Questa tesi utilizza metodologie differenti al fine di esplorare argomenti generalmente ascritti all'economia dello sviluppo. Il primo capitolo discute la letteratura sul capitale sociale scomponendolo nel suo componente strutturale, le reti, e cognitivo, la fiducia. Ogni componente è a sua volta scomposto in diverse sotto-dimensioni una delle quali, il particolarismo, è utilizzato nel secondo capitolo, sia a livello teorico che empirico, come determinante di forme di corruzione collusiva. Come previsto dalla teoria, il particolarismo ha un effetto positivo e causale sulla probabilità di offrire una tangente. Il terzo capitolo valuta l'impatto di un progetto di estensione agricola realizzato in Etiopia, volto ad introdurre la coltivazione di nuovi prodotti ortofrutticoli insieme ad alcune tecniche e strumenti innovativi. Empiricamente si utilizzano gli strumenti della valutazione d’impatto combinando confronti tra villaggi, attraverso una stima difference-in-differences, con una comparazione all'interno del villaggio usando uno studio controllato randomizzato. I risultati indicano che il progetto ha contribuito alla diversificazione produttiva ma non ha influenzato i ricavi ottenuti dalla vendita dei prodotti ortofrutticoli e, di conseguenza, il benessere delle famiglie. Il quarto capitolo mostra come meccanismi incentivati sufficientemente simili elicitino decisioni correlate in termini di avversione al rischio solo quando si tengono in considerazione altri atteggiamenti relativi al rischio. Inoltre si studia la correlazione tra l'avversione al rischio riportata e l'avversione al rischio ottenuta tramite lotterie. I risultati suggeriscono una misurata validità esterna dei due metodi studiati. / This dissertation makes use of several methodologies to explore topics ascribed to the field of development economics. Chapter 1 reviews the literature on social capital by presenting a decomposition of trust and networks -- the cognitive and the structural component of social capital, respectively--, in several sub-dimensions. One of this dimension is used in chapter 2 where we investigate, both theoretically and empirically, the role played by the cultural norm of particularism, as opposed to universalism, for collusive bribery. Consistent with the theory, particularism is found to have a positive causal effect on the probability of offering a bribe. Chapter 3 assesses the impact of a small-scale agricultural extension project implemented in rural Ethiopia aimed at introducing the cultivation of horticultural gardens. Empirically, a mixed impact evaluation design is used combining across-villages comparisons, through difference-in-differences estimations, with a within village randomized control trial. The findings indicate that the project contributes to production diversification while it does not influence total revenues from sales, household welfare and diet. Chapter 4 shows that similar incentivized mechanisms elicit similar decisions in terms of monetary risk aversion only if other risk-related attitudes are accounted for. Furthermore, it examines whether individuals' characteristics and a self-assessed measure of risk aversion relate to individuals' choices in lotteries. The findings suggest that there is some external validity of the two studied tasks as predictors of self-reported risk attitudes.

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif de mieux cerner la conception que les écrivains médiévaux pouvaient avoir de l'Île-de-France. Pour ce faire, nous avons travaillé sur un corpus de 212 textes littéraires écrits entre 1175 et 1530. La première partie traite de la dénomination : quelle était alors la signification revêtue par les mots de « France » et d' « Isle de France » ? Puis nous avons étudié la façon dont cet espace était présenté par les écrivains, en confrontant leur témoignage à celui d'autres sources, notamment iconographiques. On retire de notre corpus une image somme toute assez bien caractérisée de la région. Son centre, la ville de Paris, attire bien sûr tous les regards, mais les textes montrent une réelle conscience de la complémentarité qui relie la capitale à l'ensemble de l'Île-de-France. Par ailleurs, ce territoire s'affirme comme profondément lié à la monarchie, sur le plan matériel (résidence du roi et de la cour, présence des institutions centrales) mais aussi spirituel. La troisième partie permet de préciser ce lien par l'étude des biographies de trois souverains, Philippe Auguste, Saint Louis et Charles V. Cet examen plus rapproché fournit des informations sur l'affirmation de Paris comme capitale de la France et sur les « chantiers royaux » qui apparaissent, dans notre corpus, comme une caractéristique importante de la région parisienne. / This research deals with the identity of the Paris region in the Middle Ages, as shown off by 212 texts, written between 1175 and 1530. This region was usually called "France": this word obviously has various meanings, which we had to precise. The territory was quite accurately described by medieval authors. Of course, they focused on the town of Paris, but they also realized that the city and its neighborhood were deeply complementary. The main specificity of this region is its link with the royal power. We tried to analyze it within a more restricted corpus: the biographies of three kings of France, Philip Augustus, Saint Louis and Charles V, who made Paris their capital and ordered a lot of buildings in Île-­de-France.

Nouakchott et Khartoum sont des villes-capitales situées entre monde arabe et Afrique noire. Cette position charnière est source d'enjeux et conflits : les deux villes s'inscrivent dans des contextes de forts antagonismes identitaires. A travers une étude comparée, cette recherche tente d'expliquer comment se fabriquent ces entités spatiales et interroge les interactions qui existent entre les logiques politiques (la capitale comme instrument du pouvoir) et les dynamiques sociales (la ville appropriée par les habitants). En Mauritanie et au Soudan, les dirigeants étatiques ont utilisé ces territoires politiques pour asseoir leurs velléités arabisantes. Les capitales sont devenues des supports de l'arabité au détriment d'une importante composante noire africaine, accentuant la rupture entre les différents groupes sociaux. Face à cette fabrique urbaine idéologique, les habitants reconstruisent leur propre ville – éloignée de la capitale arabe rêvée – et développent une nouvelle urbanité.

La tesi intende analizzare i nessi tra politiche di investimento in capitale umano e sviluppo, attraverso il caso specifico delle Filippine. Alla luce dei risultati del caso paese la tesi suggerisce come la teoria classica sul capitale umano sia ancora valida nel panorama odierno nelle sue affermazioni di base. Alcuni fenomeni globali tuttavia richiedano una rivisitazione della teoria classica ed introducono nuove variabili nello studio dell'efficacia ed efficienza degli investimenti in capitale umano. Nel caso specifico delle Filippine, la tesi si sofferma sull'evoluzione storica delle politiche sul capitale umano nel paese, raggiungendo l'obiettivo di analizzarle in relazione alla crescita economica, la riduzione della poverta' e poi, in modo piu' specifico, misurando i ritorni a livello individuale e pubblico sugli investimenti fatti in capitale umano dal 1974. Il ruolo del governo emerge come fattore critico nel guidare le politiche di sviluppo del paese. / The relationship between human capital policies and development is analyzed through a case study of the Philippines. The case study evidences the validity of the principal assumptions of classical human capital theory. Emerging global issues, however, point to the need for introducing new factors and variables in the study of human capital policies and development, in order to assess their efficiency. In the case of the Philippines, the evolution of human capital policies in the country is assessed since 1974. The analysis shows the relationship between human capital and economic growth, poverty reduction and public and private returns on investments in human capital, identifying the role of government as a critical factor in leading national development.

L'approfondimento teorico ed empirico del concetto di integrazione è stato condotto con particolare attenzione alle nuove generazioni. La declinazione teorica del concetto (cap. 1) è stata realizzata attraverso un esame delle prospettive epistemologiche che ne stanno alla base (universalismo, differenzialismo e interculturalismo) e le prospettive del capitale sociale (cap. 2) e della distanza sociale (cap. 3). Della letteratura nazionale e internazionale della letteratura (cap. 4) che riguarda il processo di integrazione delle seconde generazioni, in particolare la teoria dell'assimilazione segmentata di Portes e i molti contributi che vi si riferiscono, emerge che i percorsi di integrazione possono essere molto diversificati, dipendendo sia da fattori individuali e, soprattutto, da fattori di contesto. Il questionario impiegato per l'indagine empirica (seconda parte), svolta nell'a.s. 2005/06 su un campione di 17.225 preadolescenti (11-14 anni) che frequentano le scuole lombarde secondarie di primo grado con il più alto numero di alunni con cittadinanza non italiana, è stato preso e riadattato da quello di impiegato da Portes nella prima indagine CILS. La lettura dei dati, volta a un confronto costante tra italiani, stranieri e figli di coppia mista, è stata condotta attraverso l'analisi delle distribuzioni di frequenza e la costruzione di alcuni indici, tra cui un indice di propensione all'integrazione e di capitale sociale. Dai risultati emerge un forte divario nella riuscita scolastica tra italiani e stranieri e i figli di coppia mista i quali si avvicinano maggiormente agli stranieri in Italia da più tempo. Le differenze di genere esercitano un peso a volte superiore di quello delle differenze di appartenenza. La variabile tempo esercita un'influenza non lineare rispetto a molte dimensioni. I latinoamericani sono il gruppo che presenta le maggiori difficoltà linguistiche e scolastiche, gli asiatici sono i più isolati dal punto di vista sociale. La scuola si conferma come luogo di produzione di capitale sociale e l'integrazione avviene ma in maniera frammentata. / Integration has been studied in theory and empirically paying attention to new generations. It has been first interpreted through epistemological perspectives of universalism, differentialism and interculturalism and through social capital and social distance. From international literature on second generation, in particular from Portes segmented assimilation theory and the many contributions that refer to it, it's clear that integration paths are widely differentiated. This differentiation is due to individual and, most of all, to context factors. The questionnaire used in the empiric research made in 2005/06 on a sample of 17.225 preadolescent (11-14 years old) attending first grade of secondary school in Lombardy with the most high percentage of non-Italian students, it has been adopted and readapted by Portes's first CILS survey. Data interpretation it has been led on a constant confrontation between Italian, non-Italian and mixed couples sons and daughters trough frequencies distributions and indexes. Results show a big device between Italian and non-Italian school performances. Mixed couples sons and daughters are more similar to non-Italian long resident than Italian to which they formally belong. In some cases, gender affects results more significantly than national partnership. Time plays an important role but with a non linear influence on school and linguistic performances. South Americans group is the one with the most high difficulties on Italian language and at school. Asiatic group is the most isolated from peers. School is confirmed as a social capital producing agency and integration is positively related to socioeconomic high levels and it appears discontinue.

La promozione del capitale umano e la salvaguardia del creato rappresentano compiti fondamentali per la formazione della civiltà nel tempo futuro. La pervasività delle trasformazioni in atto su scala planetaria sollecita la pedagogia ad individuare e interpretare ciò che è essenziale, per promuovere una progettualità educativa assiologicamente e teleologicamente connotata. L’impresa socialmente responsabile è chiamata oggi a coniugare tutela dei diritti e libertà di mercato, soddisfazione delle attese degli stakeholder e performance economica, promozione del bene comune e tutela dell’ambiente. Lo studio, con un intento esplorativo, avvalora la responsabilità sociale d’impresa riconoscendone criticamente le potenziali implicazioni etico-educative; pone a tema la rilevanza del concetto di responsabilità nel discorso pedagogico e individua una stretta connessione tra la formazione delle risorse umane e l’impresa della sostenibilità. Nell’alveo della pedagogia sociale, l’espressione “pedagogia della responsabilità sociale” identifica un ambito del discorso che pone a tema la responsabilità sociale d’impresa, ne considera la pluralità delle forme euristiche e i significati attribuiti alle forme applicative; può concorrere allo sviluppo del confronto tra saperi disciplinari diversi e al rafforzamento della presenza della pedagogia nel dibattito socio-culturale e politico-economico attuale; un orientamento riflessivo di carattere fondamentale ovvero un’articolazione teoretica della formazione che considera in modo critico l’ambiente del lavoro e dell’impresa, con riferimento alle pratiche di responsabilità sociale; una prospettiva euristica connessa con l’analisi delle best practice e la progettazione di ambienti e scenari per lo sviluppo del capitale umano nel quadro di una convivenza democratica. / The promotion of human capital and the protection of creation are key tasks for the pedagogy of civilization in the future. The pervasiveness of global changes urges pedagogy to identify and interpret what is essential to promote an axiological and teleological educational project. Today the socially responsible company is called to combine rights protection and market freedom, meeting stakeholders’ expectations and economic performance, promoting common good and environmental protection. This study, with an exploratory intent, supports social responsibility of businesses recognizing its ethical and educational implications, analyses the relevance of the concept of responsibility and identifies a close link between the training of human resources and the enterprise of sustainability. The term "pedagogy of social responsibility" identifies an area of discourse that considers Corporate Social Responsibility and the diversity of heuristic forms and meanings given to application. It can contribute to develop comparison between different disciplinary knowledge and to strengthen the presence of pedagogy in current debate; a reflective direction that considers work and enterprise in a critical way, with reference to practices of social responsibility; a heuristic perspective connected with the analysis of best practices and the design of environment and scenarios for the development of human capital as part of a democratic coexistence.

En 1956, le président fraîchement élu, Juscelino Kubitschek, prend la décision de déplacer au centre du pays la capitale fédérale. Construite en une période record, un peu plus de 3 ans, Brasília naît comme une icône de l'architecture moderniste au cœur du stérile "cerrado" brésilien. Cette capitale représente le symbole du mouvement d'intériorisation du pays, de sa modernisation et de son intégration. Symbole de son dynamisme et aussi du désir de la construction d'un nouveau Brésil et d'une identité nationale nouvelle. La capitale se veut alors le reflet des idées politiques et intellectuelles du pays visant sa restructuration et lui donnant un large développement et une justice sociale longtemps attendue. Cette thèse présente les évolutions du pays entre les années 1960 et 2010. Nous avons choisi une analyse basée sur trois axes : géographique-politique, économique et social. L'accent est mis sur une évaluation générale de la situation du pays dans son ensemble au cours des 50 dernières années, de ses changements et de ses permanences. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons examiné l'impact de Brasília dans ce scénario, comme non seulement une conception urbaine symbolique, mais aussi comme une réalité vivante et humaine au long de ces cinquante années. / In 1956, the freshly elected president, Juscelino Kubitschek, took the decision to move the nation's capital from Rio de Janeiro to the center of the country. Constructed in record a little over 3 years, Brasilia was born as an icon of modernist architecture in the heart of the sterile Brazilian "cerrado". This capital represented a symbol of the movement to modernize, to integrate and to re-center the country. The symbol of the country's dynamism and also its desire to construct a new Brazil with a new national identity. Thus reflected in this new capital are more than the political and intellectual ideas of a country but the traces of the country struggle with itself to through restructuration achieve a measure of social justice long awaited. This thesis presents the evolutions of the country between the years 1960 and 2010. We have chosen to adopt an analysis based on three principal axes: geographic-political, economic and social. The accent is placed on a general evaluation of the situation of the country in its whole over the last 50 years, of its changes, and the things that don't. In a second time we have examined the impact of Brasilia in the overall scenario, not only as a symbolic urban conception, but also as a living and human entity over the course of its fifty year history.

Cette thèse a trait à la représentation de la peine capitale pendant la période moderne et se situe au carrefour des domaines poétique, politique et éthique. Trois auteurs majeurs qui appréhendent l’imaginaire de l’exécution de manière contrastée sont pris en considération — Hugo, Baudelaire et Camus. L’examen des stratégies de représentation qu’ils élaborent afin de promouvoir ou de dénoncer le couperet révèle que, après 1789, la littérature opère comme le support privilégié d’un questionnement sur l’efficacité de la justice létale et sur sa négation de l’intégrité et de la communication humaines. Réciproquement, l’image moderne de la décapitation met le langage littéraire face à sa difficulté à représenter des événements qui outrepassent à la fois solidarité sociale et entendement humain. En identifiant et en analysant le dialogue noué entre trois écritures qui explorent cette dynamique réciproque, l’on démontre qu’elles mettent à mal deux présupposés; l’un pénal, et l’autre littéraire. D’une part, malgré leur désaccord quant à la recevabilité de la peine capitale et quant à la fonction de la littérature, chacun des auteurs concernés invalide, de manière explicite ou implicite, les prémisses progressistes qui légitimèrent la guillotine depuis la Révolution française jusqu’à l’abolition. D’autre part, cette invalidation des prétendues vertus de l’échafaud figure dans des textes qui compliquent l’opposition conventionnelle entre une littérature essentiellement soucieuse d’esthétique et une autre inquiète des questions politiques. Loin de conforter cet antagonisme, les œuvres étudiées ouvrent le paradigme restreint de la littérature dite engagée à des formes inattendues de discours éthiques. / This dissertation pertains to the representation of capital punishment in the modern period. It sets out to answer the question “How does post-Revolutionary literature act in the face of Western society’s most violent legal practice, the death penalty?” It focuses on three canonical authors who portray the imaginaire of execution in contrasting ways and investigates the intersection of poetics, politics, and ethics. The writings forged by Hugo, Baudelaire, and Camus to promote or denounce capital punishment show that literature served as a medium that questions the law’s negation of human values and communication after 1789. Conversely, the modern image of decapitation confronts language with the limits of its power to represent events that exceed social solidarity and human understanding. By placing the three writers in a transhistorical dialogue that explores this reciprocal dynamics, I demonstrate that they undo two preconceptions: one penal, and the other literary. First, despite their disagreement on the legitimacy of lethal justice and the function of literature, the authors invalidate, explicitly or implicitly, the premises that legitimated the guillotine from the French Revolution until the abolition of capital punishment in 1981: the supposed painlessness and immediacy of beheading, and the machine’s ability to maintain order in society. Second, this invalidation of the supposed virtues of head severance emerges from texts that complicate the apparent divide between strictly aesthetic literature and politically committed writing. On the contrary, these works open up the restrictive category of littérature engagée to new, unexpected forms of ethical discourses. [1697 carac.]

Cette thèse consiste dans l’étude exhaustive des relations de Paris avec les petites villes des vallées fluviales de la Seine et de ses affluents au XVe siècle. Elle s’inscrit dans un champ historiographique inexploré jusqu’à maintenant pour la région parisienne. Il s’agit d’examiner à la fois la domination de la grande ville sur ses voisines et les liens d’interdépendance qui caractérisent leurs rapports. Cette enquête s’attache plus particulièrement aux aspects politico-Administratifs, économiques et sociaux de ces relations et implique de varier les échelles d’analyse en considérant les villes et leurs habitants, la région parisienne et l’ensemble des autres espaces avec lesquels la capitale et les petites villes sont en contact. De la sorte, il est possible d’apprécier ces relations dans toute leur complexité et de mesurer finement l’attraction et le rayonnement de Paris. Le propos est organisé en quatre grandes parties, subdivisées en deux chapitres chacune et illustrées de nombreuses cartes, graphiques et tableaux. La première partie porte sur la caractérisation du semis urbain, de la hiérarchie des villes et de l’espace fluvial. La deuxième examine les fondements et les manifestations du contrôle de l’échevinage parisien sur cet espace et sur ces villes. La troisième interroge l’intégration de ces localités à un espace économique polarisé par Paris et ses habitants. La quatrième, enfin, étudie les rapports des communautés urbaines avec les institutions centrales de la monarchie établies dans la capitale. Il en ressort que ces petites villes subissent effectivement l’influence de Paris mais conservent également une réelle autonomie. / This thesis consists in a comprehensive study of the relationships between Paris and the small towns located on the Seine River and its tributaries in the 15th century. This research lies in the field of urban history, focusing on the Region of Paris, which has been so far neglected by historians. It analyses how Paris dominates its surrounding towns and how connections between the Capital and the small towns gradually led to relations of interdependency. The aim is to investigate more specifically politico-Administrative, economic and social relations by paying attention to the towns, theirs functions, their inhabitants, the Region of Paris and all the other spaces linked to the Capital and the small towns. Thus, this thesis seeks to highlight the whole range of relations that existed between the Capital and the small towns and the influence of Paris. There are four main parts in this thesis. The first part details the number of the towns, the hierarchy between them while focusing on the river basin. The second part describes how the Parisian aldermen took control of the Seine River, its tributaries and the small towns. The third part explains the insertion of the small towns in an economic area dominated by Paris. The last part highlights the relations between the urban communities of the small towns and the royal institutions of the Capital. As a conclusion, this thesis argues that the small towns are under the influence of Paris but also keep a genuine autonomy.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 1er mai 2023) / Le Hub Location Problem (HLP), comme son nom l'indique, traite de la localisation d'un groupe d'installations de concentration et de la conception du réseau afin de fournir la manière la plus efficace d'acheminer le trafic à travers le réseau. Le Hub Arc Location Problem (HALP) intègre les considérations relatives à la localisation des pivots et à la conception du réseau en un seul problème. L'objectif du HALP est de localiser un ensemble d'arcs de pivots de manière à ce que le coût global du flux soit aussi bas que possible. Le projet Flixbus développé par le RTC vise à fournir de meilleurs services porte-à-porte dans les zones suburbaines de Québec. Actuellement, ce système fonctionne séparément du réseau de bus et transporte les passagers des origines aux destinations finales, comme un service de taxi. Dans notre étude, nous examinons la performance de ce système pour fournir un meilleur transport local. De plus, nous proposons un réseau intégré composé d'autobus réguliers et de Flexibus. Ce système vise à transporter de manière simple et rapide les passagers de leur lieu de résidence vers le réseau de bus principal et ensuite vers leurs destinations finales. Nous avons développé un modèle mathématique Hub and Flexibus Public Transit System (HFPTS) traitant de l'intégration des autobus et de Flexibus afin de prendre en compte à la fois le coût et la commodité du transport. Nous avons étudié les intégrations potentielles du Flexibus et des autobus sous forme de quatre scénarios dans notre zone d'étude de cas. Les résultats des calculs ont montré que l'intégration de ces deux systèmes améliore la situation actuelle tant en termes de coût que de niveau de service. / Hub Location Problem (HLP), as the name suggests, deals with locating a group of hub facilities and the design of the network to provide the most efficient way to route the traffic through the network. Hub Arc Location Problem (HALP) integrate hub location and network design considerations into a single problem. The objective of the HALP is to locate a set of hub arcs in a way that the overall flow cost is as low as possible. The Flexibus project seeks to provide better door-to-door services in Quebec's suburban areas. Currently, this system works separately from the bus network and takes passengers from the origins to the final destinations, like a taxi service. In our study, we investigate the performance of this system in providing a better local transportation. Furthermore, we propose an integrated network of regular buses and Flexibus. This system aims to rapidly and simply transport passengers from their locations to the main bus network (as a hub-arc network) and then to their final destinations. We developed a mathematical model Hub and Flexibus Public Transit System (HFPTS) dealing with the bus and Flexibus integration to consider both transportation cost and convenience. We surveyed potential Flexibus and bus integrations as four scenarios in our case study area. Computational results showed that integrating these two systems improves the current situation both in terms of cost and service level.