorrelation. Modellerna som används för att beräkna korrelationerna valideras med hjälp av estimerat data och Monte-Carlo Simuleringar. För den studerade SME portföljen ges liknande uppskattningar för de båda tillgångskorrelationsmodellerna, samt visar det sig att de är lägre än den korrelationen som ges av regelverket. Detta skulle innebära ett lägre kapitalkrav om bankerna fick använda sig av interna modeller för att estimera tillgångskorrelation som används i RWA-formeln. Om fallissemangskorrelation inte används synonymt till tillgångskorrelation, visar det sig att fallisemangskorrelation är en annan mätning än tillgångskorrelation och bör inte användas i RWA-formeln.
14

實施新巴賽爾資本協定及我國採行建議

潘雅慧 Unknown Date (has links)
為因應金融環境及經營風險日益複雜化,改進現行資本協定缺點,及鼓勵銀行加強風險管理,巴賽爾銀行監理委員會(以下簡稱巴賽爾委員會)於1999年6月發布「新巴賽爾資本協定」(The New Basel Capital Accord)第一版草案,在歷經2001年1月第二版修訂草案及三次量化影響評估後,2003年4月29日發布第三版修訂草案,預計2004年中正式定案,自2006年開始實施。 「新巴賽爾資本協定」主要修訂內容包括:1.強調「最低資本需求」、「監理審查程序」及「市場制約機能」等三大支柱;2.除原有信用風險及市場風險外,增加作業風險應計提資本;3.修訂及增訂信用風險及作業風險資本計提方法,除標準法外,允許銀行使用內部風險模型計提信用風險所需資本,並對信用風險抵減及資產證券化作進一步規範。本次修訂幅度頗大,預期對我國銀行業及金融監理機關均將產生重大影響。 美國實施新資本協定預計採雙軌制,亦即國際性大型銀行採用信用風險IRB法及作業風險AMA法,其他銀行則沿用現行資本計提方法,惟其強調原有之槓桿比率及立即導正措施(PCA)仍將繼續適用,將進行量化影響評估以分析公平競爭議題,並已陸續發布企業授信內部評等系統及作業風險進階衡量法之監理準則。英國則採不強迫、不禁止原則,由銀行自行衡酌成本效益,決定是否採用進階方法,並將進一步研擬相關規範。我國係由財政部金融局及銀行公會組成共同研究小組,其下分六組:信用風險標準法組、信用風險IRB法組、作業風險組、市場紀律及資產證券化組、監理審查組、市場風險組,分四階段研究與現行規範之差異、可能衝擊、我國可採行內容及研擬法規修訂。依據中央銀行金檢處92年12月對49家本國銀行進行調查,6家銀行計畫採用內部評等基礎法計提信用風險所需資本,43家銀行則採標準法或簡化標準法;作業風險則19家將採標準法,30家採基本指標法。 為協助我國順利推動新資本協定,研擬實施建議如下: 一、 成立監理機關專責小組,統籌實施事宜及彙整各界建議形成決策 二、 評估確定實施範圍及時程 三、 實施第一支柱 (一) 進行量化影響評估 (二) 儘早研擬監理機關裁量項目 (三) 瞭解銀行風險管理實務及準備狀況 (四) 鼓勵銀行檢視資料庫,增進風險管理資訊系統 (五) 建置全國性信用資料庫,建立我國信用風險指標 (六) 研擬我國適用之新資本協定草案及監理審查原則 (七) 加強監理機關間資訊共享 四、 實施第二支柱 (一) 要求銀行加強資本適足性自我評估 (二) 訂定銀行資本適足性審查標準及建立溝通機制 (三) 提高銀行資本適足性目標比率,建立資本緩衝 (四) 採行及早干預及立即導正措施 五、 實施第三支柱 (一) 評估我國揭露現況及銀行產生新資本協定揭露資訊之可行性 (二) 採兩層次揭露,並定期評估銀行揭露情形 六、 檢視我國資本適足性有關法規及計算方法說明 七、 其他監理議題 (一) 成立風險模型評估小組,加強監理人員專業能力訓練 (二) 金融監理架構改以風險為導向
15

導入資料採礦技術於中小企業營造業信用風險模型之建置 / Establishment of credit risks model for the construction industry of the SMEs with data mining techniques

謝欣芸, Hsieh, Shin-Yun Unknown Date (has links)
為了符合國際清算銀行在 2006 年通過的新巴賽爾資本協定,且有鑑於近年 來整體經濟環境欠佳,銀行業者面對外部的規定以及內部的需求,積極地尋求 信用風險模型的建置方法,希望將整個融資的評等過程系統化以提高對信用風 險的控管。 本研究希望利用 92 至94 年未上市上櫃中小企業之營造業的資料,依循新 巴賽爾資本協定之規定並配合資料採礦的技術,擬出一套信用風險模型建置與 評估的標準流程,其中包含企業違約機率模型以及信用評等系統的建置,前者 能預測出授信戶的違約情形以及違約機率;後者則是能利用前者的分析結果將 授信戶分成數個不同的等級,藉此區別授信戶是否屬於具有高度風險的違約授 信戶,期待能提供銀行業者作為因應新巴賽爾協定中內部評等法的建置,以及 中小企業的融資業務上內部風險管理的需求一個參考的依據。 研究結果共選出 5 個變數作為企業違約機率模型建立之依據,訓練資料以 及原始資料的AUC 分別為0.799 以及0.773,表示模型能有效的預測違約機率 並判別出違約授信戶以及非違約授信戶。接著,經過回顧測試與係數拔靴測試, 證實本研究的模型具有一定的穩定性。另外,透過信用評等系統將所有授信戶 分為8 個評等等級,並藉由等級同質性檢定以及敏感度分析的測試,可以驗證 出本研究之評等系統具有將不同違約程度的授信戶正確歸類之能力。最後,經 由轉移矩陣可以發現,整體而言,營造業在2003 年到2005 年間的表現有逐漸 好轉的趨勢,與營造業實際發展情形相互比較之下,也確實得到相互吻合的結 論。 / In order to conform to the New Basel Capital Accord passing in 2006 by the Bank for International Settlements and due to the slump faced by economies globally and the rise in the number of defaulters in the recent years, the banking industry has aggressively looked for ways to establish the reliable credit risk model that can accommodate required regulations set forth by the Accord as well as the internal banking procedure demands. The banking industry attempts to standardize the process of evaluating credit rating in regards to capital risk in the loan business to enhance the control of credit risks. The attempt of this research is to perform the process of the establishment and evaluation of the credit risk model which includes the default risk model of companies and the credit rating system within the framework of the New Basel Capital Accord using the statistical tool known as data mining. The data adopted in this study is taken from the construction industry of the SMEs from 2003 to 2005. The default risk model assesses the probability whether a company is at risk of being defaulted. In addition the credit rating system assigns credit scores to a company in question based on the application result from the default risk model to differentiate those who have high risk of being defaulted. More importantly this research provides banking industry of varying degrees of complexity to monitor its risk assessment as well as becoming a reference basis of the loan business in the SMEs. Based on the result of this study, five variables are selected as the default probability model basis. The AUC for the training data is 0.799 and for the raw data is 0.773 which represents the accuracy and reliability of the model in predicting the probability of default risk and determining the likelihood of the companies to default. After series of testing, our model stability plays a key role in determining whether the algorithm produces an optimal model in this study. The credit rating system formulates credit scores of the companies into 8 credit ratings. Applying homogeneity test and sensitive analysis, this study is able to verify the validity and accuracy of the rating system to correctly classify different levels of credit risk that could have jeopardized the companies to default. Finally, through the transformation matrix, there has been an improvement trend of performance in the construction industry from 2003 to 2005 which coincides with the result of this study.
16

由新巴塞爾資本協定探討銀行市場風險管理系統之建置與應用 / A Study on the Construction and Implementation of A Bank Market Risk System under Basel II

陳星宏, Chen,hsing hung Unknown Date (has links)
鑒於金融市場快速的變動與日趨複雜之金融商品種類,銀行經營管理中所面臨之風險,尤以因金融市場價格變動(如市場利率、匯率、股價及商品價格之變動)造成對銀行資產負債表內及表外部位可能產生之損失,其所因應而生之市場風險須及時管控與適時因應。然而2007年因次級房貸問題引發全球性金融危機,益加彰顯風險管理制度的重要性與其再精進之處。 本研究期能藉由新巴塞爾資本協定中市場風險管理規範的探討,個案銀行之實例探究,對國內銀行在建構符合其需要的市場風險管理系統時有所助益,在建置市場風險管理系統的考量因素以及該系統的建置與應用,循序周全建構質化與量化標準之風險管理機制。 本研究由新巴塞爾資本協定規範探討銀行市場風險管理系統建置與其實際應用,歸納出研究結論顯示,市場風險管理系統架構之依循須能符合新巴塞爾資本協定之基本規範,藉由系統內建模型計算風險值以有效衡量交易簿與銀行簿之部位,及其利率、權益證券、外匯及商品四大類風險因子。市場風險管理系統需求規畫與評估,須就應用面(系統相關模組功能)、資料面(系統執行所需資料及存取介面、資料庫建置及資料完整性)與技術面(系統運作之軟體與硬體環境)予以考量。系統專案建置須有高階管理階層對市場風險管理系統專案相關執行程序的支持,前檯、中檯、後檯、資訊單位主管之配合與溝通協調。市場風險管理系統架構應考量市場風險限額管理須至各交易層級(如總行別、部門單位別、交易簿與銀行簿產品別等),因此系統功能模組設定與管理報表規畫設計則配合系統架構分級建立。市場風險管理制度之建立,應配合市場風險管理系統之應用與管理流程結合,訂定相關管理辦法,以規範市場風險管控機制運作及程序之確實執行。 關鍵字:新巴塞爾資本協定、市場風險、衍生性金融商品、風險值 / Recently, financial market is changed quickly and types of product are more and more complicated. Operation of Bank faces many risks that are losses of in or out balance sheet by price moving. Therefore, we need to manage and monitor the market risks that result from change in interest rate, exchange rate, equity price, commodity price in the time. In 2007, global financial crisis caused by subprime mortgage storm stands out the importance of risk management and needs of improving it. On one hand, this research hopes to benefit banks to build up its market risk system satisfied the need by discussing market risk management under Basel II and looking into case study on the bank. While constructing the system, we have to pay attention to its practicability which meets standards of quantification and quality. On the other hand, this research discusses system built up and reality applying through Basel II and indicates some useful conclusion. At first, market risk system not only meets mainly criteria under Basel II but creats the value at risk (VaR) which can effectively estimate interest rate, securities, foreign exchange and commodities risks.Secondly, technology of applying, data and information should be considered into when evaluating the demands of market risk management system. Moreover, risk system constructed needs support from senior management team and cooperation between relative departments. Besides, we need to take into account whether this mentioned system can implement market risk limit management to every transaction class, for example, trading books ,banking books, product type…etc.The system function and the management reports could be able to operate with the market risk limit management, accordingly. Most of all, market risk management regulation should be thought over the application and management process of market risk management system to make sure that market risk management could be implemented certainly. Keywords: New Basel Capital Accord, Market Risk, Derivatives,Value at Risk
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BASEL II 與銀行企業金融授信實務之申請進件模型

陳靖芸, Chen,Chin-Yun Unknown Date (has links)
授信業務是銀行主要獲利來源之一,隨著國際化趨勢以及政府積極推動經濟自由,國內金融環境丕變,金融機構之授信業務競爭日漸激烈,加上近年來國內經濟成長趨緩,又於千禧年爆發本土性金融風暴,集團企業財務危機猶如骨牌效應ㄧ樁接ㄧ樁,原因在於大企業過度信用擴張,過高槓桿操作,導致負債比率上升,面臨償債困難;還有銀行對企業放款之授信審核常有大企業不會倒閉之迷思。故如何找出企業財務危機出現之徵兆,及早防範於未然,將是本研究在建立企業授信之申請進件模型的重點之ㄧ。 此外,2002年新修定的巴塞爾資本協定主在落實銀行風險管理,國際清算銀行決定於2006年正式實行新巴塞爾協定,我國修正的「銀行資本適足性管理辦法」自民國九十五年十二月三十一日起實施,故本國銀行需要依據本身的商品特色、市場區隔、客戶性質、以及經營方式與理念等因素,去建制一套適合自己的內部風險評估系統。故本研究第二個重點即在於依據我國現有法令,做出一個符合信用風險基礎內部評等法要求之申請進件模型。 本研究使用某銀行有財務報表之企業授信戶,利用財報中的財務比率變數建立模型。先使用主成分分析將所有變數分為七大類,分別是企業之財務構面、經營能力、獲利能力、償債能力、長期資本指標、流動性、以及現金流量,再進行羅吉斯迴歸模型分析。 / Business loan is one of the main profits in the bank. But increasing business competition causes the loan process in the bank is not very serious, the bankers allow enterprise to expand his credit or has higher debt ratio, that would cause financial crises. The first point in this study is to find the symptom when enterprise has financial crises. The second point is that under the framework of New Basel Capital Accord〈Basel II〉, we try to build an application model that committed the domestic requirements. The bank should develop the fundamental internal rating-based approach that accords with its strategy、market segmentation、and customers type. This research paper uses financial variables〈ex. liquid ratio、debt ratio、ROA、ROE、… 〉to build enterprise application model. We use the principle component analysis to separate different factors which affect loan process: financial facet、ability to pay、profitability、management ability、long-term index、liquidity、and cash flow. Then, we show the result about these factors in the logistic regression model.

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