A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) no pré-hospitalar é tida como a terceira causa de morte nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) e as doenças isquêmicas cardíacas são consideradas as principais causas de morte súbita na Europa. No mundo ocidental, inclusive no Brasil, o infarto agudo do miocárdio é responsável por grande número desses óbitos. Avaliar a qualidade da assistência prestada as pessoas que sofreram PCR em ambiente pré-hospitalar, podem influenciar nas sobrevivências destes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os registros das Fichas de Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem (FSAE) do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) Regional Ribeirão Preto das pessoas que sofreram PCR em ambiente pré-hospitalar. Trata-se de um estudo analítico retrospectivo de análise documental das FSAE no período de a janeiro de 2011 à dezembro de 2013. Foram incluídos, atendimentos as pessoas maiores de 18 anos e PCR de origem cardíaca. Foi realizado analise estatística no Programa SPSS versão 17.0 e aplicaram-se os testes Qui-Quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Valores com p<0,005 foram considerados significantes. Foram analisados 439 (100%) registros de pessoas que sofreram PCR. O sexo masculino representou 54,2%, a mediana de idade foi de 64 anos. Pessoas sofreram mais PCR com idade acima de 61 anos 54,9%. As cardiopatias foram as comorbidades mais prevalentes. O ritmo inicial foi a assistolia em 28% dos casos e a adrenalina 31% foi o medicamento mais administrado. Os atendimentos realizados pelo SAMU foram categorizados em: local de maior ocorrência foi nas residências 47,8% seguido das unidades de saúde 43,5%; o período matutino 33,5% foi maior empenho da ambulância; as pessoas sofreram mais PCR as segundas, quartas e sextas feiras igualmente, sendo que, o sexo feminino teve maior frequência de PCR aos domingos e o sexo masculino, as sextas-feiras; o inverno 26%,foi a estação do ano que mais ocorreu o evento. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis categóricas, sexo, faixa etária, empenho da ambulância, dias da semana, com o local de ocorrência da PCR aplicou-se os testes Qui-Quadrado ou exato de Fisher, na qual não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0.005). Independente do sexo, ter idade acima de 61 anos teve associação com o evento de PCR, (p = 0,002) em comparação com as outras faixas etárias. Entre as variáveis categóricas sexo, faixa etária, empenho da ambulância, dias da semana, final de semana e semana associado com desfecho (óbito e sobrevivência) do evento da PCR não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante(p>0,005). Local de ocorrência comparado ao desfecho teve diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,001) as pessoas que sofreram PCR nas unidades de saúde, 160(76,9%) sobreviveram, comparado a sobrevivência nas residências 34(16,3%). Recomenda um investimento nos sistemas educacionais, colocando em execução a ciência da ressuscitação, por meio de treinamentos práticos de habilidades em RCP à prestadores de saúde e leigos / A cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) in pre-hospital care is the third cause of death in the United States of America (USA) and the ischemic cardiac diseases are considered the main sudden death causes in Europe. In the western world, including Brazil, the acute myocardial infarction is responsible for a big part of these deaths. Evaluating the quality of the assistance provided to people who suffered CRA in pre-hospital care, can have an influence in these patients\' survivals. The purpose of this study was to analyze the data in the nursing assistance systematization records (NASR) of the emergency medical services (SAMU) in Ribeirão Preto regarding those people who suffered CRA in pre-hospital care. This is a retrospective analytical study of documentary analysis of the NASR from January 2011 to December 2013 in which caring for people over 18 years old and CRA of clinical origin were included. A statistical analysis was performed on the SPSS 17.0 summer version show where the chi-square and Fisher\'s exact test were applied. Values with p<0,005 were considered significant. Among the records of people who suffered CRA, 439 (100%) were analyzed, being 54,2% males with an average of 64 years old. Most people who suffered CRA were over 61 years old. Heart diseases were the most prevalent comorbidities. The initial rhythm was the asystole in 28% of the cases and the adrenalin in 31% being the most administered medicine. The medical cares performed by SAMU were categorized in: residence 47,8%, health units 43,5% being 33,5% morning period, the greater commitment of ambulances. People suffered more CRA on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays whereas females suffered most CRA on Sundays and males on Fridays and winter 26%, was the season of the year that most of those cases happened. To check the variation between the categorical variables such as gender, age range, commitment of ambulance, days of the week with the place where the CRA happened the chi-square and Fisher\'s exact test were applied in which there was not a significant statistic difference (p>0.005). Regardless the gender, being over 61 years old was related to the CRA event, (p = 0,002) comparing to other age ranges. Among categorical variables gender, age range, commitment of ambulance, days of the week, weekends and week related to denouement (death and survival) of the CRA event, there was not a significant statistic difference (p>0,005). Place where it happened comparing to the denouement there was a statistic difference (p=0,001) people who suffered CRA in the health units, 160(76,9%) survived comparing to residences\' survivals 34(16,3%). In conclusion, an investment in the education system by putting into execution resuscitation science and practical abilities trainings regarding CRA -not only to health professionals but also to people who are untrained - is recommended

Introdução: No panorama mundial, as doenças cardiovasculares configuram-se como principal causa da parada cardiorrespiratória em adultos, cujas chances de sobrevivência são maiores, quando presenciada por pessoas aptas para prover o suporte básico de vida (SBV) na reanimação imediata. Objetivo: Desenvolver e avaliar o curso online Suporte Básico de Vida: aspectos essenciais no atendimento do adulto em parada cardiorrespiratória. Método: Em primeira etapa, trata de pesquisa aplicada, de produção tecnológica acerca do desenvolvimento do curso online sobre SBV, utilizando design instrucional baseado no modelo ADDIE (Analisys-Análise, Design-Desenho, Development-Desenvolvimento, Implementation-Implementação, Evaluation-Avaliação). Nessa perspectiva, foi avaliado por especialistas e estudantes. A segunda etapa configura-se em delineamento quase-experimental, do tipo antes-depois. O curso online foi aplicado aos estudantes da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, como intervenção educacional, em 2014-2015. Os estudantes foram avaliados mediante pré-teste, pós-teste e simulação em prática presencial com dispositivos de feedback. Resultados: O curso online foi implementado em ambiente virtual de aprendizagem; 94 (100%) estudantes aceitaram participar da pesquisa, 88 (94%) acessaram ambiente virtual, 67 (71%) finalizaram parte teórica, 62 (66%) concluíram o curso online. A maioria era do sexo feminino (90,4%), do 1º e 2º ano (65%), idade média 21,48 (DP 2,39). Adotando nível de significância 95%, a média das notas no pré-teste foi 6,4 (DP 1,61), pós-teste 9,3 (DP 0,82), p<0,001. ANOVA para medidas repetidas indicou diferenças significativas (p<0,001) entre médias das notas no pré-teste dos estudantes do 1º e 2º ano 6,2 (DP 1,59) e do 3º e 4º ano 7,2 (DP 0,83). Média das notas do pós-teste foi 9,2 (DP 1,60) nos dois primeiros anos e 9,7 (DP 0,61) nos dois últimos anos, p<0,475. Regressão linear múltipla com inclusão progressiva (forward stepwise) para variáveis associadas ao aprendizado mostrou-se significativa (p<0,015) com ano de curso no Bacharelado -0,542 (EP 0,215) e participação anterior em curso de emergência -0,903 (EP 0,437). Na prática simulada, a média das notas foi de 9,1 (DP 0,95). Registros do checklist indicaram que 98% dos estudantes realizaram exposição do tórax, 97% avaliaram respiração, 76% se lembraram de chamar serviço de emergência, 92% solicitaram desfibrilador, 77% verificaram pulso corretamente, 87% posicionaram as mãos no tórax corretamente, 95% efetuaram ciclo de 30 compressões adequadamente, 89% em profundidade mínima 5 cm, 90% liberaram tórax após compressão, 97% alternaram 2 ventilações corretamente, 97% usaram Desfibrilador Externo Automático, 100% posicionaram as pás corretamente. Registros do dispositivo de feedback indicaram percentual de desempenho equivalente a Reanimação Cardiopulmonar Básica 43,7 (DP 26,86), médias de duração ciclo compressões/seg 20,5 (DP 9,47), do número de compressões 167,2 (DP 57,06), da profundidade compressões/mm 48,1 (DP 10,49), do volume de ventilação 742,7 (DP 301,12), do percentual de fração de fluxo 40,3 (DP 10,03). O curso foi bem avaliado pelos estudantes e especialistas, com reações positivas quanto ao conteúdo, objetividade, clareza, didática, organização, acesso e navegação. Conclusão: Confirmou-se a plausibilidade da hipótese do estudo, corroborando a contribuição do curso online no aprendizado sobre SBV. Mostrando-se efetivo no suporte ao ensino em Enfermagem, o curso online permite integrar apresentações em diferentes disciplinas e capacitações, frente a necessidade de inovações tecnológicas e estratégias educacionais ativas, em ações para identificação precoce da parada cardiorrespiratória e sistematização do atendimento na reanimação cardiopulmonar. / Introduction: In the world scene, cardiovascular diseases constitute the main cause of cardiac arrest in adults, whose chances of survival are higher if witnessed by persons able to provide the basic life support (BLS) in immediate resuscitation. Objective: To develop and to evaluate the online course \"Basic Life Support: essential aspects in adult cardiac arrest. Method: In the first stage it refers to the applied research of production technology on the development of online course on BLS, with the instructional design ADDIE (Analisys, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). In the second stage, in quasi-experimental, before and after design, the online course was applied to students of Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, as an educational intervention in 2014-2015. Pre-test, post-test and simulation with feedback devices were applied. The online course was evaluated by specialists and students. Results: The course was implemented in the virtual environment and 94 (100%) students who agreed to participate of the research, 88 (94%) accessed the virtual environment, 67 (71%) completed the theoretical part and 62 (66%) completed the online course. The majority were women (90.4%), in the 1st and 2nd year (65%), mean age 21.48 (SD 2.39). With 95% significance level, the mean grade in the pre-test 6.4 (SD 1.61), in the post-test 9.3 (SD 0.82), p <0.001. ANOVA for repeated measures showed significant differences (p <0.001) between the average scores in the pre-tests of students in the 1st and 2nd years 6.2 (SD 1.59) and the 3rd and 4th years 7.2 (SD 0, 83). The averages note in the post-test 9.2 (SD 1.60) in the first two years and 9.7 (SD 0.61) in the last two years, p<0,475. In multiple linear regression with progressive inclusion (stepwise forward) for variables associated with learning, it was significant (p <0.015) for year course -0.542 (SE 0.215), previous participation in emergency course -0.903 (SE 0.437). In simulated practice the mean score was 9.1 (SD 0.95). The checklist records showed 98% students performed exposure of the chest, 97% observed the breathing, 76% remembered to call emergency services, 92% requested defibrillator, 77% checked the pulse correctly, 87% positioned their hands properly, 95% effected 30 compressions cycle properly, 89% in minimum depth 5 cm, 90% released after chest compression, 97% correctly applied 2 breaths, 97% used External Automatic Defibrillator, 100% positioned blades correctly. Feedback device records indicated equivalent percentage of performance Basic CPR 43.7 (SD 26.86), the averages of duration compressions cycle / second 20.5 (SD 9.47), compressions number 167.2 (SD 57.06) depth compressions/mm 48.1 (SD 10.49), ventilation volume 742.7 (SD 301.12), percentage flow fraction 40.3 (SD 10.03). The course was evaluated as good quality by participants, with positive reactions about the content, objectivity, clarity, teaching, organization, access and navigation. Conclusion: The plausibility of the hypothesis of this study was confirmed, corroborating the online courses contribution in the BLS learning. In support teaching in Nursing, it lets to compose presentations in different disciplines and training, arising from the need for technological innovations and active educational strategies in action for early identification of cardiac arrest and systematization of care in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

The main task of providing dispatcher-assisted first aid is to guide bystanders to giving the first aid to the victiim directly in the situation where the incident happened according to the possibilities and conditions. It's one of the basic roles of medical dispatch centre and each dispatcher working on dispatch centre has to manage this role. These basic instructions should be provide in many different situations. One of this situation is pre-hospital cardiac arrest. When the dispatcher detects cardiac arrest during the emergency call, he/she should start providing dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-CPR) immediately. It means telephone assistance and guidance of bystander to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the place of incident. The main aim of the research is to find out, whether the dispatchers are able to detect cardiac arrest in time and respond to it appropriately. It means iniciate the bystander to begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation, motivate him/her, instruct him/her correctly and easily, calm the situation and guide the bystander till the ambulance arrives. There are aslo set three sectional goals. Their task is to apprise with the work of the medical dispatch centre, with the dispatcher's job description and with dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary...

Globally, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurs ranging between 20 to 140 per 100 000 people, with only 2-11% surviving. Immediate bystanders, i.e. a person close to the victim, performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) have a vital role to play in the chain of survival from OHCA. Today CPR training takes place in many different contexts as workplaces and schools, but there is still a lack of knowledge concerning CPR in society at large. The overarching aim for this thesis is to find new ways of delivering CPR in order to train more laypeople and save more lives. By initially exploring CPR training in both workplaces and compulsory schools in Sweden, my final design question for this thesis has been: How might we empower the teachers to enable them to carry out CPR training at school? Ethnographic fieldwork both exploring CPR training in workplaces and schools including interviews with mainly instructors, teachers, and laypeople as well as participatory observations in CPR training, have been carried out. In addition, the fieldwork included being a participant in a CPR training course myself. The results from my research process were clustered into insights and potential opportunity areas. Departing from these insights a decision was made to continue the thesis with CPR training in schools as reaching out to children and young people already at school can open the path for more long-term sustainable knowledge. Despite CPR training being core content from year 7 in compulsory schools in Sweden, it is not carried out in a majority of them. My research shows that lack of CPR material as well as an unclear syllabus in Physical Education and Health in how to involve CPR in your teaching, are some of the main obstacles for teachers and reasons for why CPR training is not being carried out in every school today. Potential future scenarios were explored through creative workshops and idea sessions with the users and main stakeholders. The explorations led to focusing on the teachers, as they have a vital role in being the bridge between the CPR knowledge and the pupils. My final proposal is CiPRA: a collaborative CPR education platform for teachers and schools, with the aim to increase the knowledge and the conditions for teachers to carry out CPR training, starting already from six years of age. The structure of the platform follows the years of the Swedish school system and the recommended steps fromThe Swedish Resuscitation Council for CPR training and first aid. The platform enables teachers to plan and prepare CPR training, both long a short term irrespective of previous experience. The platform is based on three main parts; knowledge contributions from teachers, teaching content both through pre-made lessons and an idea bank as well as a shared booking system for practical CPR material. Together these parts unify in an individual lesson planning for every teacher. In my final design proposal, it has been important to emphasise the main insights as well as making sure that every involved stakeholder is represented.

Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur undervisning i hjärt-lungräddning kommer till uttryck i ämnet idrott och hälsa. För att uppnå studiens syfte kommer följande frågeställningar att besvaras: Hur tolkar lärare i ämnet idrott och hälsa styrdokumenten vad gäller HLR i årskurs 7-9? Hur undervisar lärare i HLR i årskurs 7-9? Vilka förutsättningar har lärare i idrott och hälsa att bedriva undervisning i HLR i årskurs 7-9?  Metod: Studiens metod är en kvalitativ ansats, varpå datainsamling har genomförts med semistrukturerade intervjuer. De sju lärare som deltar i studien har valts ut genom två olika urval, målstyrt urval och bekvämlighetsurval. Intervjuerna genomfördes digitalt via Zoom, Meet och Teams. Empirin transkriberades digitalt samt genom manuell hantering, och analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Studiens teoretiska ramverk är läroplansteori och ramfaktorteori. Resultat: Lärarna anser att läroplanen genom centralt innehåll är undervisningens kodex. HLR är ett explicit begrepp i centralt innehåll men saknar definition vilket lämnar utrymme för lärarna att göra sina tolkningar av begreppet. HLR sätts i relation till simning och anses vara ett viktigt moment i undervisningen. Undervisningen i HLR kommer till uttryck i varierande omfattning. Momentet undervisas såväl teoretiskt som praktiskt, där video är en återkommande metod i undervisningen. Eleverna ges möjlighet att öva praktiskt med hjälp av övningsdockor. Praktisk träning av bröstkompressioner ingår i samtliga lärares undervisning av HLR, medan inblåsningar är ett teoretiskt moment. Lärarnas förutsättningar ser olika ut där ramfaktorer som exempelvis kunskap, utrustning och tid påverkar undervisningen i HLR.  Slutsats: Lärarna tolkar HLR i det centrala innehållet sett från eget perspektiv och förmåga. Det är lärarnas kunskaper i och om HLR samt deras förutsättningar som är avgörande för hur HLR kommer till uttryck i undervisningen. Lärarna tolkar och navigerar styrdokumenten med hjälp av erfarenhet och kunskap, vilket innebär att undervisningen i HLR kommer till uttryck på olika sätt. Lärarna utmanas av en mängd olika ramfaktorer vilka har mer eller mindre inverkan på undervisningen. / Aim and research questions: The aim of the study is to investigate how teaching in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is expressed when teaching physical education and health. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the following questions will be answered: How do teachers in physical education and health interpret the curriculum regarding CPR in grades 7-9? How do teachers teach CPR in grades 7-9? What prerequisites do physical education and health teachers have to teach CPR in grades 7-9?  Method: The study's method is a qualitative approach, after which data has been collected with semi-structured interviews. The seven teachers participating in the study have been selected through two different samplings, goal-directed sampling and convenience sampling. The interviews were conducted digitally via Zoom, Meet and Teams. Data was transcribed digitally as well as through manual handling, and analyzed using a thematic analysis. The study's theoretical framework is curriculum theory and frame factor theory. Results: The teachers believe that the curriculum, through central content, is the teaching code. CPR is an explicit expression of the concept in central content but lacks a definition, which leaves room for the teachers to make their own interpretations of the concept. CPR is put in relation to swimming and is considered an important part of teaching. Teaching in CPR is expressed to varying extents. CPR is taught both theoretically and practically, where video is a recurring method in the teaching. The students are given the opportunity to practice practically with the help of a practice dummy. Practical training of chest compressions is included in all teachers' teaching of CPR, while inhalations are a theoretical part. The teachers' conditions look different where frame factors such as knowledge, equipment and time affect the teaching of CPR. Conclusions: The teachers interpret CPR in the central content from their own perspective and ability. It is the teachers' knowledge of and about CPR as well as their prerequisites that are decisive for how CPR is expressed in teaching. The teacher’s interpret and navigate the curriculum with help of experience and knowledge, which means that the teaching of CPR is expressed in different ways. The teachers are challenged by a variety of frame factors which have more or less impact on the teaching. / <p>Uppsatsen tilldelades stipendiemedel ur Överste och Fru Adolf Johnssons fond 2023.</p>

Varje år drabbas ungefär 10 000 personer i Sverige av plötsligt hjärtstopp där chansen att överleva ett utanför sjukhus endast är 10%. Vid ett plötsligt hjärtstopp har tidigt startad hjärt-lungräddning visat sig fördubbla chanserna till överlevnad, vilket gör det till en livsviktig behandling. Hjärt-lungräddning måste däremot utföras på ett korrekt sätt och därmed presenteras riktlinjer för hur behandlingen ska utföras. Riktlinjer uppdateras ständigt för att behandlingen ska bli så effektiv som möjligt vilket har visat sig kunna leda till mindre kunskap samt ett sämre utförande när träning inom hjärt-lungräddning inte utförs kontinuerligt samt på ett korrekt sätt. Tidigare studier har därmed visat på svårigheter vid utförandet av behandlingen, där exempelvis flertalet personer har svårt att nå rätt kompressionsdjup. Denna studie ämnar därför att möta detta problem genom att tillsammans med Vital Signs och deras produkt CPR-guide undersöka huruvida tekniska hjälpmedel som ger feedback i realtid kan förbättra utförandet av kompressioner vid hjärt-lungräddning. Därmed är syftet med studien att undersöka om användningen av Vital Signs CPR-guide i samband med genomförande av hjärt-lungräddning förbättrar personer utan medicinsk bakgrunds utförande av behandlingen. Vidare formuleras studiens frågeställning på detta sätt: Hur skiljer sig utförandet av hjärt-lungräddning av bystanders med teknologiskt stöd jämfört med utförandet utan teknologiskt stöd utifrån European Resuscitation Council senaste riktlinjer? Studiens tester utfördes på 25 personer som fick utföra kompressioner på en docka som registrerade varje kompressions djup och takt. Testpersonerna började med att utföra hjärt-lungräddning i 1 minut utan något tekniskt hjälpmedel för att sedan utföra kompressionerna i 1 minut till, men denna gång med CPR-guide som tekniskt hjälpmedel. Utförandena med- och utan tekniskt hjälpmedel analyserades och jämfördes sedan för att se eventuell förbättring. Resultatet av studien visade att utförandet förbättrades avsevärt vid användning av tekniskt hjälpmedel. Det sammanslagna medelvärdet för utförandena ökade från 46,08 % till 82,40%, vilket innebär en förbättring på nästan det dubbla. Även takten för kompressionerna förbättrades från 96,92 kompressioner per minut till 109,40 kompressioner per minut. Förändringen innebar att kompressionerna gick från att vara för långsamma enligt riktlinjerna till en takt som hamnar inom riktlinjerna. Samma förbättring registrerades även för djupet på kompressionerna där testerna utan CPR-guide registrerade ett medelvärde under riktlinjerna på 46,60 för att sedan, med CPR-guide, hamna inom riktlinjerna med ett medelvärde på 51,48. Studiens resultat bekräftar och förstärker tidigare forskning inom området, som har visat på förbättringar i hjärt-lungräddning när tekniska hjälpmedel används. Detta nya bidrag till kunskap kan ha en betydande inverkan på fortsatt forskning och ökad förståelse för vikten av teknologiskt stöd i akuta situationer. Resultaten pekar på möjligheter till kvalitetshöjning vid hjärt-lungräddning och påvisar det unika och viktiga perspektiv som denna studie har tillfört. / Every year, 10,000 people in Sweden suffer from a sudden cardiac arrest, where the chance of surviving outside the hospital is only 10%. In the event of a sudden cardiac arrest, early CPR has been shown to double the chances of survival, making it a vital treatment. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, on the other hand, must be carried out in a correct way and thus guidelines are presented for how the treatment should be carried out. Guidelines that are constantly updated so that the treatment is as effective as possible, which has been shown to lead to less knowledge and poorer performance when training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not carried out continuously and in a correct manner. Previous studies have thus shown difficulties in performing the treatment, where, for example, the majority of people find it difficult to reach the right depth. This study therefore aims to address this problem by investigating, together with Vital Signs and their product CPR-guide, whether technical aids that provide real-time feedback can improve the performance of compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Thus, the purpose of the study is to investigate whether the use of the Vital Signs CPR-guide in connection with the implementation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves the performance of the treatment by people without a medical background. Furthermore, the study's question is formulated in this way: How does the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with technological support differ compared to the performance without technological support based on the European Resuscitation Council's latest guidelines? The study's tests were performed on 25 people who were asked to perform compressions on a dummy that recorded the depth and rate of each compression. The test subjects started by performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation for 1 minute without any technical aid and then performed the compressions for 1 more minute, but this time with the CPR-guide as a technical aid. The executions with and without a technical aid were analyzed and then compared to see any improvement. The results of the study showed that performance improved significantly when using technical aids. The combined average of the executions increased from 46.08% to 82.40%, an improvement of almost twofold. The rate of compressions also improved from 96.92 compressions per minute to 109.40 compressions per minute. An improvement that means the compressions went from being too slow according to the guidelines to a rate that falls within the guidelines. The same improvement was also recorded for the depth of compressions where the tests without the CPR-guide recorded a mean value below the guidelines of 46.60 and then, with the CPR-guide, fell within the guidelines with a mean value of 51.48. The study's results confirm and reinforce previous research in the field, which has shown improvements in cardiopulmonary resuscitation when technical aids are used. This new contribution to knowledge may have a significant impact on continued research and increased understanding of the importance of technological support in emergency situations. The results point to opportunities for quality improvement in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and demonstrate the unique and important perspective that this study has brought.

Introdução: O desenvolvimento e a aplicação das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação associadas à internet exercem mudanças no processo de ensino aprendizagem e podem contribuir para a educação permanente em enfermagem, favorecendo a capacitação de enfermeiros, para reconhecer imediatamente a situação de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) de adultos e sistematizar as intervenções de suporte avançado de vida (SAV), a fim de que colaborem para o sucesso da reanimação cardiopulmonar e maior sobrevida dos pacientes. Objetivos: Desenvolver e avaliar a qualidade do curso on-line para enfermeiros sobre suporte avançado de vida nos casos de parada cardiorrespiratória em adultos. Método: Pesquisa metodológica aplicada, na modalidade de produção tecnológica de natureza quantitativa, exploratória e descritiva. Para o desenvolvimento do curso on-line, utilizou-se o modelo de Design Instrucional Contextualizado (DIC). A seleção dos participantes foi aleatória, intencional e não probabilística. Participaram do estudo dezesseis enfermeiros especialistas na área de urgência e emergência adultos e/ou de educação on-line. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de novembro a dezembro de 2016. A avaliação do curso on-line foi baseada em critérios validados de Avaliação da Qualidade de Objetos de Aprendizagem. Resultados: O curso on-line foi implementado no ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA) Moodle®, em nove unidades de aprendizagem e obtiveram índices de alta e boa qualidade em quinze (75%) critérios referentes à pertinência, contextualização, qualidade da informação, navegação, referências, portabilidade, correção de conteúdo, clareza das informações, facilidade de aprendizagem na interação e de localização das informações, interatividade, eficiência de utilização, utilização de recursos audiovisuais, ergonomia e estética. Foram avaliados cinco (25%) critérios como qualidade mediana relacionados à facilidade de retorno, uso de marcas especiais, gestão de erros, múltiplas janelas, ajuda aos usuários. Conclusões: os resultados mostraram que os referenciais teórico-metodológicos e pedagógicos adotados possibilitaram o desenvolvimento do curso on-line sobre SAV em PCR de adultos conferindo-lhe viabilidade de integrar tecnologias e estratégias educacionais inovadoras na implementação de capacitação e atualização de enfermeiros nas situações de emergência utilizando AVA. / Introduction: The development and application of Information and Communication Technologies associated to internet bring evidence-based changes in the processes of teaching and learning and may contribute for permanent education in nursing, promoting the training and the qualification of nurses on recognition of situations of cardiorespiratory arrest (CPR) in adults and on the systematization of advanced life-support interventions, in order to collaborate for the success of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and longer survival of adult patients. Objectives: Develop and evaluate the quality of the on-line course on advanced life support in adult cardiorespiratory arrest for nurses. Method: Applied methodological research, in the form of technological production based on quantitative, exploratory and descriptive research. For the development of the on-line course the Contextualized Instrumental Design (DIC) model was used. The selection of participants was random, intentional and non-probabilistic. Sixteen nurses specialists in the area of urgency and emergency to adult and/or on-line education participated in the study. Data collection has taken place from November to December 2016. The evaluation of the on-line course was based on assessed criteria of Learning Object Quality Assessment. Results: The on-line course was implemented in the Moodle® virtual learning environment in nine learning units and obtained high quality indexes in fifteen (75%) criteria regarding pertinence, contextualization, information quality, navigation, references, portability, content correction, technical information, ease of learning in interaction and location of information, interactivity, efficiency of use, use of audiovisual resources, ergonomics and aesthetics. Five (25%) criteria were evaluated a median quality related to ease of return, use of special brands, error management, multiple windows, and user assistance were also evaluated. Conclusions: The results showed that the theoretical, methodological and pedagogical frameworks adopted allowed the development of the on-line course on life-support interventions in adult CPR focused on adult learning, making it possible to integrate innovative educational technologies in the implementation of training and professional updating for nurses in the emergency situations using virtual learning environment.

Introdução: O prognóstico da parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) em ritmo não chocável (assistolia/atividade elétrica sem pulso) é ruim e não melhorou significativamente nas últimas décadas. Embora a epinefrina seja o vasopressor recomendado, há evidências de que ela eleva o consumo de oxigênio, reduz a pressão de perfusão subendocárdica, causa grave disfunção miocárdica e piora a microcirculação cerebral durante a ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. Vasopressina foi muito estudada nos últimos anos e não se mostrou superior à epinefrina. Naloxona e terlipressina têm sido cogitadas como potenciais vasopressores no tratamento da PCR, entretanto há poucos estudos publicados e os resultados são controversos e inconclusivos. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos da terlipressina ou naloxona na PCR induzida por hipóxia e compará-las com o tratamento-padrão (epinefrina ou vasopressina). Métodos: Estudo experimental, randomizado, cego e controlado. Ratos Wistar adultos, machos, foram anestesiados, submetidos a traqueostomia e ventilados mecanicamente. A PCR foi induzida por obstrução da traqueia e mantida por 3,5 minutos. Em seguida, os animais foram ressuscitados de forma padronizada e randomizados em um dos grupos: placebo (n = 7), vasopressina (n = 7), epinefrina (n = 7), naloxona (n = 7) ou terlipressina (n = 21). Variáveis hemodinâmicas foram monitorizadas durante todo o experimento (via cateter intra-arterial e intraventricular) e mensuradas na base, no 10o (T10), 20o (T20), 30o (T30), 45o (T45) e 60o (T60) minutos pós-PCR. Amostras de sangue arterial foram coletadas para gasometria, hemoglobina, bioquímica e lactato em quatro momentos [base, 11o (T11), 31o (T31), e 59o (T59) minutos pós-PCR]. Resultados: Os grupos foram homogêneos e não houve diferença significativa entre eles nas variáveis de base. O retorno da circulação espontânea ocorreu em 57% dos animais no grupo placebo (4 de 7) e 100% nos demais grupos (p = 0,002). A ! sobrevida em 1 hora foi de 57% no grupo placebo, 71,4% no grupo epinefrina, 90,5% no grupo terlipressina e de 100% nos demais grupos. Comparado com o grupo epinefrina, o grupo terlipressina teve maiores valores de PAM no T10 (164 vs 111 mmHg; p = 0,02), T20 (157 vs 97 mmHg; p < 0,0001), T30 (140 vs 67 mmHg; p < 0,0001), T45 (117 vs 67 mmHg; p = 0,002) e T60 (98 vs 62 mmHg; p = 0,026). O lactato arterial no grupo naloxona foi significativamente menor quando comparado ao grupo epinefrina, no T11 (5,15 vs 8,82 mmol/L), T31 (2,57 vs 5,24 mmol/L) e T59 (2,1 vs 4,1 mmol/L)[p = 0,002]. Ao longo da 1a hora pós-PCR, o grupo naloxona apresentou o melhor perfil do excesso de bases (-7,78 mmol/L) quando comparado ao grupo epinefrina (-12,78 mmol/L; p = 0,014) e ao grupo terlipressina (-11,31 mmol/L; p = 0,024). Conclusões: Neste modelo de PCR induzida por hipóxia em ratos, terlipressina e naloxona foram eficazes como vasopressores na RCP e apresentaram melhor perfil metabólico que a epinefrina. A terlipressina resultou em uma maior estabilidade hemodinâmica na 1a hora pós-PCR comparada com a epinefrina ou a vasopressina. Os efeitos metabólicos favoráveis da naloxona não são explicados pelos valores da PAM / Introduction: The prognosis of cardiac arrest (CA) with nonshockable rhythm (asystole/pulseless electrical activity) is poor and not improved significantly in recent decades. Epinephrine is the most commonly used vasopressor, although there is evidence that its use correlates with myocardial dysfunction and worsens the cerebral microcirculation. Vasopressin has been widely studied in recent years and was not superior to epinephrine. Naloxone and terlipressin have been considered as potential vasopressors in the treatment of CA, however, there are few published studies and the results are controversial and inconclusive. Objectives: To evaluate the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of terlipressin or naloxone in CA induced by hypoxia and compare with standard treatment with epinephrine or vasopressin. Methods: Experimental, randomized, blinded and controlled trial. Adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized, the proximal trachea was surgically exposed, and a 14-gauge cannula was inserted 10 mm into the trachea to the larynx. They were mechanically ventilated and monitored. The CA was induced by tracheal obstruction and maintained for 3.5 minutes. Subsequently, the animals were resuscitated using standard maneuvers and randomized to one of groups: placebo (n=7), vasopressin (n=7), epinephrine (n=7), naloxone (n=7) or terlipressin (n=21). Hemodynamic variables were monitored throughout the study (intra-arterial and intra-ventricular catheter) and measured at baseline, in the 10th (T10), 20th (T20), 30th (T30), 45th (T45) and 60th (T60) minute post-cardiac arrest. Arterial blood samples were collected for hemoglobin, biochemistry, blood gases and lactate at four moments: baseline, 11th (T11), 31st (T31) and 59th (T59) minute post-cardiac arrest. Results: The groups were homogenous and there were no significant differences among them regarding the baseline variables. The return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) occurred in 57% of the animals (4 of 7) in the placebo group and in 100% in the ! other groups (P=0.002). One-hour survival was 57% in the placebo group, 71.4% in the epinephrine group, 90.5% in the terlipressin and 100% in the naloxone group. Compared with the epinephrine group, the terlipressin groups had a significantly higher MAP at the T10 (164 x 111 mmHg; P=0.02), T20 (157 x 97 mmHg; P<0.0001), T30 (140 x 67 mmHg; P=0.0001), T45 (117 x 67 mmHg; P=0.002) and T60 (98 x 62 mmHg; P= 0.026). The blood lactate in naloxone group was significantly lower when compared to epinephrine group in the T11 (5.15 x 8.82 mmol/L), T31 (2.57 x 5.24 mmol/L) and T59 (2.1 x 4.1)[P=0.002]. Along the first hour after cardiac arrest, the naloxone group showed the best profile of base excess (- 7.78 mmol/L) when compared to epinephrine (-12.78 mmol/L, P= 0.014) and terlipressin group (-11.31 mmol/L, P=0.024). Conclusions: In this model of CA induced by hypoxia in rats, terlipressin and naloxone were effective as vasopressors in resuscitation and had better metabolic profile compared to epinephrine. Terlipressin resulted in higher hemodynamic stability in the first hour after CA and significantly better than epinephrine or vasopressin. The favorable metabolic effects of naloxone are not explained by the values of MAP

Introdução: Apesar do desenvolvimento tecnológico, permanece baixa a sobrevida hospitalar das vítimas de parada cardiorrespiratória extra-hospitalar. Há importante dúvida na literatura quanto à retenção de habilidades de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP) e a periodicidade adequada de treinamento para manutenção dessas habilidades. O presente estudo investigou a retenção, em alunos a partir de treinamento no primeiro semestre de ingresso no curso médico, das habilidades práticas de RCP até 42 meses após o referido treinamento. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado com 298 alunos de graduação de uma faculdade de Medicina, treinados com base nas diretrizes de ressuscitação de 2010 da American Heart Association. Foram avaliados 205 alunos sem retreinamento das habilidades, divididos em quatro grupos conforme o tempo decorrido desde o treinamento de ingresso: 73 alunos após 1 mês, 55 após 18 meses, 41 após 30 meses e 36 após 42 meses. A análise da retenção das habilidades foi comparada com 93 alunos que referiram ter realizado retreinamento em RCP. Dezenove habilidades de RCP e nove potenciais erros de técnica na execução das ventilações pulmonares e compressões torácicas foram avaliados por meio de simulação realística e revisados com utilização de filmagem e avaliadores independentes. Resultados: A média de retenção das dezenove habilidades nos alunos sem retreinamento foi: 90% após 1 mês, 74% após 18 meses, 62% após 30 meses e 61% após 42 meses (p < 0,001). Nos alunos que referiram retreinamento, a retenção foi de 74% após 18 meses, 70% após 30 meses e 66% após 42 meses do treinamento inicial. Realizada curva de predição da retenção de habilidades, com estimativa de 80% das habilidades mantidas após 10 meses, 70% após 21 meses e 60% após 42 meses. A profundidade das compressões torácicas foi a habilidade com maior retenção ao longo do tempo (87,8%), sem diferença estatística entre os quatro grupos. Houve aumento da prevalência de compressões realizadas com menos de 5 cm de profundidade quando realizadas em frequência maior que 120 por minuto. A média da frequência de compressões torácicas obtidas nos grupos após 1, 18, 30 e 42 meses foi, respectivamente, 114, 114, 104 e 108 compressões por minuto; 104 (50,7%) alunos mantiveram frequência média entre 100-120 por minuto. As ventilações pulmonares apresentaram diminuição progressiva de retenção, de 93% após 1 mês até 19% após 42 meses (p < 0,001). Todos os alunos efetivaram o choque com o desfibrilador externo automático, porém com o grupo após 1 mês do treinamento com menor tempo para efetivação do choque e maior prevalência de posicionamento adequado das pás do desfibrilador. Conclusões: O presente estudo demonstrou diferentes níveis de retenção para as habilidades de RCP e diferentes níveis de decréscimo de tais habilidades ao longo de 42 meses. A profundidade das compressões torácicas e o uso do desfibrilador externo automático foram as habilidades com maior retenção ao longo do tempo. Treinamentos adicionais ao longo do curso de Medicina atenuaram a perda de habilidades, mas sem retorno ao desempenho observado após 1 mês do treinamento. Sugerimos que o intervalo mínimo de retreinamento para manutenção de pelo menos 70% das habilidades deva ser de 18 a 24 meses / Introduction: Despite technological development, the survival of victims of out-ofhospital cardiac arrest remains low. There are important questions in the literature regarding the retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills and the ideal frequency of retraining required to enhance retention of skills. This study investigated the retention of practical CPR skills by medical students over 42 months after training in the first semester of admission to the medical course. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 298 undergraduate medical students who were trained based on the 2010 American Heart Association resuscitation guidelines. A total of 205 students divided into four groups according to the time elapsed since the entrance training were evaluated without retraining (73 students after 1 month, 55 students after 18 months, 41 students after 30 months and 36 students after 42 months). The analysis of the retention of skills was compared to 93 students who reported having performed retraining in CPR. Nineteen CPR skills and nine potential technical errors in ventilations and chest compressions were evaluated by realistic simulation and reviewed using filming by independent examiners. Results: The mean retention of the nineteen skills in not retrained students was: 90% after 1 month, 74% after 18 months, 62% after 30 months and 61% after 42 months (p < 0.001). In retraining students, retention was 74% after 18 months, 70% after 30 months, and 66% after 42 months of initial training, with statistical difference between the students with and without retraining in the 30-month group (p=0.005). The estimation of mean skill retention was 80% after 10 months, 70% after 21 months and 60% after 42 months. The depth of chest compressions was the skill with greater retention over time (87.8%), with no statistical difference among groups. There was an increase in the prevalence of compressions performed with less than 5 cm depth when performed at a frequency greater than 120 per minute. The mean chest compressions rate obtained in the groups after 1, 18, 30 and 42 months were 114, 114, 104 and 108 per minute, respectively, and 104 (50.7%) students maintained a mean frequency of 100-120 per minute. Pulmonary ventilation showed a progressive decrease in retention from 93% after 1 month to 19% after 42 months (p < 0.001). All students delivered the shock with the automated external defibrillator; however, for the group one month post-training, the time for the application of the shock was lower, and the prevalence of adequate positioning of the defibrillator pads was greater. Conclusion: This study showed different retention levels for CPR skills and different decrease levels of these skills over 42 months. Depth of chest compressions and use of automated external defibrillator were the skills with the highest retention over time. Additional training throughout the medical course attenuated the loss of skills, but no return to the initial performance achieved after 1 month. We suggest that the minimum retraining interval for maintenance of at least 70% of skills should be 18 to 24 months

Realizamos este estudo com o objetivo de analisar as principais variáveis clínicas dos pacientes que sofreram parada cardiorrespiratória e detectar fatores prognósticos de sobrevivência a curto e longo prazos, tentando oferecer subsídios aos profissionais de saúde que estão envolvidos com reanimação. Analisamos prospectivamente 452 pacientes que receberam reanimação em hospitais gerais de Salvador. Utilizou-se análise bivariada e estratificada nas associações entre as variáveis e a curva de sobrevida para análise de nove anos de evolução. Observamos 24% de sobrevida imediata e 5% de sobrevida à alta hospitalar. Os fatores prognósticos de sobrevida imediata foram: ter doença de base, a enfermidade cardiovascular, diagnosticar o ritmo cardíaco , ritmo de fibrilação ou taquicardia ventricular, tempo estimado pré-reanimação menor ou igual a cinco minutos; tempo de reanimação menor ou igual a 15 minutos. As variáveis prognósticas sobrevida a longo prazo foram: não usar adrenalina; ser reanimado em hospital privado;tempo de reanimação menor ou igual a 15 minutos / The objectives of this study are to analyze the main clinical and demographic characteristics of patients who suffer cardiac arrest and identify variables involved in survival outcomes. The study enrolled 452 patients, which received cardiopulmonary resuscitation in general hospitals. We prospectively analyzed the main variables associated with ROSC and survival to hospital discharge utilizing bivariate and stratified. The Kaplan-Meier technique was used to analyze the survival curves after nine years. Of the 452 resuscitation attempts, 107 (24%) patients had ROSC and only 22 (5%) were discharge from hospital. The variables with greatest prognostic value for immediate survival were: having a co-morbid condition, cardiovascular disease as the etiology, determination of cardiac rhythm, ventricular arrhythmia as rhythm of arrest, estimated pre-resuscitation time less than or equal to 5 minutes and the resuscitation effort duration less than or equal to 15 minutes. The variables associated with better long term survival were: not using adrenaline, being resuscitated in a private hospital and resuscitation efforts lasting less than or equal to 15 minutes